E1844 V10
Dilla Sanitary landfill project Environmental Impact Assessment report
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF ETHIOPIA
SOUTHERN NATIONS, NATIONALTIES
AND PEOPLES REGIONAL STATE
DILLA CITY ADMINISTRATION
URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(IDA CREDIT No.: 4994-ET)
Landfill Site Environmental Impact Assessment Report
October 2010
Zenas Engineering PLC
Tel. +251-11-416 03 35
+251-11-416 03 37
Zenas Engineering PLC
e-mail: yyemane@ethionet.et
P. O. Box: 1444
Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
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Dilla Sanitary landfill project Environmental Impact Assessment report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 4
1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2
GENERAL SETTING ................................................................................................................................... 7
METEOROLOGICAL SETTINGS ..................................................................................................................... 8
SITE SETTING .......................................................................................................................................... 9
ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT (BIODIVERSITY) ...................................................................................................... 12
INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS ....................................................................................................................... 13
POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTUINAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 15
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
POLICY FRAMEWORK.............................................................................................................................. 15
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................... 15
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................................... 15
WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ......................................................................................................... 18
3. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 18
3.1. GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.3. UNSTABLE AREA .......................................................................................................................................... 21
3.4. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL ....................................................................................................... 21
3.5. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 23
3.6. HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 25
3.6.1. SURFACE Water ............................................................................................................................... 25
3.6.2. GROUNDWATER .............................................................................................................................. 25
4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION
MEASURES .............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 28
4.2. COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ......................................................................................................................... 29
4.3. IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................................. 29
4.4. IMPACTS ON SOILS AND TERRAIN .................................................................................................................... 31
4.5. IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER........................................................................................................................ 31
4.6. IMPACTS ON GROUND WATER ....................................................................................................................... 32
4.7. IMPACTS ON VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE ......................................................................................................... 34
4.8. IMPACTS ON CURRENT AND PROPOSED LAND USE .............................................................................................. 34
4.8.1. Traffic .............................................................................................................................................. 35
4.9.2. Nuisances ........................................................................................................................................ 35
4.9. IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................................... 36
4.10. IMPACT ON SAFETY AND HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 36
4.11. IMPACT ON INCOME OF THE PEOPLE GENERATING THEIR INCOME FROM QUARRY .................................................... 37
5.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN................................................................................ 37
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................. 42
ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................... 43
ANNEX I - REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 43
ANNEX II- CHECK LIST USED FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................................................. 44
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Tables
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF MAIN MITIGATION MEASURES.......................................................................................... 5
TABLE 2: GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOIL IDENTIFIED FOR LINER MATERIAL .......................................................... 24
TABLE 3 : SUMMARY OF COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY, MDD AND OMC OF LINER MATERIAL ......................... 24
TABLE 4.SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMF) .......................................... 40
Figures
FIGURE 1 LOCATION AND CONTOUR MAP OF DILLA ......................................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 2. SATELLITE IMAGE OF DILLA ........................................................................................................................... 8
FIGURE 3 . MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL AT DILLA ............................................................................................ 9
FIGURE. 4. AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES AT DILLA ................................................................................................. 9
FIGURE 5 .SITE PLAN OF SANITARY LAND FILL OF DILLA ...................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 6 .PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE ............................................................................................................................ 10
FIGURE 7 .PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE ............................................................................................................................ 11
FIGURE 8 .PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE ............................................................................................................................ 11
FIGURE 9 .MAJAGE RIVER GORGE ADJACENT TO THE LANDFILL SITE ................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 10. BIRDS OBSERVED AT THE SITE (HORN BILL) ................................................................................................... 13
FIGURE 11.EXISTING DUMP SITE................................................................................................................................ 14
FIGURE 12: PHOTO OF THE LANDFILL SITE
FIGURE 13 FAULT TRENDING E-W AND N -S .................................. 20
FIGURE 14 : AREA SUSCEPTIBLE TO LAND SLIDE AND WEDGE FAILURE IN AREA PREVIOUSLY SELECTED OF LANDFILL 20
FIGURE 15: E—W TRENDING FAULT AND ARIAL PHOTOOF THE SELECTED LANDFILL SITE....................................... 22
FIGURE 16 : WATER CONTENT VERSE MMD CURVE OF SOIL SAMPLE TP3................................................................ 24
FIGURE 17: WATER CONTENT VERSE MMD CURVE OF SOIL SAMPLE TP1 ................................................................ 25
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared to address the potential
environmental impacts that could arise from the construction and operation of Dilla sanitary
landfill facility. The intended facility will be located at outskirt of Dilla town, planned to
serve the inhabitants of Dilla, for about 10 years.
The purpose of the project is to alleviate the impacts of the existing dumpsite and
uncontrolled solid waste disposal into the environment. Proper design/selection,
construction, and management of the solid waste landfill (and upgrading of solid waste
collection networks) would mitigate such negative impacts. The main sections of the EIA
include overview of the legal and institutional frameworks, description of the project and
the environment, impacts assessment, identification of mitigation measures, and
presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP).
Currently, municipal solid waste generated within the Dilla town is inappropriately
disposed off either in open dumpsite or directly in the environment. The situation is
exposing the public to associated negative health impacts and is leading to the deterioration
of natural ecosystem in the area. Dilla is also considered as commercial and touristic area,
and therefore impacts on the natural and aesthetic value have significant negative
implications.
The proper waste collection, treatment and disposal of the municipal solid waste in the area
is of utmost importance to avoid such impacts, and will be addressed by the construction of
the sanitary landfill, along with other solid waste management measures, to serve the town.
The facility will be designed to serve a total design population of 140,000 people.
The main objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of this Project
are as follows:

To describe the environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions of the
project environment;

To assess the potential positive and negative effects of the proposed project;

To recommend appropriate mitigation measures that enables to avoid or minimize
any undesirable effects resulting from construction, operation and closure of the
proposed project.
The study is intended to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the proposed
project activities are adequately and appropriately considered before decisions are taken for
their implementation. The output of the environmental impact analysis will therefore,
provide decision-makers with adequate information on environmental and social effects of
the proposed project.
Potential adverse environmental impacts induced by the construction and operation of the
proposed solid waste landfill facility include: (a) Generation of landfill gas and odors from
decomposing process. (b) Erosion of soil during construction and operation phases. (c)
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Contaminations of surface and ground water. (d) Noise, pest, dust and other disturbances.
(e) Occupational and public health hazards, and finally, (f) loss of income from
displacement of quarry operation. The analysis of these impacts showed that they can be
easily mitigated for. Table below includes mitigation measures to reduce further the
likelihood and magnitude of such impacts.
Table 1. Summary of Main Mitigation Measures
Impact
Mitigation Measures
Generation of landfill gas and odors
from decomposing process
-
Erosion of soil
-
-
Contaminations of surface and ground
water
-
Noise, pest, dust and other disturbances
-
Occupational and public health hazards
-
Loss of income from quarry operation
-
proper ventilation
applying coverage for waste on daily
and regular basis
reduce water flow over bare soil
reduce velocity of water by using
effective contouring to reduce slope
grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff
velocities and prompt and effective revegetation of bare ground whenever
possible, which stabilizes the soil and
helps to reduce run-off water velocities
appropriate measures including
provision of berms and silt traps during
construction
all water from the waste should be kept
in an appropriate leachate pond
use appropriate liners- either natural or
synthetic to contain leachate
establish buffer zone
daily proper cover of waste
use dust suppressor
proper maintenance of machineries,
vehicles, and use of low noise
equipments
provision and use of proper personal
protective equipment
regular medical check-up and provision
of appropriate sanitary facilities
provide replacement land/quarry site
In addition to the unavoidable impacts listed above, there will be several major benefits
associated with the proposed projects that are summarized below:
-
Long-term environmentally sound solid waste disposal, ensuring capacity for the
disposal of wastes consistent with solid waste management proclamation.
Employ a significant local labor force at the landfill site, for waste collection and
transporters, and during construction.
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-
Enable to safeguard and improve the ecological character of the natural environment
from further deterioration and damages.
In order to ensure the proper operation of the Landfill Facility, a management system must
be implemented. This management scheme shall assure regular monitoring of the Landfill
site and its compliance to regulations and standards, and process performance. Proper staff
training and organized record keeping will also take place. Compliance monitoring will take
place biannually. However, this frequency of monitoring should not be reduced after the
facility has been operational for several years.
According to management and monitoring indicators are identified and discussed in detail,
including in a matrix form to help as a checklist for control of major parameters. Costs
required during operation phase of the project will be part of the day to day administrative
and operational cost that the project is also estimated 375,000 Eth. Birr. The budget will be
allocated for training and awareness creation of personnel on the principles of Integrated
Solid Waste Management and salary for permanent and temporary staff.
Sampling will be performed by certified laboratories; however, in house sampling will take
place to ensure process performance. It is the responsibility of the Municipality and the
Landfill facility management to ensure the development of a database that includes a
systematic tabulation of process indicators, performed computations, maintenance
schedules and logbook, and process control and performance monitoring outcomes. Such a
historical database benefits both the plant operator and design engineers in order to predict
any adjustments needed to be performed ahead of time. In addition, in accordance with the
requirements of the regulatory authority, the Landfill facility management should submit a
periodic compliance monitoring report to the assigned authorities.
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1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1
GENERAL SETTING
Dilla is a town in the Southern Nation Nationals and Peoples Regional State and it is the
administrative capital of the Gedeo zone. The town lies in the eastern escarpment of the
Ethiopian Rift Valley with fertile green mountains and is also known for the excellent
coffee grown in its vicinity. The town is located approximately 360 km south of Addis
Ababa and 90km from Awassa town, the capital for the Regional State. The town is
characterized by gentle slope from east to west, with the 1600 m above sea level in the east
dropping to 1,400 m above sea level in the west. Geographically the town is located at 6o
20' – 6024'’N latitude and 38017'-38020’’E longitude. The town covers 1123.47 hectares of
land.
The main highway that connects Ethiopia to its' southern neighbor, Kenya crosses the town.
Apart from this highway, there is good road network in the town to connect different parts
of the town. There are two rivers; namely Legedarra at the North and Chichiu at the South
which are flowing east and west down to Lake Abaya.
The project area is located on the outskirt of the town of Dilla, on the northwestern part of
the town. The site is accessible in order to allow machinery to reach the site and perform the
excavation and building works during the construction phases and at operation phases too.
The presence of a good road network system is also very important for the collection of
waste from all kebeles of the town. The total project area is 2 hectar.
Lake Abaya
Figure 1 Location and Contour Map of Dilla
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Figure 2. Satellite Image of Dilla
1.2
METEOROLOGICAL SETTINGS
Precipitation
The climate of Dilla in general is influenced by the topographic features of the country.
The annual average precipitation observed in Dilla is about 1253 mm.
Figure 3 depicts monthly rainfall distribution from data collected at a station in Dilla.
The following observations can be made:

