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Sandrini S, Setti G, Bossini N, et al: Steroid withdrawal five days after renal transplantation allows for the prevention of wound-healing complications associated with sirolimus therapy. Clin Transplant 23:16, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Schmidt-Bleek K, Schell H, Kolar P, et al: Cellular composition of the initial fracture hematoma compared to a muscle hematoma: a study in sheep. J Orthop Res 27:1147, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Shandall A, Lowndes R, Young H: Colonic anastomotic healing and oxygen tension. Br J Surg 72:606, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Steed D: Debridement. Am J Surg 187:71S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Tadros T, Wobbes T, Hendriks T: Blood transfusion impairs healing of experimental intestinal anastomoses. Ann Surg 215:276, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Teller P, White T: The physiology of wound healing: injury through maturation. Surg Clin North Am 89:599, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Thompson SK, Chang EY, Jobe BA: Clinical review: healing in gastrointestinal anastomoses, Part I. Microsurgery 26:131, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Thornton FJ, Barbul A: Healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Surg Clin North Am 77:549, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Tibbs MK: Wound healing following radiation therapy: a review. Radiother Oncol 42:99, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Tobin G: Closure of contaminated wounds: biologic and technical considerations. Surg Clin North Am 64:639, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RAF: Angiogenesis in wound healing. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 5:40, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Tyrone JW, Marcus JR, Bonomo SR, et al: Transforming growth factor {beta}3 promotes fascial wound healing in a new animal model. Arch Surg 135:1154, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Ueno C, Hunt TK, Hopf HW: Using physiology to improve surgical wound outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 117(7 suppl):59S, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Varley C, Hill G, Pellegrin S, et al: Autocrine regulation of human urothelial cell proliferation and migration during regenerative responses in vitro. Exp Cell Res 306:216, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Weber EWG, Slappendel R, Prins MH, et al: Perioperative blood transfusions and delayed wound healing after hip replacement surgery: effects on duration of hospitalization. Anesth Analg 100:1416, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Weber WP, Marti WR, Zwahlen M, et al: The timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Ann Surg 247:918, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Weiss S, Zimmermann G, Pufe T, et al: The systemic angiogenic response during bone healing. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 129:989, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Wilmink J, Stolk P, vanWeeren P: Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: macroscopical aspects. Equine Vet J 31:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Wilmink J, vanWeeren P, Stolk P, et al: Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: histological aspects. Equine Vet J 31:61, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Wishnow K, Johnson D, Grignon D, et al: Regeneration of the canine urinary bladder mucosa after complete denudation. J Urol 141:1476, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Witte MB, Barbul A: Repair of full-thickness bowel injury. Crit Care Med 31:S538, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Wolf NS: Cell replication rates in vivo and in vitro and wound healing as affected by animal age, diet, and species. In Wolf NS, editor: The comparative biology of aging, The Netherlands, 2010, Springer, p 97. Wong Y, Martin B: A study of light and scanning electron microscopy of the lining epithelium of the guinea pig bladder following artificial ulceration. Am J Anat 150:219, 1977. PUBMED Abstract Wornom I, Buchman S: Bone and cartilaginous tissue. In Cohen I, Diegelmann R, Lindblad W, editors: Wound healing: biochemical and clinical aspects, Philadelphia, 1992, WB Saunders, p 356. Worthley L: Shock: a review of pathophysiology and management. Part I. Crit Care Resusc 2:55, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Xu L, McLennan SV, Lo L, et al: Bacterial load predicts healing rate in neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 30:378, 2007. PUBMED Abstract 64 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 10: Wound Infections and Antimicrobial Use REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Aglietti P, Salvati EA, Wilson PD, Jr, Kutner LJ: Effect of a surgical horizontal unidirectional filtered air flow unit on wound bacterial contamination and wound healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 101:99, 1974. PUBMED Abstract Al-Niaimi A, Safdar N: Supplemental perioperative oxygen for reducing surgical site infection: a meta-analysis. J Eval Clin Pract 15:360, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Amsden GW, Ballow CH, Bertino JS, Kashuba ADM: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-infective agents. