In the Typology and Catalogue: brackets around fabric or form ( ) is a assumed fabric allocation given when writing up (where no fabric sample is available). It was not stated in my notes (note books or dbase).
Where samples of the fabric were taken, these are indicated in the Catalogue.
The descriptions of fabrics here and in the Catalogue and Typology are those of the author. They are based on an initial sorting of the hand specimen by eye, with more detailed observations of the inclusions being added later with the aid of a x 20 hand-lens and binocular microscope. I am grateful to Miguel-Angle Cau
Ontiveros for checking over some of the samples (particularly FAM 1 and the grooved rim mortars) with the same hand-lens and microscope. Thin-section analysis is clearly needed to identify the inclusions more accurately but this has not yet been possible.
ARS: African Red Slip Ware (Hayes 1972).
ESA: Eastern Sigillata A (Hayes 1985).
LRC: Late Roman C/Phocean Red Slip Ware (Hayes 1972).
LRD: Late Roman D/Cypriot Red Slip Ware (Hayes 1972).
RG 26
‘Red Gloss 26’. A term used in the Beirut Type Series, where the ware is very common in 3 rd and 2 nd century BC levels. Hellenistic ware, fabric related to ESA and probably same regional source. Forms precede ESA (fish plates, echinos bowls). Well-fired fine pale yellowish to white fabric with pale rusty orange to red slip. Outer surfaces well turned, rather shiny as a result. Inner surface matt, with very fine wheel marks left visible.
RG 28
‘Red Gloss 28’. A term used in the Beirut Type Series. Typical in Hellenistic 3 rd and 2nd BC levels. The oxidised version of BG 43, same clay with lime and oxide-clay pellets, same manufacturing techniques, same range of forms. A pale yellowish or pale red fine fabric, with pale red-red brown, sometimes mottled pale sepia slip. (East) Cypriot.
BG 43
‘Black Gloss 43’. A term used in the Beirut Type Series. Typical in Hellenistic 3 rd and 2nd BC levels (fish plates, echinos bowls, occasionally WSW style table amphoras, unguentaria). Well fired dark brown to dark grey fabric (reduced). Fine and well fired, with abundant lime dust and .5mm lime. Moderate .5mm irregular, angular ?clay pellets (these can fire from dark brown to black). RG 28 is the oxidised version of this ware. (East) Cypriot likely.
FW 1 (local or Beqaa Valley)
FW 1 Forms:
FW 2. Local? Ware as FAM 1A. Cream with oxide and grey inclusions. Rare.
Examples:
FW Base 4 (SHR 251, CAT 295 = FW 1 likely
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2
CW 1
Hard, well-fired, dense, fine matrix, smooth surfaces, not sandy. Red brown fabric and surfaces, with scattered quartz and rare basalt inclusions. Less lime than CW 2. Typical fabric for local cooking pots
(Hellenistic to Medieval).
CW 1 Forms:
TWW Jar 1?, Hell AMPH 3, CP 2, CP 7A, CP 7B, CP 7D, CP 8, CP 9, CP 11B-D, CP 11F-G, CP 13, CP
14A, CP 14B?, CP 14C-D, CP 15A-B, MED CP 1, MED CP 2, CA 2, CA 6B-C, CA 7, CW Bowl 1?, CW
Bowl 3, CW Lid 1, CW Lid 4?, CW Jug 5, CW Jug 7?, CW Jug 8, CW Flask 1B.
Possible CW 1 forms in CW1/CW 2: TWW Lid 1, CP 11E.
CW 2
Sandy orange fabric. Common rounded fine-.5mm quartz. Some lime. Often thin-walled. Roman.
CW 2 Forms: TWW Jar 1, TWW Lid 1, CP 6, CP 7A, CP 11G, CA 8, CW Bowl 2? (CW 2/CW 3 ox), CW
Bowl or funnel??, CW Lid 3?, Flask.
Possible CW 2 forms in CW 1/CW 2 : CP 7D, CP 11D, CP 11E, Flask.