Precipitation patterns show that two distinctive rainy seasons with picks in April and
September.

A marked decrease in precipitation levels is noticed between December and
February

Based on the above observations, about 84 percent of precipitation is distributed
between March and October.
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Figure 3 . Monthly Average Rainfall at Dilla
Temperatures
The mean annual temperature at Dilla is 20° C. The warmest months are February to April,
when mean daily maximums temperatures can rise above 30 ºC.
Temperature variations between day and night are in general ranging between 10 and 18oC.
Figure. 4. Average monthly temperatures at Dilla
1.3 SITE SETTING
As mentioned above, the site is located at the northwestern outskirts of the town, far-away
from most of the populated area. The area surrounding the site is area designated for
industrial zone. The site is located around 1km from Dombosco Catholic School, 2km from
Walleme village which is part of the Dilla town and adjacent to Dombosco School and
2.6km from Dilla University. The proposed site is surrounded to the north by Majage River
(gorge) which is completely covered by forest, to the south and south-waste by industrial
zone, to the west by farm land adjacent to the industry zone and to the east by trees and
Dombosco fence.
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Figure 5 .Site plan of Sanitary land fill of Dilla
There is active quarry site at the northern side and an abandoned quarry site little bit to the
north and central part. The slope of the landfill site is fairly inclined towards the Majage
River.
Figure 6 .proposed landfill site
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Figure 7 .proposed landfill site
Figure 8 .Proposed landfill site
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Figure 9 .Majage river gorge adjacent to the landfill site
1.4
ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT (BIODIVERSITY)
Ecologically, the proposed location is not in an area of special concern, such as areas
designated as having national or international importance (e.g. cultural heritages, wetlands,
biosphere reserve, wildlife refuge, or protected areas). The project will neither lead to the
extinction of endangered and endemic species, nor the degradation of critical ecosystems,
and habitats.
The project area is situated in the industrial zone. Since the site has been cleared before, no
major trees or plants are observed. The proposed landfill site is covered by grass and some
bushes at the western and southern side, to the north and northwest side it is covered by
grass and some parts are exposed soils, and eastern side is covered by bushes and some
trees (include eucalyptus trees).
There are several species of birds on the site as observed on 17/04/10 morning (Dinbit, Tiku
Amora, and many others, see photo).
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Figure 10. Birds observed at the site (Horn bill)
1.5
INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS
Infrastructure within the town is well noted to road network, telephone, electricity, and
water supply. An adequate municipal solid waste management system in the town does not
exist. The Dilla municipality is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste to
the open dump. The percentage of the waste collected and disposed at the dumping site is
about 34%. The remaining are openly dumped and burnt along roadways, ditches and in the
environment.
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Figure 11.Existing Dump site
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2
2.1
POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTUINAL FRAMEWORK
POLICY FRAMEWORK
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy
goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote
sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of
natural, human-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet
the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their
organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public awareness
and promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and
development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross
sectoral environmental issues.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral
environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental
issues in project planning at all levels of administration.
The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to harmonize
Sectoral Development Plans and implement environmental management programs for the
country.
2.2
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Environnemental Protection Organs Proclamation 295/2002
The proclamation is aimed to assign responsibilities of the environmental management
activities to separate organizations on the one hand, and environmental protection,
regulations and monitoring on the other, in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental
resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication of efforts. It is also
intended to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities
among environmental protection offices at a federal and regional level.
At the federal level the Environmental Protection Authority is in charge of policies,
directives and standards and of enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and
environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the
Federal Government.
Each of the main federal institutions active in the construction of infrastructure, or
economic development is required by law to have its own environmental unit.
According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are
required to create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to deal,
among others, with EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development activities.
2.3
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
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The Constitution
The Constitution of Ethiopia, which was adopted in August 1995, requires current and
future legislation and the conduct of the Government to conform to a bill of rights. The
concept of sustainable development and environment rights are entrenched in the rights of
people in Ethiopia through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to
development and right to live in clean and healthy environment.
Without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate private
property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate
to the value of the property (Article 40(8)
Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the right to
participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to
policies and projects affecting their community.
Regarding compensation, Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have
been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of State
programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance .The government shall
pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall
not take into account the value of land.
The Federal Government is responsible for enacting laws for utilization and conservation of
land and other natural resources and historical sites.
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and
development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the
right to be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of
environmental policies and project.
Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation 300/2002
The proclamation on pollution control was issued in December 2002.It was issued mainly
based on the principle that each citizen has the right to have a healthy environment, as well
as the obligation to protect the environment of the country from pollution.
The Proclamation contains provisions for the control of pollution, management of
municipal waste, and management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive
substances. It also encompasses provision for the formulation of practicable environmental
standards by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA), in consultation with
the relevant agencies. Furthermore it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection
Authority or the Regional Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with
the duties and responsibilities of controlling environmental pollution
Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 299/2002 and Guidelines
The main objective of this Proclamation is to make the EIA mandatory for specified
categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors. Among others, the
Proclamation defines the scope of the environmental impact assessment by outlining the
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contents of EIAs, and determining the duties of the project proponent. The general
provision of the Proclamation includes the followings among others:



Implementation of any project that requires an EIA is subject to an environmental
clearance or authorization from the EPA or Regional Environmental Agency (REA).
The EPA or the relevant REA, depending on the magnitude of anticipated impacts,
may waive the requirement for an EIA.
Approval of an Environmental Impact Study Report (EISR) or the granting of
authorization by the EPA or the REA does not exonerate the proponent from
liability for damage.
To put into effect this Proclamation, the EPA issued an EIA Guideline Document, which
provides details of the EIA process and its requirements. The document provides
background to environmental impact assessment and environmental management in
Ethiopia. The Document is used as a reference material to ensure effective environmental
assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all parties who are engaged in the
process. The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA. In addition,
the document specifies tools that may be considered when engaged in the EIA process.
Reference is made to the legislation and policies with which potential investors and
developers must comply in specific development sectors.
According to this guideline projects are categorized into three schedules:
Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus
requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment
Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to
cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study
Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA
However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive areas such as land prone to
erosion; desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape;
religiously important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the
project.
According to this guideline all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the
country should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating
measures are designed and implemented, especially for projects with an adverse effect on
the environment. This in effect means that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should
be prepared by project proponents and be examined, commented and approved by the EPA.
Solid Waste Management Proclamation 513/2007
Municipalities play a central role in solid waste management activities in Ethiopia.
Traditionally, solid waste collection and disposal has been the responsibility of the urban
administrations. The recent Solid Waste Management Proclamations 513/2007 urges urban
administrations to establish a solid waste treatment facility. Article 14 of this proclamation
states that urban administrations shall ensure that:
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

