Chapter 13 Quick Quiz
1. According to Erikson, one focus of school age children is to attain competence in meeting the challenges
presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. In Erikson’s psychosocial
development, accomplishment of this goal is achieving ___________.
a. industry
c. inferiority
b. identity
d. intimacy
2. When Alejandro was in first grade he described himself as tall, and good at soccer and math. Now, in fifth
grade, Alejandro talks about how he is friendly and helps his friends. This shift in self-understanding represents
a shift from ___________ or internal characteristics to ___________ traits.
a. psychological; physical
c. psychosocial; physical
b. physical; psychological
d. physical; psychosocial
3. When Woody was telling his Mom about the other children in his class he told her that one child was faster than
him, one child was a better reader than him, one child was louder than him, but he was the tallest in the class!
Woody is engaging in the process known as
a. social referencing.
c. social comparison.
b. physical comparison.
d. peer comparison.
4. One strategy that parents can use to help bolster a child’s self-esteem is to incorporate the ___________ style of
parenting.
a. permissive
c. authoritative
b. authoritarian
d. reciprocal
5. During middle childhood, the centerpiece of peer friendships is
a. common proximity.
c. common interests.
b. similar abilities.
d. mutual trust.
6. Popular children have good social skills and are able to interact with others easily. You could say that these
popular children have high
a. emotional expressions.
c. social competence.
b. expectations.
d. self-esteem.
7. Boys typically have larger networks of friends than girls do and the boys tend to play in groups with rigid status
differences. These status rankings, also known as ___________, represent the relative social power of those in
the group.
a. intimidation ranks
c. humiliation ranks
b. dominance hierarchy
d. status ranks
8. One of the biggest challenges for middle school children is their increasing independence, as they move from
being totally under the control of their parents to a period of ___________, in which children and parents jointly
control behavior.
a. co-regulation
c. autonomous control
b. interdependence
d. cooperative control
9. Results from research on children in lesbian and gay households has shown, when compared with children from
heterosexual households, all of the following EXCEPT
a. children in these households develop relatively slower.
b. their sexual orientation is unrelated to that of their parents.
c. their behavior is no more or less gender typed.
d. at adolescence, their romantic relationships and sexual behavior are no different.
10. Children who let themselves into their home after school and wait alone until their caregivers return from work
are known as
a. custodial children.
c. after-school children.
255
b. overscheduled children.
d. self-care children.
256
Chapter 13 Quick Quiz Answers
1. Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 354
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: According to Erikson, one focus of school age children is to attain competence in meeting the
challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. If successful,
the child will have achieved industry; if unsuccessful, the child will feel inferiority.
2. Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 355
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: School age children shift from a self-understanding in terms of physical traits to psychological traits.
3. Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 356
Type: Applied
Rationale: Woody is engaging in a form of social comparison, as he evaluates his behavior, abilities, expertise,
and opinions by comparing them to those of others.
4. Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 357
Type: Factual
Rationale: Parents can promote their child’s self-esteem. The best way to do this is through the use of the
authoritative child-rearing styles. The other parenting styles have less positive effects on self-esteem.
5. Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: d
Page(s): 361
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Mutual trust is considered the centerpiece of friendship during middle childhood.
6. Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 362
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Social competence is the collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in
social settings. Popular children are described by traits or characteristics that encompass social competence.
7. Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: b
Page(s): 366
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Dominance hierarchy is the rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group.
Boys typically play in groups with rigid status differences.
8. Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 368
Type: Factual
Rationale: One of the biggest challenges for middle school children is their increasing independence, as they
move from being totally under the control of their parents to a period of co-regulation, in which children and
parents jointly control behavior.
9. Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 372
Type: Factual
Rationale: Research has shown very little differences between children raised in same sex parent households
and those raised in traditional parenting households. The children develop similarly and seem equally well
adjusted.
10. Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: d
Page(s): 370
Type: Factual
Rationale: Self-care children are children who let themselves into their home after school and wait alone until
their caregivers return from work. They were previously known as latch key children, but the connotation of
that title was presumed to be negative.
