Water and Ocean Structure
•
•
•
•
•
Compound
H2O
Polar molecule: asymetrical with a______________________. This
is why it can dissolve so many substances so easily. It also attracts
_________________________
Cohesion gives it incredibly high______________.
_____________ allows it to stick to solids, making them wet.
_________________ give water its pale blue hue. Red light is
absorbed, and blue light is ____________, and reaches our eyes
Water and Heat
•
•
•
•
Water’s unusual thermal characteristics prevent
_______________________
________: energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or
molecules
________________: an objects response to an input or removal of
heat
The amount of heat required to bring a substance to a certain
temperature varies with the nature of that substance.
Water Temperature and Density
•
•
Most substances become ____________ as they get colder.
Pure water becomes denser as heat is removed but water’s density
behaves unexpectedly as the temperature reaches the freezing point
Evaporating Water
•
•
__________________________: the amount of energy required to
break the hydrogen bonds in liquid water
Water has the highest latent heat of vaporization of any substance
(540 calories per gram at 20 C)
•
1 meter of water evaporates ___________from the surface of the
ocean
Heat Capacity
•
•
•
The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1
C.
Water’s heat capacity is among the __________of all known
substances.
Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat while changing
relatively little in temperature.
Global Effects
•
•
Thermal inertia: the tendency of a substance to resist change in
temperature with the gain or loss of heat energy
How this affects land vs water, area of sea ice, water and air
movement
Temperature, Salinity, Density
•
Cold, salty water is _____________________than warm, less salty
water.
Density Structure of the Ocean
•
_________________, or mixed layer: upper layer where the salinity
and temperature are relatively _________with depth. This is mostly
due to the action of _____________________.
•
•
•
•
In contact with the ___________________, and exposed to
sunlight, contains the ___________________water. 150 m
____________________: zone in which density increases with
depth
Separates the surface water from the layer below
________________: 1000 m in mid-latitudes. Little change in
density with depth in this zone. Contains __________of all ocean
water
Thermocline
•
•
•
•
Surface zone: ____________
Deep zone: _______________
__________________: zone of rapid temperature change with
depth between surface and deep zones
Not identical in form for all areas or latitudes. ________________is
a major factor. _______________ have little noticeable
thermocline, ________________ have thicker surface zones.
Halocline
•
•
Zone of rapid ________________change with depth.
Often coincides with the__________________, and the combination
of the two produces a pronounced __________________.
Ocean Surface Conditions
•
•
•
•
•
Temperature of ocean surface is _______________________in
temperate zone than polar or tropical areas.
Salinity in temperate zones stays__________________.
Ocean surface temperatures are warmest in______________, north
east of Borneo.(up to 90 F)
________________is high in warm central and north and south
________________(high evaporation, currents prevent fresh water
in mixing).
**Variations in temperature, salinity, and density between high and
low latitudes are confined to uppermost ________________ below
this, conditions are similar at all latitudes. Deep ocean
is____________________________________, the world over!
Refraction, Light, and Sound
•
•
•
___________________: The bending of waves, due to the fact that
waves travel at different speeds through different media.
The degree to which light is refracted from one medium to another is
expressed as a ratio, called the_______________________-. The
higher the refractive index, the greater the
___________________of the waves between the media.
Refractive index ________________with salinity
Light in the Ocean
•
•
•
Shorter wavelengths are________, longer are__________.
Only _____________________________pass through water in any
quantity or distance.
____________________occurs as light is bounced between
molecules (air or water)…scattering increases with density.
Photic Zone
•
•
•
Thin film of lighted water at the _________________________
Clearest tropical waters: 600 m (2000 ft)
Typical: 100 m (330 feet)
•
•
Production of food by photosynthetic marine organisms occurs only in
this zone. Most ________________is found here as a result.
Below: ________________zone (dark)
Why is the ocean blue?
Sound in the Ocean
•
•
•
•
Speed of sound in water ____________________(3345mph)
________________with temperature and pressure.
Sound travels faster at the warm ocean surface than it does in
deeper, cooler water. Speed decreases with depth, reaching a
minimum at 1000 meters, and increases after that, as pressure takes
over.
What are the implications of this for marine mammals?