Solid waste disposal sites are constructed in conformity with the relevant federal
environmental standard and are properly used.
Any new solid waste disposal site being constructed or an existing site undergoing
any modification has had an EIA according to the relevant law.
2.4 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
Legal and Administrative Framework WB Operational Manual OP 4.01 is designed to
ensure that Bank-Financed Projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that
decision-making is approved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely
environmental impacts.
This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks
and impacts in its area of influence. OP 4.01 requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) to
be carried out for any project proposed for bank financing.
It outlines an environmental and social screening process which will enable qualified
project personnel to screen sub-projects for potential negative environmental and social
impacts and to identify, implement and monitor appropriate mitigation measures. OP.4. 01
requires these reports to take into account natural environment (air, water and land), human
health and safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and
cultural property).
3. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
Two potential sites ( Site -1, Waleme and Site -2: Chichu ,) were visited and assessment
for their suitability as a sanitary landfill was evaluated.
During the inception phase of the project, Dilla City Administration made the Waleme site,
which it selected for development of the sanitary landfill, known to the Consultant.
Subsequently, the consultant, while searching for alternative sites, commenced assessing
suitability of the site for the desired purpose based on the developed criteria. Consultant’s
attempt to choose the final sanitary landfill site from number of nominee sites was impaired
due to location of the competent sites out side the territory of Dilla City Administration and
even that of Gedeo Zone.
Hence, sites left for final choice were the Waleme site, located in the north western part of
the city, and Chichu site in the south eastern part of the city. Therefore, the latter site was
abandoned because of its proximity to boreholes supplying water to the city and the Waleme
site which was originally proposed by the city administration was selected.
3.1. GEOLOGY
In order to evaluate the landfill site’s suitability and capability to diminish possibility of
contamination, getting hold of detail understanding of the local geological setting of the
sites was essential. With this regard, details of the geological structure, characteristics of the
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solid strata, and composition and distribution of the subsoil were examined. The factors of
interest in the solid strata included type of rock, state of weathering, extent and distribution
of structural features (such as faults, joints and bedding planes), and the permeability of
strata. For subsoils, it was necessary to know the composition, the lateral and vertical
continuity of the strata, the permeability, and resistance to erosion.
Dilla area is made up of trachyte flows, minor basalts, tuffs and ignimbritees. The rocks
around the town are mainly trachyte flows with minor basalt. The tuffs and the ignimbrite
lay on the top of trachytic flows and mainly exposed to the west and south-west of Dilla.
These rocks form layered sections that tilted towards the north-west and west. The trachyte
is medium grained with irregular open joints forming big blocks of trachyte. Weathering in
the trachyte has normally taken place along these joint fractures. The basalts are found in
few localities intercalated within the trachyte flow. The tuffs and ignimbrites are mainly
exposed to the west and south-west of Dilla.
In area close, Geology of the landfill site can be characterized by different layers of basalt,
ignimbrite, and trachyte overlie by alluvial soil. The degree of weathering decrease to ward
south east and the opening of fractures and joints increase in the same direction.
3.2. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Referring to the geological structures, Dilla is situated in the Eastern Fault Belt of the
southern part of Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Rift faulting and a number of extension fault
zones are common around the area particularly downstream of the landfill site. The faults
have N-S and E-W trend, however, some minor fault systems trend in the direction of NWSE.
In locating areas suitable for landfill, it is difficult to avoid area close to geological ‘faults’.
Even though the majority of faults increase the permeability of the bedrock in the fault zone
it would normally not be appropriate to rule out or downgrade a site because of the presence
of faults. Equally the absence of faults should not be taken as an absolute assurance that a
site is geologically suitable.
Therefore, following assessment of the structure of the Waleme area, selection of particular
development site was selected. The consultant made sure that this site is not in direct
contact with faults. Should be avoided in situations where investigations show that the fault
zone is excessively permeable. It is recommended that there should be no general
prohibition of landfill sitting on areas with geological faults.
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Figure 12: Photo of the Landfill Site
Figure 13 Fault Trending E-W and N -S
Downstream of the Landfill Site.
Figure 14 : Area susceptible to land slide and wedge failure in area previously selected
for landfill site
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3.3. UNSTABLE AREA
Unstable area which is susceptible to natural or human-induced events capable of impairing
the integrity of the landfill structural components should be avoided. These include poor
foundation conditions, areas susceptible to mass movements (landslide and subsidence), and
highly erodible material.
Topographical data were used in the assessment of the likelihood of slope failure, failure
over unstable ground and in the interpretation of the topographical expressions of the
geology and hydrogeology. All the factors mentioned have been checked for the current
landfill site. The previously selected site was located at close distance (about 20m) to area
susceptible to land slide.
Hence, to ensure structural stability of the proposed landfill during the operation phase, the
site was shifted during the site investigation
3.4. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL
Because Dilla is located in an earthquake prone area, assessing resistance to the dynamic
forces which can be applied during earthquake was incorporated in the landfill design
investigation.
In the geotechnical evaluation the soil behaviour was examined with respect to earthquake
intensity. This evaluation of the soil characteristics necessitated finding out the soil strength
as well as the magnitude or intensity of the earthquake in terms of peak acceleration. Other
soil characteristics, including degree of compaction, sorting, and degree of saturation, was
also considered because of their potential influence on site conditions. For example,
compaction of deposits of loose granular soils found as upper layer in the Waleme site
through the ground vibrations an earthquake induces is possible. Ultimate result of such
volume reductions could would be large uniform or differential settlements of the ground
surface.
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Figure 15: E—W Trending Fault and Arial photoof the selected landfill site
Very steep slopes of weak, fractured and brittle rocks were found in the eastern part of
previously selected site; unsaturated loess are vulnerable to transient shocks caused by
tensional faulting. Similar effects are possible in sensitive cohesive soils when natural
moisture exceeds the soil's liquid limit. Dry cohesionless material on a slope at an angle of
repose will respond to seismic shock by shallow sloughing and slight flattening of the slope.
Because the material selected for the liners is flexible, unlike rigid concrete the liner will
not be susceptible to cracking. Thus, future instability that could possibly considered was
only for the leachate collection system, which is a concrete structure. However, for life time
of the proposed landfill is short (10 years), and probability of occurrence of earthquake of
significant horizontal acceleration in this period is very low, the site is not endangered by
seismic effect of natural earthquake. On the other hand, presence of a quarry site adjacently
can subject the leachate collection system to dynamic forces as a result of material
production using blasting techniques.
Susceptibility of the landfill site for liquefaction potential was assessed during the site
investigation. Liquefaction is one of secondary effects that is directly related to earthquake
shaking or dynamic vibration resulted from blasting. The typical subsurface soil condition
that is susceptible to liquefaction is loose sand and silt, which has been newly deposited or
placed, with a shallow groundwater table. The development of high pore water pressures
due to the ground shaking and the upward flow of water may turn the sand/silt into a
liquefied condition, which has been termed liquefaction. During an earthquake, the
propagation of shear waves causes the loose sand to contract, resulting in an increase in
pore water pressure. Because the seismic shaking occurs so quickly, the cohesionless soil is
subjected to an undrained loading. The increase in pore water pressure causes an upward
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flow of water to the ground surface, where it emerges in the form of mud spouts or sand
boils. This condition can interrupt the overall structural arrangement of the landfill.
In Waleme landfill site the loose sandy and silty soils are intercalated/sandwiched between
clayey silt layers, which seems to make liquefaction potential of the site very high due to
grain size distribution and low degree of compaction. However, the presence of the
groundwater at great depth limits the possibility of occurrences of liquefaction particularly
in adjacent the landfill area. Moreover, complete excavation of the overburden loose soil
and the highly weathered earth material during construction will found the landfill on a
moderately weathered trachyte.
3.5. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
i.
General
The geotechnical survey for the selected landfill site was commenced with
careful desk study leading to field investigation and laboratory testing. Direct
information on the subsoil was obtained from gulley cuts instead of test pits
digging. The site investigation work (including sampling and description of soils
and rocks) was carried out to the appropriate standard.
ii.
Properties of the Foundation Material
Alluvial soils having about 6m thickness overlies weathered trachyte. The
thickness of the layer decrease toward the east direction. The section mainly
exposed on the side of gulley consists of: 0-1.2m clayey silt, 1.2-3m clayey silty
sand, 3-5m clayey silt and 5-6m gravelly material with slight variation in
thickness and gradation from place to place. The upper and the lower fine
grained layers are moderately to highly plastic. The in situ degree of compaction
of the overburden material is relatively low. The upper and lower fine grained
layers of soil can be used as liner material and the middle layer as a cover
material.
a. Grain Size Analysis
Dry sieve analysis on coarse fraction and hydrometric analysis on fine fraction
was made on three different samples of liner material. The test result shows a
dominance of clay fraction in each sample. Figure xx shows the grain size
distribution graph of the soil samples.