257
Chapter 13
Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Multiple Choice Questions
13.1 According Erikson, the period characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the
challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world is
a. trust vs. mistrust.
c. initiative vs. guilt.
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
d. industry vs. inferiority.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: d
Page(s): 354
Type: Factual
Rationale: The industry vs. inferiority stage, according to Erikson, is the period from ages 6 to 12 characterized by
a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other
complexities of the modern world.
13.2 According to Erikson, the industry vs. inferiority stage of middle childhood ranges from age
a. 1 to 3.
c. 6 to 12.
b. 3 to 6.
d. 13 to 17.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 354
Type: Factual
Rationale: The industry vs. inferiority stage, according to Erikson, is the period from ages 6 to 12 characterized by
a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other
complexities of the modern world.
13.3 According to Erikson, ___________ is the positive outcome of middle childhood; ___________ is the
negative result of middle childhood.
a. initiative; inferiority
c. industry; guilt
b. industry; inferiority
d. autonomy; inferiority
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 354
Type: Factual
Rationale: The industry vs. inferiority stage, according to Erikson, is the period from ages 6 to 12 characterized by
a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other
complexities of the modern world.
13.4 In Erikson’s view, children are seeking endeavors where they can be successfully ___________. As they get
older, children discover that they may be good at some things and not so good at others. Ten-year-old Ginny,
for instance, comes to understand that she is good at arithmetic but not very good at spelling; 11-year-old
Alberto determines that he is good at softball but doesn’t have the stamina to play soccer very well.
a. interesting
c. initiative
b. industrious
d. isolated
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 354
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The industry vs. inferiority stage, according to Erikson, is the period from ages 6 to 12 characterized by
a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other
complexities of the modern world.
258
13.5 The desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of
others is called
a. social conformity.
c. social comparison.
b. social imitation.
d. none of these answers.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 356
Type: Factual
Rationale: Social comparison is the desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by
comparing them to those of others.
13.6 In middle childhood, children begin to view themselves less in terms of ___________ attributes and more in
terms of ___________ traits.
a. cognitive; social
c. social; cognitive
b. social; emotional
d. physical; psychological
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: d
Page(s): 355
Type: Factual
Rationale: Children in middle childhood begin to view themselves less in terms of external, physical attributes and
more in terms of psychological traits.
13.7 According to a theory first suggested by psychologist Leon Festinger, when concrete, objective measures of
ability are lacking, people turn to ___________ to evaluate themselves.
a. social comparison
c. social reality
b. social association
d. social concept
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 356
Type: Factual
Rationale: According to a theory first suggested by psychologist Leon Festinger, when concrete, objective measures
of ability are lacking, people turn to social reality to evaluate themselves. Social reality refers to understanding that
is derived from how others act, think, feel, and view the world.
13.8 As children attain greater cognitive abilities, their self-concepts shift from focusing on the ___________, or
external, to the ___________.
a. abstract; concrete
c. physical; concrete
b. concrete; abstract
d. psychological; abstract
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 355
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: As cognitive abilities develop, children’s self-concepts shift from focusing on the physical, external
characteristics, to internal, more abstract characteristics.
13.9 The use of inner traits to determine self-concept results from the child's increasing
a. cognitive skills.
c. social skills.
b. self-awareness.
d. power with language.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 355
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: As cognitive abilities develop, children’s self-concepts shift from focusing on the physical, external
characteristics, to internal, more abstract characteristics.
259
13.10 When Brynn is asked to describe herself she says, “I’m smart, dependable, and helpful to my friends and
family.” Brynn’s usage of inner traits when describing herself determine her increase in ___________ skills.
a. emotional
c. cognitive
b. social
d. none of these
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 355
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: As cognitive abilities develop, children’s self-concepts shift from focusing on the physical, external
characteristics, to internal, more abstract characteristics.
13.11 Children’s self-concepts are composed of the four major domains:
a. school, peer, physical, and psychological.
b. academic, social, emotional, and physical.
c. concrete, abstract, semi-abstract, and semi-concrete.
d. political, cultural, social, and economic.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 356
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: School-age children’s self-concepts are composed of four major domains: academic, social, emotional,
and physical.