CW 3 (formerly CW 14 in the pottery Dbase)
Usually reduced, dark brown to grey ware. Occasionally oxidised orange brown. More granular fabric than
(Baalbek) CW 4. Rather porous, rough surfaces. Abundant rounded quartz and lime. Iron oxide pellets?
Occasional rounded basalt? Could be Hellenistic and Early Roman. Amphora forms related to Baalbek type? Fabric seems closest to the imported early Roman mortars (southern Beqaa?). Did the Baalbek amphora extend down to Kamed al Loz? NB: The type piece for CW 3 (AMPH 1: SHR 927, P5916) is very close to CW 7A, the coarser fabric of the Early Roman mortars, e.g. SHR 615, P5278. Source: Beqaa
Valley, but not Baalbek?
CW 3 forms:
CW 4
Hard dark grey ware. Fairly fine, fairly even break. Not as granular as CW 7-8 or imported mortars.
Scattered mod .5-1mm lime-limestone dominant. Forms share concave grooved handles of Baalbek ware.
Source: Baalbek likely.
CW 4 Forms: FW (Painted) Beaker 1, Hell AMPH 4?, AMPH 1, CP 11A?, Mortar 1C, Mortar 5, Mortar
Base 3, CW Jug 6/Amphora, Flask?, CW Base 1?, CW Base 2, STJ 4, STJ/CW H 5B, STJ 6, STJ 10, CW
BA 4.
CW 5
Hard, well-fired. Sandwich firing, dark orange-brown or pale red edges, reduced core and dark brown to dark grey surfaces. Common-abundant fine-.5mm lime, occasionally 1mm, with eruptions of lime on surfaces. Some iron stone? Lime is finer and more common than CW 4. A Hellenistic and Early Roman product. The ware is common on SHR 83. Source: Local likely.
CW 5 forms: Hell CP (SHR 83, CAT 89 ), Hell jug or CP (SHR 83, CAT 90 ), Mortar 1D?

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CW6A
Abundant large lime and flint/chert. Storage jars in SHR 480, handles and rims. Should be Hellenistic. If not = I/A. coarse break, more than CW 6B. Source: Very probably Byblos (Lebanon).
CW 6A forms: ‘Hole-mouth jar’ amphora (SHR 49, CAT 46 )?, STJ or amphora (SHR 249, CAT 285 ),
STJ 1, STJ 2, CW H 5A.
CW 6B
Could be related to finer imported mortar fabric (CW 7A). Lime, iron oxide in a fine well fired matrix.
But large lumps of lime in contra.
SHR 1036, P7571: Scattered .5 to 3mm lime lumps. Angular break, but fine matrix with voids. Occ-mod 1-2mm argillaceous or iron oxide.
CW 6B forms: Casserole (SHR 1036, CAT 1853)?, STJ 3.
CW 7 ((formerly CW 7 and CW 8))
Fabric typical for early Roman grooved rim mortars. Divided into three sub-groups. Some vessels are close in fabric to CW 3 (which includes grooved handle amphorae of Baalbek type). This, and the distribution of
CW 7 mortars (common at Tel Anafa, Kamed el Loz , Beirut (classified as CW 55), Homs; present at possible kiln sites of Rashaiya al Fouhar), suggests a source in the southern Beqaa (or possibly in the Hula valley).
CW 7A . Hard. Granular break. Common fine-.5mm lime, sometimes part burnt out; occasional 1mm hard fine limestone (not calcite); occasional-moderate .5-1mm very dark brown iron stone (or basalt); common fine-.5mm rounded quartz; occasional clear quartz. Some yellow feldspar likely.
CW 7B . Well-fired, hard and compact. Reduced dark brown core with orange-red brown edges is typical.
Finer matrix than CW 7A, same inclusions but sparser and scattered in the field.
CW 7C*
CLARIFY if actually = CW 3 products (former CW 14 reduced)
**(N.B. Ware CW 8, CW 9 and CW 10 are not well defined: need more work)
CW 8
Pale salmon orange to brown. Lime, oxide pellets dominant. Fine rounded quartz in background.
CW 8 forms: PL Base 1A (SHR 5, CAT 29), handle (SHR 758, CAT 1202), Handle (SHR 1036, P7548).