53.75 % clay, 45.54 % silt and 0.71% sand for Tp1
48.68 % clay, 24.56 % silt and 26.76% sand for Tp2
41.55 % clay, 37.15 % silt and 21.30% sand for Tp3
b. Standard Procter Compaction and Permeability
From the standard compaction test conducted on the samples the optimum
moisture content (OMC) varies from 22 to 27.55 % and the corresponding
maximum dry density is between 1.44 to 1.63 g/cc (Table 4.6). The
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permeability value of the soil specimen computed from grain size distribution
graph. The results showed that the materials are impervious with coefficient of
permeability ≤5.26 x 10-7cm/s.
Table 2: Grain size analysis of soil identified for liner material
Percentage
Sample
No.
Depth
Tp1
TP2
TP3
0-1.2
3-5
0-1.6
Gravel
Sand
-
0.71
26.76
21.30
Fine
Silt
Clay
45.54 53.75
24.56 48.68
37.15 41.55
Soil Type
Soil
Classification
Fine grained Silty clay
Fine grained Silty clay
Fine grained Silty clay
Table 3 : Summary of coefficient of permeability, MDD and OMC of liner material
S.No.
Coefficient permeability [cm/s]
MDD [g/cc]
OMC [%]
1
<10-6
1.628
22
2
<10-6
3
<10-6
27.55
1.435
OMC =27.55
MDD=1.435
Figure 16 : Water Content verse MMD curve of soil sample TP3
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OMC =22
MDD=1.628
Figure 17: Water Content verse MMD curve of soil sample TP1
iii.
Level of Excavation and Excavation Sequence
In the landfill development site formerly identified by the municipality, layer of
the overburden soil was very thin (1 to 2 m), which could make excavation
difficult and costly. Slight shift was made to the originally proposed landfill site
to lessen the excavation work and cost, and other facts mentioned in the above
sections. For the trench excavation the overburden and highly weathered
material will need to be totally removed by bulldozer and impervious blanket as
liner will be placed after excavation at the bottom and wall of the trench.
3.6. HYDROLOGY
3.6.1. SURFACE WATER
At the site there is neither stored open water nor wetland. River Majege, which flows from
the west to east, is located about 300 m downstream of the Waleme landfill. The other river
flowing from south to north is at about 600 m north of the landfill; this river drain most part
of Dilla city.
3.6.2. GROUNDWATER
Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a hydrologic
setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground water. Through
this the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the groundwater,
particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the groundwater
table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of the
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groundwater regime was required. Therefore, the consultant gathered the following detailed
information:

the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including longterm and seasonal fluctuations,

the permeability or transmissivity of the outcropping strata, with maximum and
minimum values,

the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any
spring,

the groundwater levels

the groundwater protection or recharge zones
During hydrogeological investigation of the site, assessment of the type and distribution of
aquifers was made. The groundwater distribution depth of the aquifers together with the
permeability of recharge zone was considered. Groundwater levels and its flow direction,
the interaction between groundwater and surface water resources also incorporated.
The result obtained indicates that, in general, Dilla area has both shallow and deep
groundwater reserves. The water bearing zone for shallow groundwater is reddish brown
soil of the weathered trachyte whose thickness is about 6m. Thin section of top weathered
part of trachyte also has shallow groundwater which yields water to the hand dug wells
along with the overlying soil. As a result in Dilla City there numerous hand dug wells. The
potential yield of groundwater in Dilla area depends up on the density of fractures and
thickness of the weathered zone in the trachyte; density of fracture in this rock is higher in
fault zones.
The major fault systems are situated to the south and south west of the town. At the
downstream side of the selected landfill site the N-S and E-W trending fault intersect each
other which gives the site more potential for the groundwater of the locality. Due to
topography and high permeability of subsurface strata shallow groundwater is not present in
the area selected for the landfill.
The depth to major groundwater is variable due to the variable topography. However,
previously drilled wells around and in the town show that groundwater is available in a
depth ranging from 20 to 60 m. Considering the groundwater flow direction, the town is
situated at the foot of about 2,800m high mountain. Generally the groundwater movement
in the area is from south-east towards the north-west following the regional topography.
Finally we can concluded the engineering geological study of Dilla municipal solid waste
land fill mainly focused on: site assessments criteria, engineering geological site
investigation and construction material assessment and its suitability analysis. All the
criteria required for municipal solid waste landfill site assessment was considered in detail
during the site selection and investigation. These include review of the site based on
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geological and hydro geological conditions of the area, identification of structural
instability of the area like area susceptible to faulting and major landslide and assessment
of the seismicity of the area and liquefaction potential of the site. In addition attention was
also given for the presence of public utilities and the existence of workable natural materials
in the subsoil. During the site selection and investigation all the above mentioned criteria
have been taken into account. The previously selected landfill site has the following
disadvantage as compared to the current selected site

High excavation cost (four fold) to excavate fresh to slightly weathered trachytic
rock relative to soil excavation