13.12 ___________ social comparison helps explain why some students in elementary schools with generally low
achievement levels are found to have stronger academic self-esteem than very capable students in schools
with high achievement levels.
a. Upward
c. Similar
b. Downward
d. Positive
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 356, 357 Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Downward social comparison is the process of evaluating one’s own behavior by comparing oneself to
others who are obviously less competent or successful.
13.13 An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation is called
a. self-esteem.
c. egocentrism.
b. self-concept.
d. social reality.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 357
Type: Factual
Rationale: Self-esteem is an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation.
13.14 As Ms. Ibanez is handing back the results of an end of unit math test, she comments, “I had hoped that the
class would have performed better than this.” When the students get their results back they most likely will
a. check to see how others performed.
b. put it in their backpack to take home to their parents.
c. ask the teacher how much the exam will count toward their final grade.
d. throw it in the wastebasket.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 357
Type: Applied
Rationale: The students will check to see how others performed so that they can engage in social comparison.
260
13.15 The students at Jones Elementary school have just gotten their first six week report cards. On the bus they
will most likely compare their scores with
a. students that perform better than they do. c. students that perform about the same as they do.
b. students that perform poorer than they do. d. those in their family to see who did the best.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 356
Type: Applied
Rationale: Children typically compare themselves to similar others.
13.16 According to the ___________ theory, members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views
held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power
and status differences between the groups.
a. social concept
c. social identity
b. social authority
d. social reality
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 359
Type: Factual
Rationale: The social identity theory explains that members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative
views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and
status differences between the groups.
13.17 Downward social comparisons are most likely to occur when children’s
a. self-esteem is high.
c. self-concept is in flux.
b. self-image is at stake.
d. self-worth is stable.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 356, 357 Type: Factual
Rationale: Although children typically compare themselves to similar others, in some cases, particularly when their
self-esteem is at stake, they choose to make downward social comparisons (comparing themselves with others who
are obviously less competent or successful).
13.18 Whereas ___________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self, ___________ is more emotionally oriented.
a. self-awareness; self-confidence
c. self-confidence; self-perception
b. self-concept; self-esteem
d. self-esteem; self-concept
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 357
Type: Factual
Rationale: Self-concept reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self (I am good at trumpet); self-esteem is more
emotionally oriented (Everybody thinks I’m a nerd).
13.19 Children’s self-esteem during middle childhood develops in all of the following ways EXCEPT children
a. increasingly compare themselves to others.
b. assess how well they measure up to society’s standards.
c. feel they are the best at everything they do.
d. increasingly develop their own internal standards of success.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Self-esteem develops as children assess how they measure up to others, to society’s standards, and
increasingly to their own internal standards of success.
261
13.20 Most 7-year-olds have self-esteems that reflects a ___________ view of themselves.
a. discrepant
c. transient
b. differentiated
d. global, undifferentiated
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: d
Page(s): 357
Type: Factual
Rationale: At the age 7, most children have self-esteem that reflects a global, fairly simple view of themselves.
13.21 Seven-year-old Kylie feels she is a good person. Kylie probably assumes that she
a. is not very good at most things.
b. is very good at most things.
c. is good at some things and bad at other things.
d. has time to learn what she is good at when she gets older.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: At the age 7, most children have self-esteem that reflects a global, fairly simple view of themselves.
13.22 Seven-year-old Charlie’s mother constantly goes behind Charlie and redoes everything he has done. She
remakes his bed after he has made it. She rebuttons his shirt for him. She reties his shoes. She even erases the
letters he writes backwards and fixes them. Charlie probably assumes that he
a. is not very good at most things.
b. is very good at most things.
c. is good at some things and bad at other things.
d. has time to learn what he is good at when he gets older.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: At the age 7, most children have self-esteem that reflects a global, fairly simple view of themselves.
13.23 Generally, the self-esteem of most children tends to ___________ during middle childhood, but
___________ around the age of twelve.
a. increase; decreases
c. increase; stablizes
b. decrease; increases
d. decrease; stablizes
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 357
Type: Factual
Rationale: Generally, overall self-esteem increases during middle childhood, with a brief decline around the age of 12.
