Name:_______________________
9th Grade Accelerated Biology
Final Exam Review Spring 2013
Module A of Keystone Exam:
What is Science?
1. Steps to the scientific method:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Define:
a. Hypothesis:
b. Variable:
c. Theory:
d. Law:
3.
What is a controlled experiment?
4. What is studied in the following branches of biology:
a. Biology:
b. Zoology:
c. Botany:
d. Microbiology:
e. Anatomy:
f. Physiology:
g. Genetics:
h. Ecology:
5. What is the meaning for the following prefixes and suffixes used commonly in science terms?
a. –ology
b. Bioc. Microd. Hydroe. Exo1
f. –derm
g. –saccharide
h. –lysis
i. Heteroj. Homok. Cyto6. Describe the specific function of the following parts of a compound light microscope:
a. Ocular lens
b. Objective lenses
c. Diaphragm
d. Course adjustment
e. Fine adjustment
7. How do you determine the “total magnification” of a compound light microscope?
Characteristics of Living Organisms
1. List the characteristics associated with all living organisms:
2. Define:
a. Cells:
b. Unicellular:
c. Multicellular:
d. Extinction:
e. Growth:
f. Development:
g. Metabolism:
h. Sexual reproduction:
i. Asexual reproduction:
3. List the five levels of organization of a multicellular organism starting with the basic unit of life.
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Energy of Life:
4. What does the “E” stand for?
5. What molecule in our cell’s store the answer to question #4 and is often referred to as the “currency of
our cells”?
Biological Energy
ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate, and is the energy used by an organism in its daily operations.
It consists of an adenosine molecule and three inorganic phosphates.
6.
When energy is needed by our cells, our cells cash in a molecule of _____________________. After a
simple reaction of removing one of the phosphates, this molecule is converted into ____________. The
energy our cells need is then released from the breaking of a molecular bond. This energy is what keeps
us alive.
ATP to ADP - Energy Release
This is done by a simple process, in which one of the phosphate molecules is broken off, therefore reducing the
ATP from 3 phosphates to 2, forming ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate after removing one of the phosphates.
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When the bond connecting the phosphate is broken, energy is released.
7.
While ATP is constantly being used up by the body in its biological processes, the energy supply can be
must be bolstered. What type of food molecule does our cells use to re-energize ADP back into ATP?
On top of this, ADP is built back up into ATP so that it can be used again in its more energetic state. Although
this conversion requires energy, the process produces a net gain in energy, meaning that more energy is
available by re-using ADP+Pi back into ATP.
Glucose and ATP
Many ATP are needed every second by a cell, so ATP is created inside them due to the demand, and the fact
that organisms like ourselves are made up of millions of cells.
Glucose, a sugar that is delivered via the bloodstream, is the product of the food you eat, and this is the
molecule that is used to create ATP. Sweet foods provide a rich source of readily available glucose while other
foods provide the materials needed to create glucose.
This glucose is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled steps that allow the release of energy to be used by
the organism. This process is called respiration.
Respiration and the Creation of ATP
8. ATP is created via respiration in both animals and plants. The difference with plants is they must make
their own food through the process of _____________________________
Classification of Organization:
1.
Define the following:
a. Organism
b. Species
c. Population
d. Community
e. Ecosystem
f. Biosphere
2.
What is a:
a. Autotroph
b. Heterotroph
c. Herbivore
d. Carnivore
e. Omnivore
f. Decomposer
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3.
Describe how the following systems of classification were set up:
a. Aristotle’s system of classification:
b.
Linnaeus’ system of classification/binomial nomenclature:
4. List the eight divisions of classification in order from broadest to the most specific:
5. List the 3 domains of living organisms and give an example of an organism that belongs to each
domain.
6.
List the 4 kingdoms of the Eukarya domain and give an example of an organism that belongs to
each kingdom.
7.
What are the rules for correctly writing a scientific name of an organism?
8.
What is the correctly written scientific name of a human?
9. Explain how the following are used by modern taxonomist when classifying organisms into the
correct classification category:
a. Homologous structures:
b. Comparative embryology:
c. Biochemistry:
d. Similar DNA codes:
Chemical Basis of Life
1. List and describe the position of the molecules of the three main phases of matter:
2. Why is water a polar molecule?
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3. Define the following:
a. Mixture:
b. Solution:
c. Solvent:
d. Solute:
e. Suspension:
f. Acid:
g. Base:
h. pH scale:
i. Organic compounds:
j. Inorganic compounds:
4.
Draw and label the location of acids, bases and neutral substances on the pH scale.