It is close to fault zone

The area is susceptible to major landslide

High permeability of foundation rock due to the openings of fractures and joints
compared with infilled fractures and joints weathered material like clay infilling in
the current site.
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4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL
IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1. Introduction
The evaluation of environmental and related socio-economic impacts related to the
development and operation of the proposed Landfill facility at the site designated as
Wallame has been prepared through the examination of individual environmental
components that are potentially affected by the proposed activities. This examination
assesses the following:
 Communities attitude towards the site;
 The possibility of the impact to occur;
 The extent of the impact if it does occur, and how significance is it (positive or
negative?);
 The timeframe over which the impact is likely to be experienced (long-term, shortterm);
 Possible mitigation or preventive measures.
In addition to the household interview conducted for socio-economic survey, community
consultation had been carried out by the consultant to explain the proposed solid waste
management system and listen to their views.
The environmental components to be considered are presented below:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Air Quality/ Odor
Soils and Terrain
Surface Water
Ground water
Vegetation and Wildlife
Sensitive Habitats
Current and Proposed Land Uses
Traffic
Nuisances (Noise, Pests, Dust, Aesthetics, etc.)
Archeological Resources
Ongoing Operations of the Site over the design life
Enumerated below are potential environmental impacts stemming from the proposed
landfill project, for construction, operations and post-closure phases, for each of the above
environmental components.
This section presents a discussion of impacts for each environmental component, in terms
of the potential impact, the proposed mitigation to prevent/reduce adverse impacts, and
anticipated residual impacts (i.e., the degree of impact and issues remaining after mitigation
has been implemented). The significance of the anticipated residual impacts is then
assessed.
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4.2. Community Consultation
Besides the interviews made during site assessment, community consultation was also held
on 21 September, 2010 with the residents in Dilla to discuss in detail the proposed solid
waste management system. Both from the interviews and consultation meeting, it was
observed that the community has a positive attitude towards the landfill site. In fact the
selected site for the landfill is currently under utilization as open field waste disposal of the
city.
4.3. Impacts on Air Quality
The potential impacts on air quality associated with landfill are: the generation and release
of landfill gas from the fill site; odors reaching industrial and school nearby; and smoke and
dust from fires and the activities of on-site machinery at the landfill site.
Without mitigation, there is the potential for odors from waste material in the landfill to
reach future adjacent industrial facilities and the school to the surrounding of the landfill
site when days are calm. Landfill gas (chiefly carbon dioxide and methane) is normally
produced as a result of decay processes in any sanitary landfill facility and again can
migrate under calm weather conditions.
Also smoke from fires and dust from the activities of machinery at the landfill are other
possible irritants to nearby industrial facilities and the school.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
Landfill Gas: Landfill gas is a product of all municipal solid waste landfills, and occurs as
a natural consequence of the microbial breakdown of the waste material. The flaring of
landfill gas (or, if in sufficient quantities, its use as an energy supply) are accepted practices
in contemporary landfill operation when the site is in very close proximity to urban
development. At remote sites the normal practice is to allow the gas to vent to the
atmosphere and be taken up by vegetation. Landfill gas contains primarily methane and
carbon dioxide, with smaller amounts of hydrogen and various trace chemicals in small
quantities. At an early stage of degradation, the proportion of carbon dioxide is high, but as
a landfill ages, the process gives off a progressively higher proportion of methane. The
planning of a large municipal landfill usually has some future provisions for landfill gas
collection and possibly flaring. Flaring will burn the produced methane, converting it to
carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor. Neither methane nor carbon dioxide is particularly
harmful, although both are “greenhouse” gases, implicated as contributors to global
warming.
The actual quantities for a landfill of this size, however, are very small compared to the
emissions from diesel engines and automobiles along the highway for example.
A portion of gases that would vent to the surface from a municipal waste landfill would be
absorbed by the green foliage of broad leaf plants in the buffer zones. With the natural
buffers and state of the surrounding areas this would reduce the problems offsite, at the
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Wallame Site. Subsequent flaring of landfill gas, albeit an expensive and complex operation
could provide small environmental benefits but this process is not economically justified at
this site.
Dust and Smoke: The facility may create some dust resulting from vehicle movements;
however there is provision for dust suppression in the design and operating plan. This
involves the gravel surfacing of the access road and service roads within the site, as well as
using water to suppress dust that does arise. The timeframe of the impact will be short as
most of it will occur during the construction phase, and the dust issue during the operational
phase is mitigable. This site will be very remote from development at the initial
construction phase and should not need mitigation efforts.
Fires could occur at the landfill, which requires vigilance to extinguish them quickly. Fires
are usually the result of hot loads being received at landfills. These hot portions can be ash
covered charcoals.
With the use of transfer stations for a large portion of the Municipal Solid Waste the hot
loads should be greatly reduced. Loads that are directly hauled to the site could also pose a
problem and site operational staff should be on the lookout for these wastes. Ideally, when a
hot load is encountered it should be isolated in an open area and extinguished with water
before being considered for incorporation in the fill area. Clearly, smoke irritation can be
avoided through the prevention of fires at the landfill.
Fire prevention procedures which should be adhered to at all times throughout the
operational life of the landfill should be prepared. Good communications with neighboring
facilities and surveillance for fires and dust by the landfill operating staff can prevent
significant problems from occurring. Quick reaction to any observed blazing loads will also
reduce these problems.
Odor: Odors from decaying waste material are produced at sanitary landfills, particularly
when waste high in organic material (e.g., animal waste, domestic waste, faecal waste) is
disposed. It is noted that there is no existing development located within four to five
kilometers downwind of the site from the proposed landfill. However, it is possible and
quite feasible to prevent odors from being a problem to downwind neighbouring residents
and facilities by applying adequate cover material sufficiently, frequently and effectively.
There is an ample supply of soil (clay, silt, sand and mixtures thereof) existing on the site,
which can be used as cover material. The methods for applying daily cover, intermediate
cover (when an individual cell is non-active for a period of time), and final cover (when the
cell or landfill is permanently closed) will help in reducing obnoxious odors. Additionally,
it is recommended that the active face (area of uncovered wastes placed during the daily
operation) of the landfill at any given time be minimized. It is absolutely essential that even
at remote sites the above provisions be implemented at the landfill facility, if problems with
odors impinging on neighboring facilities are to be avoided.
Apart from this, good communications with future development and monitoring of odors by
the landfill operating staff can help to prevent significant problems from occurring.
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4.4. Impacts on Soils and Terrain
The potential impacts associated with Soil and Terrains are: erosion of bare slopes during
construction and operational phases, the potential for ongoing slope erosion in post-closure
condition.
In any landfill or similar operation, there is the potential for soils to erode or lose stability
when surface water drains over them. Particulate matter may be carried offsite in surface
runoff, with consequent effects on surface water quality, unless provisions are made
through a storm retention pond to control this.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
Portion of the site that has already been the subject of erosion in the form of washed
surfaces requires remediation during the initial site construction period.
The key to avoiding erosion problems is to reduce water flow over bare, erodible soils, and
particularly reducing the velocity of water as it drains over the terrain or through drainage
courses. This can be accomplished using effective contouring to reduce slope grades, ditch
blocks to reduce runoff velocities and prompt and effective re-vegetation of bare ground
whenever possible, which stabilizes the soil and helps to reduce run-off water velocities.
Contouring of the landfill facility and surface water diversion channels shall be constructed
so that surface water run-on in the event of severe storm events is directed to the on-site
storm pond. The concept shall be based on maintaining surface water flows that are no
more, in terms of instantaneous flows, than what would be considered as the natural
undisturbed site conditions. The storm runoff system shall be controlled by constructing
drainage channels and a large storm pond will handle at least a one hour, a 100-year return
period storm event.
All new and existing storm drainage courses shall be constructed to keep velocities to a
reasonable level and the use of culverts, ditch blocks and rip rap will be undertaken to limit
soil erosion in drainage channels. As the development and operation of the landfill
progresses, the number of slopes that will be exposed at any given time, and their
cumulative surface area, shall be kept to a minimum. For the post-operational phase, the
landfill shall be capped, contoured, and vegetated appropriately, with full attention to
providing effective drainage and erosion prevention. All slopes on finished areas will be
limited to a no steeper slope by choosing appropriate vertical to horizontal ratio, in order to
limit soil erosion. This can be compared to normal sites that have steeper slopes.
It is expected that if these measures including the storm pond are put into effect, the landfill
may be constructed, operated and decommissioned with no significant adverse effects to
soils or to surface water through the effects of soil erosion.
4.5. Impacts on Surface Water
One concern that was associated with the landfill is the possibility that contaminants from
the waste might enter surface runoff water from the landfill and reach major surface water
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courses such as the Majage River.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
The proposed measures are:
 All landfill surface runoff will be directed to a large on-site holding pond where it
will undergo natural aerobic stabilization and sedimentation. These ponds will be
sized to handle a 1 hour 100-year return period storm event, during normal
operations of the landfill;
 Only surface water that has not come into contact with the waste material (i.e.,
noncontact surface water) will be allowed to directly enter the storm water drainage;
 All contact water will be conveyed to the leachate retention and treatment ponds
described in following sections. In the initial stages of operation of each landfill cell
the surface run-off will be diverted into the leachate collection and treatment system,
until it can be adequately handled as clean water;
 During construction, appropriate measures including provision of berms, silt traps,
etc., will be taken to ensure that significant amounts of sediments do not impact
adjacent watercourses; and
 Upon closure of the landfill, the surfaces will be contoured and re-vegetated in such
a way as to prevent erosion and resulting sedimentation of adjacent surface waters.
 Since the non-contact surface water or treated leachate alone will be allowed to
directly enter the surface water drainage, regular monitoring of surface water quality
at key locations shall be conducted at critical points in operational life of the landfill.
Where the above measures are implemented during the construction, operations and closure
phases of the landfill development, there is no significant adverse impacts on surrounding
surface waters are anticipated.
4.6. Impacts on Ground Water
The ground water condition at the landfill site as well as the entire city was assessed in
detail. Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a
hydrologic setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground
water. Through this the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the
groundwater, particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the
groundwater table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of
the groundwater regime was required. Therefore, the consultant gathered the following
detailed information:
 the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including longterm and seasonal fluctuations;
 the permeability or transmissivity of the outcropping strata, with maximum and
minimum values;
 the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any
spring;
 the groundwater levels; and
 the groundwater protection or recharge zones.
During hydrogeological investigation of the site, assessment of the type and distribution of
aquifers was made. The groundwater distribution depth of the aquifers together with the
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permeability of recharge zone was considered. Groundwater levels and its flow direction,
the interaction between groundwater and surface water resources also incorporated.
Potential Impacts
The leachate from landfill cells may leak into ground water, affecting groundwater quality,
well water, and potentially surface water at discharge points. A potential impact that must
be mitigated at many sanitary landfill sites is the possibility that leachate from the waste cell
is allowed to enter the groundwater underlying the site. This could have long-term adverse
effects on groundwater quality, well water quality, and surface water quality stemming from
discharge of the groundwater to the surface water. It is noted that there are no known active
wells within vicinity of the Wallame landfill site.
The major fault systems are situated to the south and south west of the town. At the
downstream side of the selected landfill site the N-S and E-W trending fault intersect each
other which give the site more potential for the groundwater of the locality. Due to
topography and high permeability of subsurface strata shallow groundwater is not present in
the area selected for the landfill.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
A normal mitigative practice in landfill operation is to provide a liner – either natural or
synthetic - to contain the leachate. The leachate is collected via a system of pipes and
pumps where necessary, and segregated for treatment. A natural liner normally consists of
impermeable clay.
The proposed sanitary landfill at the Wallame site has been selected partly to take advantage
of the significant depths of impermeable clay found, which will act as a natural liner,
preventing percolation of leachate into potentially a much deeper groundwater regime.
In the proposed design of the facility, the leachate will be collected from each cell and will
be conveyed by gravity, to leachate ponds, which will also be lined with HDPE or
constructed using the native impermeable clays. Leachate will undergo natural anaerobic
treatment in these cells followed by aerobic (oxidative) treatment, before draining. No
leachate shall be released from the pond area until analyses for basic parameters have been
completed and it has been determined suitable for release.
The leachate cells will be sized to also accommodate the incident rainfall flooding storm
event during normal operating conditions, plus the amount of leachate produced in a
specified period.
The waste stream shall be screened at the transfer stations to remove household and other
hazardous materials such as batteries, solvents, used oil, chemicals, etc., which normally
contribute high levels of contaminants such as heavy metals and toxic organics to the waste
stream. (These need to be handled specially).
In the post-operational phase, an impermeable 0.5m layer of clay or similar material will be
placed on top of the closed cells, to curtail the percolation of water into the cell and hence
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the ongoing production of leachate.
With the groundwater protection that will be provided by the natural clay at the site, with
the leachate collection and management system in effect, with the screening of the
incoming solid waste stream, and with the proper closure of each cell so as to curtail the
production of leachate, as well as other measures, no significant effects on ground water is
anticipated.
4.7. Impacts on Vegetation and Wildlife
The development of a proper landfill site entails clearing and re-contouring activities, as
well as the operations of the facility itself. This can result in loss of habitat for wildlife and
natural vegetation, as well as a tendency to act as a barrier to wildlife movement. The
proposed landfill site will not represent a significant loss in terms of habitat for plants or
animals, nor for commercially important plants/animals. In addition, a large portion of the