13.24 Adan has just completed elementary school. In the fall he will enter middle school. His parents can expect
that Adan’s self-esteem will ___________ during this transition time.
a. increase
c. decrease
b. remain the same
d. fluctuate
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Generally, overall self-esteem increases during middle childhood, with a brief decline around the age of 12.
262
13.25 When faced with a challenge, Harry, a student with chronically low self-esteem, is likely to
a. work to the best of his ability.
b. work as hard as those around him.
c. work well enough to get the job done, but no more.
d. give up before he has actually started.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: d
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Children with chronically low self-esteem assume that they will not do well on a task; therefore, they
don’t work at the task and consequently they don’t do well.
13.26 Danielle, a student with an exceptionally high self-esteem expects to do
a. well in most things she tries.
b. well in some things but not in other things.
c. as well as the other students in her class.
d. poorly at first until she gets the hang of things.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Children with high self-esteem expect to do well; therefore, they put in increased effort and exhibit
lower anxiety, increasing the probability of success.
13.27 Renee’s parents are warm and emotionally supportive; they set clear limits for her behavior. Renee
probably has
a. low self-esteem.
c. moderate self-esteem.
b. high self-esteem.
d. no self-esteem.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: b
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Using an authoritative parenting style, warm and emotionally supportive with clear limits, Renee’s
parents will help to increase her self-esteem.
13.28 Mark’s parents are highly punitive and controlling. Mark probably has
a. low self-esteem.
c. moderate self-esteem.
b. high self-esteem.
d. no self-esteem.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: a
Page(s): 357
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Parents who are controlling and highly punitive send a negative message to their children and undermine
their children’s self-esteem.
13.29 Eight-year-old Anya is a recent immigrant to the United States. Based on current research, we can expect that
during Anya’s middle childhood years she will:
a. not do well in the United States.
b. do better if she goes back to her country of origin.
c. do quite well in the United States.
d. struggle to adapt to the changes in her life.
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Answer: c
Page(s): 359
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Children of immigrant families do quite well in the United States; in fact, in some ways they are better
off then their nonimmigrant peers.
263
13.30 Five-year-old Justin has only two friends in his class. James is a friend because he shares the legos at center
time with him and Josephine is his other friend because she shares the paint during art time with him.
According to Damon’s stages of friendship, Justin is in the ___________ stage.
a. basing friendship on trust
b. basing friendship on psychological closeness
c. basing friendship on others behavior
d. none of these answers
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 361
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Basing friendship on others’ behaviors is the first stage of friendships during which children see friends
as others who like them and with whom they share toys and other activities.
13.31 Jeremy changes his friends on a daily basis. Jeremy’s friend for the day is the child who shares the ball during
recess time. According to Damon’s stages of friendship, what stage is Jeremy in?
a. basing friendship on trust
b. basing friendship on psychological closeness
c. basing friendship on others behavior
d. none of these answers
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 361
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Basing friendship on others’ behaviors is the first stage of friendships during which children see friends
as others who like them and with whom they share toys and other activities.
13.32 Bob told Jessica a secret. Jessica accidentally told Eduardo while they were gossiping. Bob found out and
became very upset and ended their friendship. Later Jessica apologized to Bob and their friendship returned
as if nothing ever happened. According to Damon’s stages of friendship, what stage of friendship is Bob in?
a. basing friendship on others behavior
b. basing friendship on psychological closeness
c. basing friendship on trust
d. none of these answers
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 361
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: During the second stage, basing friendship on trust, friendships become more complicated. In this stage
children take others’ personal qualities and traits as well as the reward they provide into consideration.
13.33 Nolan and Jeremy have been friends since kindergarten. When asked why they like each other so much, they
both say that they know they can count on the other one to always be there for them and that they trust them
not to repeat anything they have said in confidence. According to Damon’s friendship stages, Nolan and
Jeremy are both in the stage of
a. basing friendship on trust.
b. basing friendship on psychological closeness.
c. basing friendship on others behavior.
d. none of these answers
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: a
Page(s): 361
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: During the second stage, basing friendship on trust, friendships become more complicated. In this stage
children take others’ personal qualities and traits as well as the reward they provide into consideration.