5. List the four organic compounds found in a living organisms and their function:
a. Type:
Function:
b. Type:
Function:
c. Type:
Function:
d. Type:
Function:
6. List three specific types of sugars for each of the following categories of saccharides and examples
of foods which contain those types of sugars:
a. Monosaccharides:
b. Disaccharides:
c. Polysaccharides:
7. What are the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated lipid?
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8. Define the following:
a. Amino acid:
b. Peptide bonds:
c. Enzymes:
d. Catalyst:
e. Substrate:
f. Active site:
g. Lock and Key Hypothesis:
h. Nucleotides:
i. DNA:
j. RNA:
k. Emulsification:
l. Dehydration synthesis:
m. Hydrolysis:
n. Denatured enzyme:
o. Competitive inhibitory enzyme:
p. Coenzyme:
9.
The scientific name of a sugar ends with…………………
10. The scientific name of an enzyme ends with……………..
The Cell Theory and Living Cells:
1. What contribution did each of the following men make:
a. Anton van Leewvenhoek:
b. Robert Hooke:
c. Robert Brown:
d. Matthias Schleiden:
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e. Theodor Schwann:
f. Rudolf Virchow:
2. State the three parts of the Cell Theory:
3. Locate on the diagram, label and indicate the function of the following cell structures:
a. Cell membrane:
b. Cell wall:
c. Nucleus:
d. Nucleolus:
e. Cytoplasm:
f. Mitochondria:
g. Chloroplast:
h. Ribosomes:
i. Endoplasmic reticulum:
j. Golgi bodies:
k. Lysosomes:
l. Vacuoles:
m. Plastids:
n. Eukaryotic:
o. Prokaryotic:
p. Organelles:
4. What is a virus? Where does it belong in the six kingdom system and why?
5. Draw and label a typical virus.
6. List several diseases caused by viruses.
7. Describe how the following are used to control viruses:
a. Vaccines:
b. Antibodies:
8. Describe the Lytic Cycle of a virus:
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9. Explain your bodies natural response to controlling viruses and other foreign bodies which enter your
body:
a. 1st line of defense:
b. 2nd line of defense:
c. 3rd line of defense:
10. What is the difference between a temperate and virulent virus?
11. What are the correct conditions for the growth of bacteria?
12. List several harmful effects of bacteria.
13. List several helpful effects of bacteria.
14. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria?
15. What are the three basic shapes of bacteria and what is the scientific name of bacteria with these shapes?
16. What is:
a. conjugation?
b. an endospore?
c. an antibiotic?
17. Label the following diagram of a bacteria cell:
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Cellular Transport
1. Define the following:
a. Diffusion:
b. Dynamic equilibrium:
c. Osmosis:
d. Osmotic balance:
e. Plasmolysis:
f. Cytolysis:
g. Passive transport:
h. Active transport:
i. Endocytosis:
j. Phagocytosis:
k. Pinocytosis:
l. Exocytosis:
m. Excretion:
n. Secretion:
o. Hypotonic solution:
p. Hypertonic solution:
q. Isotonic solution:
r. Permeable:
s. Impermeable:
2.
Label the following cells as being in a hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic solution:
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Module B of Keystone Exam:
Protein Synthesis
1. What is the purpose of DNA?
2. What three chemicals make up a nucleotide?
3. What are DNA’s nitrogen bases?
4. What are RNA’s nitrogen bases?
5. List the five basic steps of DNA replication:
6. What is the function of the following:
a. mRNA:
b. tRNA:
c. rRNA:
7. List several differences between DNA and RNA:
8. What occurs with transcription?
9. What occurs with translation?
10. What is:
a. an amino acid?
b. a codon?
c. an anticodon?
11. What is the specific job of each of the following proteins/enzymes:
a. Helicase
b. Ligase
c. DNA polymerase
d. RNA polymerase
12. What can a DNA fingerprint be use for?
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13. What is the job of a restriction enzyme?
14. What is the difference between a mutagen and a mutation?
15. What is the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen?
16. What is the difference between a germ mutation and a somatic mutation?
17. What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?
18. Which two genes control cell division?
19. What would occur if a mutation resulted in one or both of these genes?
Cell Growth and Division
1. What is the purpose of cell division?
2. What is the purpose of mitosis?
3. What is the purpose of meiosis?
4. What is cytokinesis?
5. Define the following:
a. chromatin:
b. chromosomes:
c. chromatid:
d. centromeres:
e. homologous chromosomes:
f. tetrads:
6. Know what occurs in all the phases of the cell cycles, which includes mitosis.
Interphase:
Gap 1
S phase
Gap 2
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Place in order of occurrence:
7. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of cells produced:
Number of cells produced:
Number of chromosomes in each cell produced:
Occurs where:
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8. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis:
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Type of cells produced:
Number of cells produced:
Number of chromosomes in each cell produced:
Occurs where:
Size of cells:
Occurs when in life:
9. Describe the two main functions of the male reproductive system:
10. Describe the pathway of sperm delivery:
11. What is the function of the following:
a. testes:
b. scrotum:
c. epididymis:
d. vas deferens tube:
e. three glands (seminal vesicle, cowpers, and prostrate):
f. urethra:
g. penis:
h. semen:
12. Describe four main functions of the female reproductive system:
13. Describe the function of the following:
a. ovaries:
b. fimbrae:
c. fallopian tubes:
d. uterus:
e. endometrium:
f. cervix:
g. vagina:
14. What occurs during menstruation and ovulation?
15. Describe the development of identical and fraternal twins:
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16. What are the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
zygote:
blastocyst:
ectoderm:
mesoderm:
endoderm:
17. Describe the development of identical and fraternal twins:
Introduction to Genetics:
1. Define the following:
a. Heredity:
b. Genetics:
c. Allele:
d. Gene:
e. Dominant:
f. Recessive:
g. Genotype:
h. Phenotype:
i. Homozygous Recessive:
j. Homozygous Dominant:
k. Heterozygous:
2. Be able to complete 4 and 16 block punnett squares. For each, show the punnett square and indicate the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios:
a. In flowers, red is dominant over white. Cross a heterozygous red flower with a homozygous
white flower:
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b. In flowers, red is dominant over white. Five petals is dominant over four petals. Cross a
heterozygous red, homozygous dominant five petal flower with a heterozygous red,
heterozygous five petal flower:
3. Define the following:
a. sex linked:
b. sex chromosomes in males and females:
c. incomplete dominance:
d. codominance:
e. polygenic traits:
4. Complete the following punnett squares. For each one show your square and indicate the phenotypic and
genotypic ratios:
a. In rabbits, fur color is an incomplete dominance trait. Black fur is dominant over white
fur. Cross a heterozygous gray rabbit with a homozygous white rabbit:
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b. In carnations, color is a codominance trait. White carnations are dominant over red carnations.
Cross a homozygous dominant white flower with a homozygous recessive red flower:
5. What is the purpose of a pedigree chart?
6. List all the possible different types of human blood:
7. Define the following:
a. universal donor:
b. universal recipient:
8. List all the possible antigens found in human blood:
9.
Cross a women with blood type AB with a male with blood type AO. What is the genotypic and
phenotypic ratio of their possible children?
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On Keystone but not on Mrs. O’Neill’s Final Exam:
1. Describe the five major types of species interactions and give an example of each:
a. Predation:
1. Example:
2. Define:
Predator:
Prey:
b. Competition:
1. Example:
c. Parasitism:
1. Example:
2. Define:
Parasite:
Host:
d. Mutualism:
1. Example:
e. Commensalism:
1. Example:
2. What is a food chain?
3. What is a food web?
9.
Beginning with the producer, put the following organisms in order to form a food chain and label each
organism using one of the terms from #2.
10. In the food chain that you just constructed, what might happen to the other organisms if the:
a. number of cats increased?
b. number of eagles decreased dramatically?
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On Mrs. O’Neill’s Final Exam but not on Keystone Exam:
Human Anatomy and Physiology/Pig Dissection
1. Define each and give an example of an organism, which displays that particular symmetry:
a. Asymmetrical:
b. Radial symmetry:
c. Bilateral symmetry:
2. Be able to identify and label the following regions on an organism: anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral,
midline, lateral and cephalic region.
3. In regards to the mammalian heart what is the name of the valves, which:
a. Separate the left atrium from the left ventricle?
b. Separate the right atrium from the right atrium?
c. Allow the blood to leave the left and right ventricles in order to flow to the rest of the body or to the
lungs?
4. Which side of the heart pumps blood:
a. Coming from the rest of the body to the lungs?
b. Coming from the lungs to the rest of the body?
c. Label the following diagram of a mammalian heart:
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5. In the above diagram of the heart shade blue the parts, which transport dirty blood and shade red the parts,
which transports clean blood.
6. What is the major function of the kidneys?
7. What poison is filtered out of the blood by the liver?
8. What are the filtering units called that make up the kidneys?
9. What substance does the liver convert this poison into and what happens to this new substance?
10. List in order the pathway of urea through your body:
11. What two gases are exchanged between the blood and the air sacs?
12. List in order the pathway of air through your body:
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13. Label the parts of the respiratory system: nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, rib cage, diaphragm, alveoli,
bronchi and bronchioles
14. Label the following diagram of the digestive system:
esophagus, liver, gall bladder, stomach, small intestines, pancreas,
large intestines, rectum
15. The following organs are part of the digestive system but not part of the digestive pathway. What are the
functions of the following organs for the digestive system:
a. Liver:
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b. Gall bladder:
c. Pancreas:
16. What is the difference between a one-way and a two-way digestive system?
It is over!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I am done!!!!!
I earned a 5% bonus on my exam!!!!
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