site has already been significantly diminished of habitat due to past clearance and
excavation activities and most recent zoning for industrial activities in the immediate area.
It would appear to be of less value for wildlife habitat compared to the surrounding areas. It
is anticipated that there will be no significant adverse effects on vegetation and wildlife.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
The current design for the landfill site incorporates an undisturbed buffer zone to be
established around the site using existing and in some places planted trees and other
vegetation, in order to reduce the effects of noise and other disturbance to surrounding
facilities and wildlife populations. The site will not be fenced initially, so as to facilitate
wildlife dispersion through the buffer zone areas. If problems with pests (e.g., scavengers
and dogs) become a concern, however, there will be provision to erect a fence around the
area.
Additionally, favorable contouring and re-vegetation of the decommissioned landfill shall
be conducted so as to promote its value as habitat. Suggested vegetation plans include
restoring it to be similar to surrounding landscapes. The buffer zones will have additional
trees planted in them as required to increase the vegetation coverage around the site
perimeter.
4.8. Impacts on Current and Proposed Land use
The land which has been proposed for the landfill facility is free from residential or
agricultural use. Dombosico School which is the closest structure to the landfill site is
located at about 1KM distance from the landfill site while Majage River is located at more
than a kilometer distance from the land fill site.
No additional mitigation is therefore required. While there have been several proposals for
industrial development in the vicinity of the proposed landfill, the implementation of these
plans has not moved to the point where irresolvable land use conflicts are inevitable.
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When new development plans are considered for adjacent properties, the regulatory agency
should ensure that they are done so as to avoid land use or other conflicts involving the
landfill facility.
4.8.1. Traffic
The truck traffic, trucks per day travelling to and from the facility, resulting from the
operation of the town waste management facility at Wallame is very small and would pose
an almost insignificant threat to safety, provided that the timing of waste management
vehicle traffic is more or less distributed in time over the course of any day, or days during
the working week.
4.9.2. Nuisances
The Potential Nuisances associated with the construction and operation of the landfill site
are: The disturbance of adjacent facilities from noise of machinery in landfill; The
disturbance of adjacent facilities from pest populations attracted to the landfill; Litter and
dust generated at the landfill and distributed to neighboring properties; and Visual impacts
from landfill or litter.
The problems of noise, pests, litter and visual impact are all familiar problems associated
with landfill or other related waste management facilities that are improperly operated. If
additional plans for residential developments are realized during the life of the facility, they
will also need to be taken into account as potential receptors.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
While noise, pests, litter and visual impacts are potential problems of landfill operations,
there are operational means of addressing all of them, and the difference between a well-run
facility and a poorly operated one is often manifested by the frequency of complaints about
these nuisances.
While some degree of machinery noise may be heard in surrounding areas, the Revegetation and maintenance of a treed buffer zone around the site will serve to reduce the
noise levels heard beyond the site. Normally this is reduced to zero at about one kilometer
distance.
Dust suppression measures will be used during construction and operational phases of the
landfill, for example compaction of surfaces and the use of water or treated leachate on
access and other roads.
As outlined above, the application of daily cover material is critical in reducing the
landfill’s attractiveness to pests such as rodents, insects, feral dogs and cats, and birds.
Effective and regular application of cover material as specified in the environmental
mitigation plan, however, should reduce the attraction of these and other pests and animal
scavengers to levels that are not a nuisance to surrounding areas. In addition, the working
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face of the landfill should be confined as much as possible, reducing the amount of fresh
waste exposed to the air. Finally, compaction of the waste in the landfill serves not only to
reduce odor and pest problems, but to minimize the escape of windblown litter.
To control litter, all incoming vehicles should be covered (e.g., with netting or tarp), and
site staff should be assigned as necessary to regularly retrieve litter which happens to escape
from the landfill site or collect at its periphery. This crew should also clean the access road
ditches adjacent to the site on a regular basis. It is recommended that all of the above
problems be monitored by visual or other inspection by landfill staff on a regular basis, and
that good communications be maintained with the surrounding neighbours. In this way,
emerging problems can be addressed promptly so as to prevent serious disturbances.
In terms of aesthetics, the treed buffer zone will minimize visual impact from the
perspective of adjacent areas during construction and operations. After landfill closure, the
landfill will be re-contoured and re-vegetated such as to provide an acceptable visual
presentation, using graded slopes and suitable species of grass or other vegetation.
With the measures of the environmental mitigation and monitoring plans fully
implemented, it should be possible to prevent significant adverse impacts in the form of
disturbances to neighbouring institutions or residences.
4.9. Impacts on Archaeological Resources
The proposed landfill site does not cause the loss of artifacts of historical/ importance due to
construction and related activities. Construction, clearing and related activities could not
result in the loss or damage of buried or surface artifacts of potential historical importance.
Given the above, it is not anticipated that any significant loss or damage to historical
resources will result from the development of the proposed landfill.
4.10. Impact on Safety and Health
Personnel involved in transporting and handling waste at collection, transfer and landfill site
can encounter different health and safety hazards. These may include, exposure to
biological hazards (bacteria, virus, fungal and other microorganisms), chemical hazards
that may include various chemical disposals such as dusts and others, physical hazards such
as noise, and weather factors cold and hot weather and mechanical hazards. These hazards
are preventable by taking the required safety and health measures.
Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts
Safety and health problem unless properly addressed will result in impacting personnel
health and safety at work. To mitigate these problems, it is recommendable (where
applicable) to move the waste mechanically (using shovels, etc) rather than doing the
loading and unloading activity manually. This condition will minimize exposure of
personnel to various safety and health hazards. Besides, providing employees with personal
protective equipment (PPE) and controlling usage of same will contribute in preventing
employees from health and safety hazards. As the waste to be disposed can contain various
health hazards, it is also advisable to arrange regular medical check up to employees
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involved in waste transporting activity. Arranging washing facility will help employees to
have improved health.
Other Factors
Provided that the general recommendations for the environmental mitigation and
monitoring are implemented, the loss resulting from the use of the site under consideration
as a new town landfill facility would be outweighed by the environmental benefits such as
improved waste disposal system for Dilla, resulting in less litter, odor and pests. One
positive feature of using the Wallame site for a sanitary landfill is the availability of cover
material. This material could be used not only for daily, intermediate and final cover at the
site, but also for reclaiming existing problem landfills and dumps.
Risks of significant adverse impacts to other components of the environment, after
mitigation, are judged to be low.
4.11. Impact on income of the people generating their income from
quarry
The land which has been proposed for the landfill facility is free from residential or
agricultural use. However, it was observed that residents in Dilla organized in association
are performing quarrying activity which they produce approximately 3-5 cubic meters of
stone daily for their lively hood. These people are performing this task legally getting the
land from the town administration. As the area they are quarrying is with in the boundary of
landfill site, they will be removed from the area at the start of the project which will affect
their income.
Mitigation Measures
Project Affected Persons (PAPs) persons whose livelihood or shelter is directly affected by
the project activities due to acquisition of the land owned or used by them.
As these people have formal legal rights to the land, project owner or town administration is
required to compensate them by availing replacement for the land that has been taken by the
project so that they can restore their lively hood. Besides, as deemed necessary, they may be
required to be compensated for any investment they made to develop the site. This has to be
performed and completed before the construction activity starts.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environmental Management Plan gives mitigating measures and monitoring
requirements, and identifies the organizations assigned to implement them. Mitigating
measures for the impacts that are likely to arise from implementing the project are given in
the previous chapter.
For technical and economic reasons it is not necessary to establish any new organization for
implementing the mitigating measures and monitoring plans. It is believed that the project
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proponent in this particular case, Dilla Town Administration, the construction contractor,
construction supervisor and the regional officer responsible for environment will take the
major responsibility in supervising the implementation of the environmental mitigation and
monitoring plans
During the design phase, the consultant assigned to design the Landfill project will be
responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the design and the
technical specifications of the bidding document.
During construction phase, the contractor will be responsible for implementing
environmental mitigation measures included in the design and technical specifications. The
construction supervisor will monitor the proper implementation of mitigating measures at
the right time, particularly for the impacts of the biophysical environment. The contractor
will be fully responsible for ensuring that all the work will be carried out as per the
environmental requirements indicated in the design and technical specification.
It is also envisaged that an environmentalist, with a broad range of experience and
knowledge in environmental management of Landfill project will be intermittently assigned
by regional office responsible for the environment to supervise proper implementation of
the mitigating measures. The environmentalist will be responsible for the overall
coordination of the environmental management activities, advise the contractors,
construction supervisors and the local authorities regarding the implementation of the
environmental mitigating measures and monitoring of impacts.
During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by the
regional office responsible for environment, Dilla Town Administration, and the Works and
Urban Development Office of the SNNPR Administration. In particular, the regional office
in charge of environment will coordinate other organizations that will be involved in the
monitoring of some of the parameters.
The proper implementation of a comprehensive environmental management plan (EMP)
will ensure that the proposed Landfill will meet regulatory and operational technical norms.
Environmental management/monitoring is essential for ensuring that identified impacts are
maintained within the allowable levels, unanticipated impacts are mitigated at an early stage
(before they become a problem), and the expected project benefits are realized. Thus, the
aim of an EMP is to assist in the systematic and prompt recognition of problems and the
effective actions to correct them, and ultimately good environmental performance is
achieved.
A good understanding of environmental priorities and policies, proper management of the
facility (at the municipality and the local levels), knowledge of regulatory requirements and
keeping up-to-date operational information are basic to good environmental performance.
Two monitoring activities have to be initiated for the proposed Landfill to ensure the
environmental soundness of the project. The first is compliance monitoring, and the second
is process control monitoring.
Compliance monitoring provides for the control and categorization of compost quality,
while process monitoring relates to detecting the impact of the operational activities.
Together, the objective is to improve the quality and availability of data on the effectiveness
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of operation, equipment, and design measures and eventually on the protection of the
environment.
Compliance to the regulations set by the Federal and Regional Environmental Agencies and
other relevant agencies to limit air, water, and soil pollution as well as occupational health
and safety shall be observed. Compliance monitoring shall be the responsibility of the
Municipality and Landfill facility administration, and regional environment agency thus
monitoring activities shall be budgeted for accordingly.
For effective compliance monitoring, the following shall be assured:
 Trained staff and defined responsibilities
 Adequate analytical facility (ies), equipment, and materials,
 Authorized Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for representative sampling,
laboratory analysis, and data analysis,
 Maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment,
 Provision of safe storage and retention of records.
The technical staff that would run the plant shall attend training programs to improve their
qualifications and update their information. Both Contractors and Consultants would be
involved in knowledge transfer to operators and management through regular assistance and
specialized technical workshops.
Given that the facility capacity at the start of operation is small, it is recommended that
compliance monitoring occurs once every 6 months. However, in the case of facility
expansion, the frequency of monitoring should be increased accordingly.
In addition to compliance monitoring, process control monitoring is needed since a precise
and adapted process control strategy translates into a better process performance, and thus
regulatory compliance. Process control monitoring also includes occupational health and
safety monitoring.
Occupational health and safety is crucial for the proper performance of the Landfill. In
addition, the Landfill site supervisor must continuously observe the occupational safety
standards of the labor law.
The Landfill site supervisor must also regularly check for outdoor odor levels. This is
performed weekly by a field visit to the area surrounding the facility, especially in the
predominant wind direction and close to the residential area. Monitoring for pest is essential
to maintain hygienic standards within the facility. This is an ongoing process. All labor
should be instructed to report unusual pest rises to the Landfill site supervisor.
It is the responsibility of the Municipality and Landfill site administrator to ensure the
development of a database that includes a systematic tabulation of process indicators,
performed computations, maintenance schedules, logbook, and compliance and process
performance monitoring outcomes. Such a historical database benefits both the facility
operator and design engineers.
The Landfill facility should submit a periodic compliance monitoring report to the
appropriate regional and federal authorities.
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Table 4.Summary of Environmental and social management Plan (ESMF)
S/N
Potential
environmental &
social impacts
Proposed mitigation measures
Responsible for
implementing the
mitigation measures
Responsible for
monitoring the
implementation
of mitigation
measures
Time Horizon
Mitigation
Monitorin
g
Cost
Ethi.Birr
1
2
3
Generation of
landfill gas and
odors from
decomposing
process
 proper ventilation
 applying coverage for waste on daily
and regular basis
Dilla Environmental and
beautification process
Erosion of soil
 reduce water flow over bare soil
 reduce velocity of water by using
effective contouring to reduce slope
grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff
velocities and prompt and effective
re-vegetation of bare ground
whenever possible, which stabilizes
the soil and helps to reduce run-off
water velocities
 appropriate measures including
provision of berms and silt traps
during construction
 all water from the waste should be
kept in an appropriate leachate pond
 use appropriate liners- either natural
or synthetic to contain leachate
Contractor
REPA
REPA
Supervisor
UGCBB
Environmental
specialist
Contractor
Contractor
REPA
REPA
Contaminations of
surface and ground
water
REPA
Construction
period
Operation
period
50,000
Construction
period
Operation
period
Included
in the
constructi
on
agreement
Construction
period
Operation
period
Included
in the
constructi
on
UGCBB
Environmental
specialist
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agreement
4
5
Noise, pest, dust
and other
disturbances
Occupational and
public health
hazards