264
13.34 Hannah exerts a good sense of humor, she understands other people’s emotional experiences, and can
effectively control her nonverbal behaviors. Once Hannah enters middle childhood, she will more than likely
be considered ___________ by her peers.
a. a nerd
c. an outcast
b. popular
d. none of these answers
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: b
Page(s): 363
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Popular children tend to be helpful, cooperative, have a good sense of humor, are able to read others’
nonverbal behaviors, and understand the emotional experiences of others.
13.35 The collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings is known as
a. social relations.
c. social skills.
b. social competence.
d. social comparison.
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: b
Page(s): 363
Type: Factual
Rationale: Social competence is the collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in
social settings.
13.36 During middle childhood, a child’s conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes.
According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child’s view of friendship passes through three
distinct stages. The first stage is based on
a. trust.
c. psychological closeness.
b. the behaviors of others.
d. all of these answers.
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: b
Page(s): 361
Type: Factual
Rationale: The first stage of Damon’s stages of friendship is basing friendship on others’ behaviors.
13.37 During middle childhood, a child’s conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes.
According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child’s view of friendship passes through three
distinct stages. The second stage is based on
a. trust.
c. psychological closeness.
b. others’ behavior.
d. all of these answers.
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: a
Page(s): 361
Type: Factual
Rationale: The second stage of Damon’s stages of friendship is basing friendship on trust.
13.38 During middle childhood, a child’s conception of the nature of friendship undergoes some profound changes.
According to developmental psychologist William Damon, a child’s view of friendship passes through three
distinct stages. The third stage is based on
a. trust.
c. psychological closeness.
b. others’ behavior.
d. all of these answers.
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 361
Type: Factual
Rationale: The final stage of Damon’s stages of friendships is basing friendship on psychological closeness.
265
13.39 Boys tend to play in ___________, whereas girls tend to play in ___________.
a. spurts; cycles
c. groups; pairs
b. pairs; groups
d. small groups; large networks
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 366
Type: Factual
Rationale: Boys typically have larger networks of friends than do girls, and they tend to play in groups, rather than
pair off.
13.40 In ___________ play, interactions are interrupted when a child feels that his or her status is challenged.
a. restrictive
c. antagonistic
b. disruptive
d. anti-social
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: a
Page(s): 366
Type: Factual
Rationale: In restrictive play, interactions are interrupted when a child feels that his status is challenged.
13.41 Successful anti-bullying programs include which of the following elements?
a. teaching children verbal skills to defuse circumstances involving bullying
b. encouraging students to report incidents of bullying
c. making victims of bullying realize that they are not responsible for the bully’s behavior
d. all of these answers
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: d
Page(s): 365
Type: Factual
Rationale: Successful anti-bullying programs include the following elements: 1) teaching children verbal skills to
defuse circumstances involving bullying, 2) encouraging the development of self-confidence and particular talents
and abilities, 3) encouraging students to report incidents of bullying, 4) teaching physical skills that make children
feel more confident about physical skills, 5) encouraging students to become involved in activities with other
children, and 6) making victims of bullying realize that they are not responsible for the bully’s behavior.
13.42 Some ___________ of middle-school students report being bullied at some point in their time at school,
beginning as early as the preschool years.
a. 20%
c. 50%
b. 30%
d. 90%
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: d
Page(s): 365
Type: Factual
Rationale: Some 90% of middle-school students report being bullied at some point in their time at school,
beginning as early as the preschool years.
13.43 Approximately ___________ of all bullies come from abusive homes.
a. 30%
c. 80%
b. 50%
d. 100%
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: b
Page(s): 365
Type: Factual
Rationale: About 50% of all bullies come from abusive homes.
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13.44 Kenneth tends to watch a lot of television violence; he frequently gets in trouble at school and at home.