Similar, or CW 9: bowl SHR 1036, CAT 1853; Amphora neck SHR 931, CAT1552; SHR 251/109, P5492,
CAT 310??
CW 9 (formerly CW 17 in the pottery Dbase)
Similar appearance to CW 7B, fine version of grooved rim mortars, but has rare fossil shell. Note that grooved Mortar 4 (unique) may have this rare fabric. Cream coat surface normal? Early Roman?
CW 9 forms: cf. AMPH 3B (SHR 238, CAT 272 )?; Mortar 4, Jug (SHR 644, CAT 967 ), STJ/CW H 5C;
Ring foot base (SHR 480, CAT 849)?;
(SHR 931, P 5635: CW 9? Has grey, lime, quartz; P 5046: I/A likely) = need checking; Amphora neck
SHR 931, CAT1552, is close to bowl SHR 1036, CAT 1853.

CW 10
Pale brown-buff (or greenish cream) surface skin. Rather porous, granular local pale orangy brown fabric with common/abundant fine lime, and occasional pale grey ?chert. Mod fine rounded amber quartz (does not have the oxide pellets of PL Base 1, P5185 or handle 758: these must be different).
SHR 936, CAT 1616: Pale brown/cream surface film. Rather porous local orange brown fabric. 1mm angular chert present. Abundant lime dust and abundant fine-.5mm lime.
Is this the same as Zeugma Fabric 8 ware (Zeugma Amphora Forms 10-11): Mid-3rd century AD painted globular, round based amphorae with collar neck? These also bear organics.
Iron Age? Early Roman? Medieval?
NEEDS CHECKING*****
CW 10 forms: PL Bowl 1?, PL Base 2C?, PL Base 7 (common), Jug with strainer (SHR 866, CAT 1283),
Flagon (SHR 923, CAT 1470)?, Flagon (SHR 947, CAT 1660), Jug (SHR 932, CAT 1582)?, Jug (SHR
1022, CAT 1795), PL Jar (SHR 912, CAT 1414)?, Large Jar (SHR 1038, CAT 1891).
CW 11
Well-fired, coarse, handmade ware. Dark, chocolate brown fabric with common 1-2mm rounded basalt pellets. Pre-Classical.
CW 12
Coarse fabric with large basalt pellets and lime. Early Islamic or Medieval (SHR 178, 318, 319, 481, 498,
602, 651, 658, 661).
CW 12 forms: Dolium 2, CW BA 3
CW 13 (Amrit/Tartus ware):
Coarse fabric, fired orange brown, sometimes with a cream coat. Irregular break, packed with abundant .5-
2mm pale grey rounded grey material. Some are fossil shell (including anemone spines). Lime lumps and quartz.
Forms: Dolium 1A-B, CW BA 2
PL 1
Pale orange fabric with surface and outer edges fired yellowish. Fine quartz and lime common. Finely sandy.
PL 1 forms: Particularly jugs, including pierced-neck jugs with spout. TWW Jar 1A, TWW Jar 1D, TWW
Jar 2?, PL Jug 2?, PL Jug 5?, PL Jar? (SHR 912, CAT 1388), Beaker (SHR 912, CAT 1389), CP (SHR
312, CAT 1399), CP 13? (SHR 926, CAT 1485), CP 14E? (SHR 928, CAT 1514 : PL 1/CW 1), CW Flask
1A, CW Flask 1B, small (flask) handles, Domed base (SHR 932, CAT 1581).
PL 2
Ware as FAM 1. As the amphorae, can also be tempered with organics and be lightweight. Non-amphora forms (jugs, bowls, lids, basins). Byzantine-Early Arab.
PL 2 forms: Sliced rim CA 6? (SHR 363, CAT 773), PL Jug 1, PL Jug 3, PL Jug 4; note STJ 7 (SHR 271,
CAT 437, as FAM 1B orgs).
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5
N.B.
See CW 1, CW 3 and CW 4 for Hell AMPH 3, Hell AMPH 4 and AMPH 1.