establish buffer zone
daily proper cover of waste
use dust suppressor
proper maintenance of machineries,
vehicles, and use of low noise
equipments
 provision and use of proper personal
protective equipment
 regular medical check-up and
provision of appropriate sanitary
facilities
 Community training and

Dilla City Environmental
and beautification process
REPA
Operation
period
Operation
period
25,000
Dilla City
Dilla City Administration
Dilla City
Administration
During
construction
&operation
period
300,000
awareness creation
salary for permanent and
temporary staff
Total estimated budget for implementation of mitigation measures will be ETB 375,000.00
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6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The improvement measures being taken as regards to house hold level waste handling, door
to door waste collection, waste recycling and reuse are good examples & indicators for a
better urban waste management practice. The strategic plan prepared by the Adigrat town
Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Office, if properly implemented is believed to bring
further improvements in the waste management works of the town. One of such
improvement measures is the provision of properly designed sanitary land fill for treatment
and disposal of the solid waste of the town.
The transfer containers or dust bins are located on street sides, like most urban centers;
instead door to door collection should be done and directly transported to the disposal site
by either the tractors, or by the carts. This could avoid/minimize the odor problems of waste
containers located at road sides as experienced elsewhere. Capacity building is required to
maintain this operation procedure, to cope with the urban population growth and increase in
volume of waste generated from time to time.
The study emphasizes and recommends the strict adherence to waste management hierarchy
advocated worldwide at present. The waste management hierarchy follows the principles of
sustainable development that encourages using scarce natural resources more efficiently,
and avoiding the environmental impacts of waste disposal. The waste management
hierarchy to be advocated should, therefore, recognize the following trend;