Kenneth lies to get himself out of trouble. He does not feel bad when he verbally or physically hurts
someone, but instead insists, “It wasn't my fault; he asked for it.” Kenneth is a
a. scapegoat.
c. bully.
b. loner.
d. brat.
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: c
Page(s): 365
Type: Applied
Rationale: Bullies tends to watch more television containing violence and they misbehave more at home and at
school than do non-bullies. When their bullying gets them into trouble, they may try to lie their way out of the
situation, and they show little remorse for their victimization of others.
13.45 Parents and teachers can assist children in developing social competence by doing all of the following
EXCEPT
a. encourage social interaction.
c. teach children to disclose appropriately.
b. teach listening skills.
d. insist that they defend the rules of the game.
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Answer: d
Page(s): 364, 365 Type: Factual
Rationale: Parents and teachers can help to teach social competence through teaching social skills, appropriate
disclosure, offering to help, and how to make suggestions in non-threatening ways.
13.46 A period in which children and parents jointly control behavior is called
a. coregulation.
c. codiscipline.
b. coauthority.
d. coagreement.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 368
Type: Factual
Rationale: Coregulation is a period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior.
13.47 Steven’s parents encourage him to eat healthy, nutritious snacks, but he routinely eats candy bars and drinks a
soda on the way home from school. Clearly, Steven’s parents have provided broad, general guidelines for
eating between meals, but it is up to Steven to control his eating on a daily basis. This is an example of
a. coregulation.
c. codiscipline.
b. coauthority.
d. coagreement.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 368
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Coregulation is a period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior.
13.48 While Lucia is walking down the street with five of her friends, she notices they are passing around a
cigarette. Considering this age group, who in Lucia’s life will have the biggest influence on her decision to
smoke that cigarette?
a. friends
c. grandma
b. parents
d. herself
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: b
Page(s): 368
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: During the middle school years of childhood, children spend significantly less time with their parents,
but their parents remain the major influence in their children’s lives, and they are seen as providing essential
assistance, advice, and direction.
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13.49 When brothers and sisters disagree, it is known as
a. fighting.
c. sibling rivalry.
b. dominance hierarchy.
d. sibling fighting.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: c
Page(s): 369
Type: Factual
Rationale: Sibling rivalry is when siblings compete or quarrel with one another.
13.50 In general, women who are satisfied with their lives, whether they work or not, tend to be
a. more nurturing with their children.
c. more aggressive at home and at work.
b. more in control of their emotions.
d. more controlling of others.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 369
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: In general, women who are satisfied with their lives tend to be more nurturing with their children.
13.51 Children with mothers and fathers who work full-time spend
a. less time with their parents and more time with friends.
b. less time at home and more time visiting friends.
c. the same amount of time at home alone and hanging out with friends.
d. the same amount of time with family as do children with at least one non-working parent.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: d
Page(s): 369
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Research suggests that children with mothers and fathers who work full time spend essentially the same
amount of time with family, in class, with friends, and alone as children in families where one parent stays at home.
13.52 In 1981, approximately ___________ of a child’s day was free time; by the late 1990s, only ___________ of
a child’s day was unscheduled.
a. 40%; 25%
c. 75%; 40%
b. 80%; 50%
d. 50%; 50%
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 369
Type: Factual
Rationale: Whereas the amount of time children spend on certain activities has remained constant over the years,
the amount of time spent in supervised, structured settings has changed. In 1981, 40% of a child’s day was free time;
by the late 1990s, only 25% of a child’s day was unscheduled.
13.53 Children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caregivers return from
work are known as
a. home-care children.
c. house-sitter children.
b. self-care children.
d. home-alone children.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: b
Page(s): 370
Type: Factual
Rationale: Self-care children are children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their
caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children.
13.54 Approximately ___________ of children in the United States between the ages of 5 and 12 spend some time
alone after school without adult supervision.
a. 20% to 22%
c. 12% to 14%
b. 50% to 55%
d. 79% to 75%
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: c
Page(s): 370
Type: Factual
268
Rationale: Some 12% to 14% of children in the United States between the ages of 5 and 12 spend some time alone
after school, without adult supervision.