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Anonymous: Postsurgical infections associated with an extrinsically contaminated intravenous anesthetic agent—California, Illinois, Maine, and Michigan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39:426, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Archer GL: Alteration of cutaneous staphylococcal flora as a consequence of antimicrobial prophylaxis. Rev Infect Dis 13(suppl 10):S805, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Arduino MJ, Bland LA, McAllister SK, et al: Microbial growth and endotoxin production in the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 12:535, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Beal MW, Brown DC, Shofer FS: The effects of perioperative hypothermia and the duration of anesthesia on postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 29:123, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Bennett SN, McNeil MM, Bland LA, et al: Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofol [see comment]. N Engl J Med 333:147, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Berg JN, Wendell DE, Vogelweid C, Fales WH: Identification of the major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius. Am J Vet Res 45:1307, 1984. Berry CB, Gillespie T, Hood J, Scott NB: Growth of micro-organisms in solutions of intravenous anaesthetic agents [see comment]. Anaesthesia 48:30, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Brand JM, Kirchner H, Poppe C, Schmucker P: The effects of general anesthesia on human peripheral immune cell distribution and cytokine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 83:190, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Shofer F, Swann H: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1302, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Burke JF: Use of preventive antibiotics in clinical surgery. Am Surg 39:6, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Caywood DD, Wallace LJ, Braden TD: Osteomyelitis in the dog: a review of 67 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:943, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Ciepichal J, Kubler A: Effect of general and regional anesthesia on some neutrophil functions. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 46:183, 1998. Conte JE, Jr, Cohen SN, Roe BB, Elashoff RM: Antibiotic prophylaxis and cardiac surgery: a prospective double-blind comparison of single-dose versus multiple-dose regimens. Ann Intern Med 76:943, 1972. PUBMED Abstract Crozier TA, Muller JE, Quittkat D, et al: Effect of anaesthesia on the cytokine responses to abdominal surgery [see comment]. Brit J Anaesth 72:280, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Daude-Lagrave A, Carozzo C, Fayolle P, et al: Infection rates in surgical procedures: a comparison of cefalexin vs. a placebo. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 14:146, 2001. Dietz A, Heimlich F, Daniel V, et al: Immunomodulating effects of surgical intervention in tumors of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123(1 Pt 1):132, 2000. PUBMED Abstract 65 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Drew RH: Emerging options for treatment of invasive, multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pharmacotherapy 27:227, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Eugster S, Schawalder P, Gaschen F, Boerlin P: A prospective study of postoperative surgical site infections in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 33:542, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Frohlich D, Rothe G, Schwall B, et al: Effects of volatile anaesthetics on human neutrophil oxidative response to the bacterial peptide FMLP. Brit J Anaesth 78:718, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Galley HF, Dubbels AM, Webster NR: The effect of midazolam and propofol on interleukin-8 from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Anesth Analg 86:1289, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Gibson KL, Donald AW, Hariharan H, McCarville C: Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques. Can J Vet Res 61:154, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Hamilton HW, Hamilton KR, Lone FJ: Preoperative hair removal. Can J Surg 20:269, 1977. PUBMED Abstract Heldmann E, Brown DC, Shofer F: The association of propofol usage with postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 28:256, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Hirsh DC, Smith TM: Osteomyelitis in the dog: microorganisms isolated and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. J Small Anim Pract 19:679, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, et al: CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Am J Infect Control 20:271, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Kaiser AB: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. N Engl J Med 315:1129, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Kernodle DS, Barg NL, Kaiser AB: Low-level colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillinresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and emergence of the organisms during surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:202, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Kirby JP, Mazuski JE: Prevention of surgical