Avoiding waste
Re-using materials
Recycling and reprocessing materials
Waste disposal (if the first three are not possible).
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ANNEXES
ANNEX I - REFERENCES
1. Proclamation provided for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organ,
Proclamation No. 295/2000
2. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document , EPA July 2000
3. Environnemental Assessment Proclamation, Proclamation No. 299/2002
4. Environnemental Pollution Control Proclamation, Proclamation No. 300/2002
5. The conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, volume II ,Federal Policy on Natural resources and
the Environment, EPA ,1996
6. Solid Waste Management Proclamation, Proclamation 513/2007
7. Labour Proclamation, Proc. 377/2003
8. The environmental Policy of Ethiopia, EPA ,1997
9. Environmental and Social Management Framework, ULGDP, MoWUD, 2008
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ANNEX II- CHECK LIST USED FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Potentially
Significant
Impact
Potentially
Significant Unless
Mitigation
Incorporation
Less Than Significant
Impact
No impact
I-
AESTHETICS - Would the
project:
a) Have a substantial adverse effect on a
scenic vista?
b) Substantially damage scenic resources,
including, but not limited to, trees, rock,
outcroppings, and historic buildings within a
state scenic highway?
c) Substantially degrade the existing visual
character or quality of the site and its
surroundings?
d) Create a new source of substantial light or
glare which would adversely affect day or
nighttime views in the area?
II. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES Would the project:
a)
Convert
farmland
to
nonagricultural use?
b) Conflict with existing zoning?
c) Involve other changes in the
existing environment which, due to
their location or nature, could
result in conversion of to nonagricultural use?
AIR QUALITY - Would the project:
a)
Violate any air quality standard or
contribute substantially to an
existing or projected air quality
violation?
b) Expose sensitive receptors to
substantial
pollutant
concentrations?
c) Create
objectionable
odors
affecting a substantial number of
people?
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES - Would the
project:
a)
b)
c)
Have a substantial adverse effect,
either directly or through habitat
modifications, on any species
identified as sensitive?
Have a substantial adverse effect
on any riparian habitat or other
sensitive natural community?
Have a substantial adverse effect
on protected wetlands through
direct
removal,
filling,
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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Potentially
Significant Unless
Mitigation
Incorporation
Less Than Significant
Impact
No impact
hydrological interruption, or other
means?
d) Interfere substantially with the
movement of any native resident or
migratory wildlife species?
e) Conflict with any local policies or
ordinances protecting biological
resources, such as a tree
preservation policy or ordinance?
f)
Conflict with the provisions of an
adopted or other approved local,
regional, or federal habitat
conservation plan?
CULTURAL RESOURCES - Would the
project
a)
Cause a substantial adverse change
in the significance of a historical
resource?
b) Cause a substantial adverse change
in the significance of an
Archaeological resource?
c) Directly or indirectly destroy a
unique pale ontological resource or
site or unique geologic feature?
d) Disturb any human remains,
including those interred outside of
formal cemeteries?
GEOLOGY AND SOILS - Would the
project:
a)
Expose people or structures to
potential
substantial
adverse
effects, including the risk of loss,
injury, or death involving:
I.
Strong seismic ground
shaking?
II.
Seismic-related ground
failure,
including
liquefaction?
III.
Landslides?
IV.
Result in substantial soil
erosion or the loss of
topsoil?
V.
Be located on a geologic
unit or soil that is
unstable, or that would
become unstable as a
result of the project, and
potentially result in onor off-site landslide,
lateral
spreading,
subsidence, liquefaction
or collapse?
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Potentially
Significant
Impact
VII.
Potentially
Significant Unless
Mitigation
Incorporation
Less Than Significant
Impact
No impact
HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS – Would the
project:
a)
Create a significant hazard to the
public or the environment through
the routine transport, use, or
disposal of hazardous materials?
b) Create a significant hazard to the
public or the environment through
reasonably foreseeable upset and
accident conditions involving the
release of hazardous materials into
the environment?
c) Emit hazardous emissions or
handle hazardous or acutely
hazardous materials, substances, or
waste within the reach of an
existing or proposed school?
d) Expose people or structures to a
significant risk or loss, injury or
death?
HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
- Would the project:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Violate any water quality standards
or waste discharge requirements?
Substantially deplete groundwater
supplies or interfere substantially
with groundwater recharge such
that there would be a net deficit in
aquifer volume or a lowering of the
local groundwater table level (e.g.,
the production rate of pre-existing
nearby wells would drop to a level
which would not support existing
land uses or planned uses)
Substantially alter the existing
drainage pattern of the site or area,
including through the alteration of
the course of a stream or river, in a
manner which would result in
substantial erosion or siltation onor off-site?
Substantially alter the existing
drainage pattern of the site or area,
including through the alteration of
the course of a stream or river, or
substantially increase the rate or
amount of surface runoff in a
manner which would result in
flooding on- or off-site?
Create or contribute runoff water
which would exceed the capacity
of existing or planned storm water
drainage systems or provide
substantial additional sources of
polluted runoff?
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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Potentially
Significant Unless
Mitigation
Incorporation
Less Than Significant
Impact
No impact
f)
Otherwise substantially degrade
water quality?
g) Expose people or structures to a
significant risk of loss, injury or
death involving flooding, including
flooding as a result of the failure of
a levee or dam?
LAND USE AND PLANNING - Would
the project:
a)
Physically divide an established
community?
b) Conflict with any applicable land
use plan, policy, or regulation of an
agency with jurisdiction over the
project (including, but not limited
to the general plan, specific plan,
or zoning) adopted for the purpose
of avoiding or mitigating an
environmental effect?
c) Conflict with any applicable
habitat conservation plan or natural
community conservation plan?
MINERAL RESOURCES - Would the
project:
a)
Result in the loss of availability of
a known mineral resource that
would be of value to the region and
the residents?
b) Result in the loss of availability of
a
locally-important
mineral
resource recovery site delineated
on a local general plan, specific
plan or other land use plan?
NOISE - Would the project result in:
a)
Exposure of persons to or
generation of noise levels in excess
of standards established?
b) Exposure of persons to or
generations of excessive groundborne vibration or ground-borne
noise levels?
c) A substantial permanent increase
in ambient noise levels in the
project vicinity above levels
existing without the project?
d) A substantial temporary or periodic
increase in ambient noise levels in
the project vicinity above levels
existing without the project?
POPULATION AND HOUSING - Would
the project:
a)
Induce
substantial
population
growth in an area, either directly
(for example, by processing new
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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Potentially
Significant Unless
Mitigation
Incorporation
Less Than Significant
Impact
No impact
homes and businesses) or indirectly
(for example, through extension of
roads or other infrastructure?
b) Displace substantial numbers of
existing housing necessitating the
construction
of
replacement
housing elsewhere?
c) Displace substantial numbers of
people,
necessitating
the
construction
of
replacement
housing elsewhere?
PUBLIC SERVICES
a)
Would the project result in
substantial
adverse
physical
impacts associated with the
provision of new or physically
altered governmental facilities,
need for new or physically altered
governmental
facilities,
the
construction of which could cause
significant environmental impacts,
in order to maintain acceptable
service ratios, response times or
other performance objectives for
any of the public services:
i) Fire protection?
ii) Police protection?
iii) Schools?
iv) Parks?
v) Other public facilities?
RECREATION
a)
Would the project increase the use
of existing neighborhood and
regional parks or other recreational
facilities such that substantial
physical deterioration of the
facility would occur or be
accelerated?
b) Does
the
project
include
recreational facilities or require the
construction or expansion of
recreational facilities which might
have been an adverse physical
effect on the environment?
TRANSPORTATION/TRAFFIC - Would
the project:
a)
Cause an increase in traffic which
is substantial in relation to the
existing traffic load and capacity of
the street system (i.e., result in a
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Potentially
Significant
Impact
Potentially
Significant Unless
Mitigation
Incorporation
Less Than Significant
Impact
No impact
substantial increase in either the
number of vehicle trips, the volume
to capacity ratio on roads, or
congestion at intersections.)?
XVII. MANDATORY FINDINGS OF
SIGNIFICANCE:
a)
b)
c)
Does the project have the potential
to degrade the quality of the
Environment, substantially reduce
the habitat of a fish or wildlife,
threaten to eliminate a plant or
animal community, reduce the
number or restrict the range of a
rare or endangered plant or animal
or eliminate important examples of
the major periods of history or prehistory?
Does the project have impacts that
are individually limited, but
cumulatively
considerable?
(“Cumulatively
considerable”
means that the incremental effects
of a project are considerable when
viewed in connection with the
effects of past projects, the effects
of other current projects, and the
effects
of
probable
future
projects.)?
Does
the
project
have
environmental effects which will
cause substantial adverse effects on
human beings, either directly or
indirectly?
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