FAM 1 (Local pale Syrian amphora series)
Granular pale yellow-green fabric with varying quantities of pale to dark grey rounded material (chert?), dark brown to dark grey pellets (basalt, rather than iron stone?), iron oxide, lime, hard fine-grained white limestone, occasional calcite. The fabrics have be sub-divided according to frequency of inclusions. All may additionally contain organics (see Catalogue for each fragment: organics were always noted). Some examples of FAM 1B (rarer or finer inclusions) have a pinkish core and are light-weight. FAM 1A, as it contains more inclusions tends to be heavier and is also harder-fired.
FAM 1A
Fired yellow-green. Uneven break. Moderate to common rounded pale or dark grey inclusions (basalt?), occasional chert or calcite, common fine-.5mm quartz, some is clear. Background of fine-.5mm oxide is common feature, though can be burnt out. Lime voids burnt out?
A sample of a FAM 1A amphora with marked cut ribbing from Apamea (kindly supplied by Agnes
Vokaer) was as FAM 1A, but contained even more inclusions: Abundant .5-1mm dark grey-black (?basalt) pellets and moderate red brown pellets of oxide. Occasional pale grey-white chert or flint.
Some descriptions of Homs examples of FAM 1A:
FAM 1A no orgs: SHR 1052, CAT 1922 (AMPH 2A/AMPH 4B). Granular break. Common-abundant fine-.5mm dark grey to black irregular pellets (basalt). A few .5-1mm fine pale grey chert. Common pale red oxide or clay. Pale greenish-yellow throughout. No organics.
FAM 1A: SHR 658, CAT 983 (AMPH 5). Lightweight. No organics. Granular pale green fabric, abundant .5mm, moderate 1mm pale red iron oxide or clay, occasional 1-2mm. One 3mm long piece of pale grey chert (rather than calcite). Moderate .5 mm pale grey material (chert-flint). Occasional fine clear ?quartz/material. Common rounded dark grey-black inclusions that have split at break and seem vitreous: basalt? Was originally classified as FAM 1B (as grey material is not as obvious on surface as FAM 1A).
FAM 1A/B: SHR 1006, CAT 1762 (AMPH 3E). Fired pale yellow buff throughout. Moderate fine-.5 mm pale grey rounded (basalt).
Occasional 1mm piece of pale grey chert (or calcite). Common-abundant fine pale orange brown oxide. No organics. A fine FAM 1A or classify as FAM 1B.
FAM 1B
Rare grey inclusions. Light weight.
Some descriptions of Homs examples of FAM 1B:
FAM 1B (pink): SHR 358, CAT 718 (AMPH 4B). Porous fabric. Light weight. One long fine organics present (probably not fissure), a few .5mm similar organics but only visible in break, not surfaces. Core fired very pale salmon (cf ‘pink’), with pale green surfaces.
Three 1mm dark grey-black pellets, moderate fine (basalt). Occasional .5mm quartz.
FAM 1B: SHR 639, CAT 955 (AMPH 3E). No organics. Few fine inclusions: occasional pale grey chert or calcite (regular), moderate lime, hard fine white material with a pale orange brown skin (this is limestone partly altered though high firing temperature:
Miguel Cau Ontiveros, personal observation). Moderate oxide. Moderate fine-.5mm dark grey (basalt?). Occasional fine basalt visible.
One piece of white shell?
FAM 1B pink. Handle SHR 358, CAT 743 (AMPH H 2D). Pale salmon orange fabric with pale green edges. Lightweight. Break has common voids, but would not say are organics. Moderate rounded dark red pellets, mod .5-2 mm rounded lime lumps. Occasional dark grey .5 mm basalt.
FAM 1C
As FAM 1B, fired almost pink throughout. Rare grey material and no organics.
Rare: SHR 917, CAT 1432 (AMPH H 2C: wide oval handle).

FAM 2 (Asia Minor: Clazomenai ?)
Very hard, fine pale orange-red fabric. Outer surface sometimes fired dark yellow ochre. Common mica dust.*ADD details
FAM 2 forms: Hell AMPH 1, Hell AMPH 2A.
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