13.55 The term self-care child for children that spend time alone unsupervised is preferred over the former term
latchkey child because
a. the term latchkey children raises negative connotations.
b. the term self-care child raise neutral connotations.
c. both terms raise negative connotations.
d. latchkey is synonymous with neglect.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 370
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: In the past, concern about self-care children centered on their lack of supervision and the emotional costs
of being alone. The term used then, latchkey children, raised connotations of sad, pathetic, and neglected children.
13.56 According to sociologist Sandra Hofferth, a few hours of unsupervised time alone at home may
a. lead to an unwanted situation.
c. pose a threat to society.
b. be harmful to the child.
d. provide a helpful period of decompression.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: d
Page(s): 370
Type: Factual
Rationale: Given the hectic schedule of many children’s lives, Hofferth purports that it might provide a helpful
period of decompression and may in fact contribute to a child’s autonomy.
13.57 It has been proposed that staying home alone may provide self-care children with opportunities to develop a
greater sense of
a. autonomy.
c. shame and doubt.
b. mistrust.
d. guilt.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 370
Type: Factual
Rationale: Given the hectic schedule of many children’s lives, Hofferth purports that it might provide a helpful
period of decompression and may in fact contribute to a child’s autonomy.
13.58 Pauline goes home straight after school to an empty house. She immediately fixes herself an after-school
snack and begins her homework while she waits for her parents to get home from work. Pauline is an
example of a
a. self-care child.
c. supervised child.
b. neglected child.
d. loner.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 370
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Self-care children are children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their
caretakers return from work.
13.59 Zachary lets himself into the house with his own key. He immediately calls his mother at her office. They
chat about what he did at school that day. She asks him to put a load of clothes into the washer and to start
dinner for the family. Zachary is a
a. self-care child.
c. supervised child.
b. neglected child.
d. loner.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 370
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Self-care children are children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their
caretakers return from work.
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13.60 Only ___________ of the children in the United States spend their entire childhoods living in the same
household with both their parents.
a. 20%
c. 40%
b. 30%
d. 50%
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: d
Page(s): 370
Type: Factual
Rationale: Only about 50% of children in the United States spend their entire childhoods living in the same
household with both their parents.
13.61 Children in group care often have been victims of neglect and abuse. Many can be helped and placed with
their own or other families, but about ___________ of them will spend their childhood years in group care.
a. 10%
c. 20%
b. 15%
d. 25%
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: d
Page(s): 375
Type: Factual
Rationale: About 75% of children in group care are victims of neglect and abuse. Each year, 300,000 are removed
from their homes. Most of them can be returned to their homes following intervention, but about 25% are so
psychologically damaged that once placed in group care, they are likely to remain there throughout childhood.
13.62 A remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called
a. reconstituted family.
c. merged family.
b. mixed family.
d. blended family.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: d
Page(s): 372
Type: Factual
Rationale: Blended families result when previously married husbands and wives with children marry.
13.63 People’s explanations for the reasons behind their behavior are called
a. attributions.
c. rationalizations.
b. justifications.
d. excuses.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 374
Type: Factual
Rationale: Attributions are people’s explanations for the reasons behind their behavior.
13.64 Qui Yung received a poor grade on a math exam. Qui Yung is most likely to
a. worker harder to get a better grade on the next exam.
b. feel that the teacher was unfair in giving such a hard exam.
c. give up since she does not have the ability to do well in math.
d. believe that girls aren’t good at math.
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: a
Page(s): 376
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: While the type of attributions that are used may differ by individuals, there are some cultural differences.
Asian students are more likely to see temporary, situational factors as the cause of their performance. Therefore a
poor grade would suggest that Qui Yung needs to work harder to get a better grade on the next exam.
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13.65 Because Asian students tend to assume that academic success results from ___________, they may put
greater effort into their schoolwork than American students, who believe that their ___________ determines
their performance.
a. inherent ability; hard work
c. hard work; inherent ability
b. desire; hard work
d. inherent ability; desire
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Answer: c
Page(s): 376
Type: Factual
Rationale: Because Asian students tend to assume that academic success results from hard work, they may put
greater effort into their schoolwork than American students, who believe that their inherent ability determines their
performance.
Essay Questions
13.66 In what ways do children’s views of themselves change during middle childhood?
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Page(s): 355, 356
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Children begin to view themselves in terms of psychological characteristics.
 Children begin to differentiate their self-concepts into separate areas, or domains (academic, physical,
social and emotional).
 Children use social comparison to evaluate their behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions.
13.67 How do gender and ethnicity affect friendships?
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Page(s): 364–366
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Boys and girls in middle childhood increasingly prefer same-gender friendships.
 Male friendships are characterized by groups, clear dominance hierarchies, and restrictive play.
 Female friendships tend to involve one or two close relationships, equal status, and a reliance on
cooperation.
 Cross-race friendships diminish in frequency as children age.
 Equal-status interactions among members of different racial groups can lead to improved
understanding, mutual respect and acceptance, and a decreased tendency to stereotype.
13.68 How do friendships change over the course of the middle childhood years?
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Page(s): 361, 362
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Children’s understanding of friendship passes through stages:
 Basing friendships on others’ behaviors
 Basing friendships on trust
 Basing friendships on psychological closeness
 Popularity in children is related to traits that underlie social competence.
 Friendships are important, and to improve social interactions, children should learn social problem
solving skills and skills involved in processing social information.
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13.69 Give an example of the relationship between low self-esteem and the cycle of failure in an area other than
academics. How might the cycle of failure be broken?
Chapter Section: The Developing Self
Page(s): 357–358
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 A child with low self-esteem faces difficulties because his or her self-esteem becomes enmeshed in a
cycle of failure.
 A child with low self-esteem is trying out for a soccer team. Because of his low self-esteem he
expects to do poorly and not make the team. As a consequence he is anxious, and probably doesn’t
practice or even prepare for the try out. (He may even arrive late or at the wrong pitch.) In the end,
his expectations probably come to pass and this confirms his original expectation, reinforcing his low
self esteem and the cycle of failure continues.
 This example can be played out with a number of social situations.
13.70 What are the characteristics of bullies and their victims?
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Page(s): 365
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Characteristics of a bully include:
 about 50% of bullies come from abusive homes
 they tend to watch more television containing violence
 they misbehave more at home and school
 when they get into trouble, they will often try to lie their way out of the situation
 they show little remorse for their victimization of others
 they are more likely to break the law as an adult
 Characteristics of the victims of bullies include:
 most often they are loners and fairly passive
 they often cry easily
 tend to lack social skills that might otherwise defuse a bully situation
13.71 How do children’s social and emotional lives relate to their school performance?
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Page(s): 374–376
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 People explain their behavior through attributions.
 Attributions vary and can include:
 dispositional – I’m the best soccer player in the county
 situational – I didn’t get enough sleep last night
 stable or unstable cause – I usually do very well or I had a tough match today
 controllable or uncontrollable cause – If I work at this a bit harder, I might get better or I can’t
control the level of referees
 There are some cultural differences in attribution, particularly in regard to academics.
 American students tend to attribute academic performance to stable, internal causes while Asian
students are more likely to see temporary, situational factors as the cause of their performance
 As a result Asian students view the necessity of hard work and perseverance
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13.72 What personal characteristics lead to popularity?
Chapter Section: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Page(s): 362–363
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Popular children tend to be helpful and more cooperative when working with others.
 They tend to have a good sense of humor and appreciate the humor of others.
 Compared with others, popular children are better able to read others’ nonverbal behavior more
effectively.
 Popular children are high in social competence.
 One subset of popular boys display an array of negative behaviors, including being aggressive,
disruptive, and causing trouble. They are considered cool and tough by peers.
13.73 How does divorce affect children?
Chapter Section: How Family and School Shape Children’s Behavior
Page(s): 370, 371
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Only about 50% of children in the United States spend their entire childhoods living in the same
household with both their parents.
 Immediately after divorce, the effects on children in the middle childhood years can be serious.
 Effects of divorce are dependent on the economic condition of the family and the hostility level of the
spouses prior to the divorce.
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