site infection. Surg Clin North Am 89:365, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Kuehnert MJ, Webb RM, Jochimsen EM, et al: Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections among patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy traced to breaks in infection control and possible extrinsic contamination by propofol. Anesth Analg 85:420, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Lidwell OM, Lowbury EJ, Whyte W, et al: Effect of ultraclean air in operating rooms on deep sepsis in the joint after total hip or knee replacement: a randomised study. Brit Med J Clin Res 285:10, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ, Papich MG, Richardson DC, DeYoung DJ: Pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin distribution during total hip arthroplasty in dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:720, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Michalopoulos A, Falagas ME: Colistin and polymyxin B in critical care. Crit Care Clin 24:377, 2008. PUBMED Abstract National Research Council Division of Medical Sciences Ad hoc Committee of the Committee on Trauma: Postoperative wound infections: the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operating room and of various other factors. Chapter III Organization, Methods, and Physical Factors of the Study. Ann Surg 160(Suppl 2):19–31, 1964. Nicholson M, Beal M, Shofer F, Brown DC: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infection in clean-contaminated wounds: a retrospective study of 239 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 31:577, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Offner PJ, Moore EE, Biffl WL: Male gender is a risk factor for major infections after surgery. Arch Surg 134:935; discussion 938, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Osuna DJ, DeYoung DJ, Walker RL: Comparison of three skin preparation techniques. Part 2: Clinical trial in 100 dogs. Vet Surg 19:20, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Patel NP, Malangoni MA: Antimicrobial agents for surgical infections. Surg Clin North Am 89:327, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Peikes H, Morris DO, Hess RS: Dermatologic disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 45 cases (1986–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:203, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Petersen SW, Rosin E: Cephalothin and cefazolin in vitro antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics in dogs. Vet Surg 24:347, 1995. PUBMED Abstract 66 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. Pressler BM, Vaden SL, Lane IF, et al: Candida spp. urinary tract infections in 13 dogs and seven cats: predisposing factors, treatment, and outcome. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:263, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Pryor F, Messmer PR: The effect of traffic patterns in the OR on surgical site infections. AORN J 68:649, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Qadan M, Akca O, Mahid SS, et al: Perioperative supplemental oxygen therapy and surgical site infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 144:359; discussion 366, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Rochat MC, Mann FA, Berg JN: Evaluation of a one-step surgical preparation technique in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:392, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Rosin E, Uphoff TS, Schultz-Darken NJ, Collins MT: Cefazolin antibacterial activity and concentrations in serum and the surgical wound in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:1317, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Rubinstein E, Findler G, Amit P, Shaked I: Perioperative prophylactic cephazolin in spinal surgery: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 76:99, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Salman H, Bergman M, Bessler H, et al: Effect of sodium thiopentone anesthesia on the phagocytic activity of rat peritoneal macrophages. Life Sci 63:2221, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Salo M: Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on the immune response. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:201, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Schroder J, Kahlke V, Staubach KH, et al: Gender differences in human sepsis [see comment]. Arch Surg 133:1200, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Simmons BP: CDC guidelines on infection control. Infect Control 3(2 suppl):187, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Smilack JD: The tetracyclines. Mayo Clin Proc 74:727, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Stubbs WP, Bellah JR, Vermaas-Hekman D, et al: Chlorhexidine gluconate versus chloroxylenol for preoperative skin preparation in dogs. Vet Surg 25:487, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Vasseur PB, Levy J, Dowd E, Eliot J: Surgical wound infection rates in dogs and cats: data from a teaching hospital. Vet Surg 17:60, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Vasseur PB, Paul HA, Enos LR, Hirsh DDC: Infection rates in clean surgical procedures: a comparison of ampicillin prophylaxis vs a placebo. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:825, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Veber B, Gachot B, Bedos JP, Wolff M: Severe sepsis after intravenous injection of contaminated propofol. Anesthesiology 80:712, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Whittem TL, Johnson AL, Smith CW, et al: Effect of perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial treatment in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:212, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Wichmann MW, Zellweger R, DeMaso CM, et al: Mechanism of immunosuppression in males following trauma-hemorrhage: critical role of testosterone. Arch Surg 131:1186; discussion 1191, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Wilkens B, Sullivan P, McDonald TP, Krahwinkel DJ: Effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefmetazole on the hemostatic mechanism in normal dogs: implications for the surgical patient. Vet Surg 24:25, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Zacher AN, Zornow MH, Evans G: Drug contamination from opening glass ampules [see comment]. Anesthesiology 75:893, 1991. PUBMED Abstract 67 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 11: Evidence-Based Medicine and Outcomes Assessment REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Carmines EG, Zeller R: Reliability and validity assessment, Beverly Hills, 1979, Sage. Cattell RB: The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences, New York, 1978, Plenum Press. Ferraz MB, Quaresma MR, Aquino LR, et al: Reliability of pain scales in the assessment of literate and illiterate patients with rheumatoid arthritis [see comment]. J Rheumatol 17:1022, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Goodwin LD, Goodwin WL: Focus on psychometrics: estimating construct validity. Res Nurs Health 14:235, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Green SB: Hypothesis testing in clinical trials. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 14:785, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Huskisson EC: Measurement of pain. Lancet 2:1127, 1974. PUBMED Abstract Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM: What is the maximum number of levels needed in pain intensity measurement? Pain 58:387, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Kirshner B, Guyatt G: A methodological framework for assessing health indices. J Chron Dis 38:27, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Kline P: A handbook of test construction, London, 1986, Methuen. McDowell I, Newell C: Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires, New York, 1996, Oxford University Press. Nunnally JC: Psychometric theory, New York, 1978, McGraw-Hill. Streiner DL, Norman GR: Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use, New York, 1995, Oxford University Press. Streiner DL, Norman GR: Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use, New York, 2003, Oxford University Press. 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Favero M, Bond W: Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 5, Baltimore, 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p 881. Hughes C, Socola G, Hughes M: The gold standard in sterilizer monitoring. Mater Manag Health Care 18:23, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Hugo W: A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfection. J Appl Bacteriol 71:9, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Jacobs P, Kowatsch R: Sterrad Sterilization System: a new technology for instrument sterilization. Endosc Surg Allied Technol 1:57, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Japp N: Packaging: shelf life. In Reichert M, Young J, editors: Sterilization technology for the health care facility, ed 2, Aspen, MD, 1997, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, p 99. Joslyn L: Sterilization by heat. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p 695. Kanemitsu K, Imasaka T, Ishikawa S, et al: A comparative study of ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and low-temperature steam formaldehyde sterilization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26:486, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Kanemitsu K, Kunishima H, Imasaka T, et al: Evaluation of a low-temperature steam and formaldehyde sterilizer. J Hosp Infect 55:47, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Kelkar U, Bal A, Kulkarni S: Monitoring of steam sterilization process by biologic indicators—a necessary surveillance tool. Am J Infect Control 32:512, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Klapes N, Greene V, Langholz A, et al: Effect of long-term storage on sterile status of devices in surgical packs. Infect Control 8:289, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Kyi M, Holton J, Ridgway G: Assessment of the efficacy of a low temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization system. J Hosp Infect 31:275, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Mallison G, Standard P: Safe storage times for sterile packs. J Am Hosp Assoc 48:77, 1974. PUBMED Abstract 69 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. McKellop H, Shen F, Lu B, et al: Effect of sterilization method and other modifications on the wear resistance of acetabular cups made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: a hip-simulator study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82:1708, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Medel F, Kurtz S, Hozack W, et al: Gamma inert sterilization: a solution to polyethylene oxidation? J Bone Joint Surg Am 91:839, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Mitchell S, Berg J: Sterilization. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, vol 1, Philadelphia, PA, 2003, Elsevier Science, p 155. Okpara-Hofmann J, Knoll M, Durr M, et al: Comparison of low-temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization for endoscopes using various Sterrad models. J Hosp Infect 59:280, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Pongchairerks P, Bhumisirikul W, Bhumisirikul P: Long-term storage of small surgical instruments in autoclaved packages. Asian J Surg 26:202, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Rutala W: APIC guidelines for selection and use of disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 18:99, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Rutala W, Weber D: Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities: what clinicians need to know. Healthcare Epidemiol 39:701, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Rutala W, Weber D: Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, Augusta, GA, 2008, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rutala W, Weber D: Infection control: the role of disinfection and sterilization. J Hosp Infect 43:S43, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Rutala W, Weber D: New disinfection and sterilization methods. Emerg Infect Dis 7:348, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Schwartz R, Butt W, Bradley D, et al: Safe storage times for sterile instrument packs. Milit Med 157:406, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Scott E, Gorman S: Glutaraldehyde. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 5, Philadelphia, PA, 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p 361. Silverman G: Sterilization and preservation by ionizing irradiation. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, PA, 1991, Lea and Febiger, p 566. Spaulding E: Chemical disinfection and antisepsis in the hospital. J Hosp Res 9:5, 1972. Spry C: Understanding current steam sterilization recommendations and guidelines. AORN J 88:537, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Webster J, Radke E, George N, et al: Barrier properties and cost implications of a single versus a double wrap for storing sterile instrument packs. Am J Infect Control 33:348, 2005. PUBMED Abstract 70 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 13: Instrumentation REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 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Lab Anim 30:38, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Hurov L: Handbook of veterinary surgical instruments and glossary of surgical terms, Philadelphia, 1978, Saunders, p 7. Instrument preparation working group: proper maintenance of instruments in veterinary surgery, Green Brochure, 2006. Available at: www.a-k-i.org. Accessed September 16, 2009. Klauss G: Ophthalmic surgical instruments. Top Companion Anim Med 23:3, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Knecht CD, Allen AR, Williams DJ, et al: Fundamental techniques in veterinary surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders, p 2. Kwan A, Irwin JF, Leuver ME: Surgical instruments as a window into the profession’s past. Yale J Biol Med 81:205, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Nieves MA, Wagner SD: Surgical instruments. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 185. Polk HC, Jr, Cheadle WG, Franklin GA: Principles of operative surgery. In Townsend CM, Jr, editor: Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern surgical practice, ed 16, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, p 163. Price MV, Molloy S, Solan MC, et al: The rate of instrument breakage during orthopaedic procedures. Int Orthop 26:185, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Raffel T: Surgical supplies and equipment. In Busch SJ, editor: Small animal surgical nursing: skills and concepts, St Louis, 2006, Mosby, p 74. Singh S, Maxwell D: Tools of the trade. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 20:41, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Sonsthagen TF: Veterinary instruments and equipment: a pocket guide, St Louis, 2006, Elsevier Mosby, p 415. Spry CC: Care and handling of basic surgical instruments. AORN J 86(suppl 1):S77, 2007. Waldock A, Waldock TA: Advancing microsurgical instrumentation into the 21st century. Br J Ophthalmol 83:1317, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Weber LA: The surgical tray. Dermatol Clin 16:17, 1998. PUBMED Abstract 71 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 14: Preparation of the Patient, Operating Team, and Operating Room for Surgery REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Abouzari M, Sodagari N, Hasibi M, et al: Effect of hair on surgical wound infection after cranial surgery: a 3-armed randomized clinical trial. Surg Neurol 71:261, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Adeleye A, Olowookere K: Nonshaved cranial surgery in black Africans: a short-term prospective preliminary study. Surg Neurol 69:69, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Al-Allak A, Sarasin S, Key S, et al: Wedding rings are not a significant source of bacterial contamination following surgical scrubbing. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 90:133, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Alexander J, Fischer J, Boyajian M, et al: The influence of hair-removal methods on wound infections. Arch Surg 118:347, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Alford D, Ritter M, French M, et al: The operating room gown as a barrier to bacterial shedding. Am J Surg 125:589, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Amirfeyz R, Tasker A, Ali S, et al: Theatre shoes—a link in the common pathway of postoperative wound infection? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 89:605, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Anon: Use of disinfectants in hospitals. In Committee BPHLS, editor. Br Med J 1:408, 1965. Arrowsmith V, Maunder J, Sargent F, et al: Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD003325, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Ayliffe G: The effect of antibacterial agents on the flora of the skin. J Hosp Infect 1:111, 1980. PUBMED Abstract Ayliffe G: Surgical scrub and skin disinfection. Infect Control 5:23, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Ayliffe G, Babb J, Bridges K, et al: Comparison of two methods for assessing the removal of total organisms and pathogens from the skin. J Hyg 75:259, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Beck W: Aseptic barriers in surgery. Arch Surg 116:240, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Beck W, Collette T: False faith in the surgeon’s gown and surgical drape. Am J Surg 83:125, 1952. PUBMED Abstract Belkin N: Reduction of airborne contamination through operating room apparel. AORN J 4:75, 1966. PUBMED Abstract Berg-Perier M, Cederblad A, Persson U: Ultraviolet radiation and ultra-clean air enclosures in operating rooms: UV-protection, economy and comfort. J Arthroplasty 7:457, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Berg M, Bergman B, Hoborn J: Ultraviolet radiation compared to an ultra-clean air enclosure. J Bone Joint Surg Br 73:811, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Berkelman R, Holland B, Anderson R: Increased bactericidal activity of dilute preparations of povidone-iodine solutions. J Clin Microbiol 15:635, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Bethune D, Blowers R, Parker M, et al: Dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus by patients and surgical staff. Lancet 1:480, 1965. PUBMED Abstract Bhavan K, Warren D: Surgical preparation solutions and preoperative skin disinfection. J Hand Surg Am 34:940, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Bibel D, Lovell D: Skin flora maps: a tool in the study of cutaneous ecology. J Invest Dermatol 67:265, 1976. PUBMED Abstract Block SS: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1991, Lea & Febiger. Boothe H: Antiseptics and disinfectants. Vet Clin North Am 28:233, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Boyce J, Pittet D: Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23:S3, 2002. PUBMED Abstract 72 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Bradley C: Treatment of laundry and clinical waste in hospitals. In Russell A, editor: Principles and practice of disinfection preservation and sterilization, ed 4, Malden, MA, 2004, Blackwell Publishing, p 586. Bryce E, Spence D, Roberts F: An in-use evaluation of an alcohol-based pre-surgical hand disinfectant. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22:635, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Character B, McLaughlin R, Hedlund C, et al: Postoperative integrity of veterinary surgical gloves. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:311, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Cimino Brown D, Conzemius M, Shofer F, et al: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1302, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Coelho J, Lerner H, Murad I: The influence of the surgical scrub on hand bacterial flora. Int Surg 69:305, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Conner R: Perioperative standards and recommended practices, Denver, CO, 2009, AORN, Inc. Copp G, Slezak L, Dudley N, et al: Footwear practices and operating room contamination. Nurs Res 36:366, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Cruse P, Foord R: A five-year prospective study of 23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 107:206, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Dahl J, Wheeler B, Mukherjee D: Effect of chlorhexidine scrub on postoperative bacterial counts. Am J Surg 159:486, 1990. PUBMED Abstract DeBaun B: Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of an alcohol-free 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution. AORN J 87:925, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Denton G: Chlorhexidine. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1991, Lea and Febiger, p 274. Dewan P, Van Ru A, Robinson R, et al: The use of an iodophor-impregnated plastic incise drape in the abdominal surgery—a controlled clinical trial. Aust N Z J Surg 57:859, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Dineen P: An evaluation of the duration of the surgical scrub. Surg Gynecol Obstet 129:1181, 1969. PUBMED Abstract Dodds R, Barker S, Morgan N, et al: Self protection in surgery: the use of double gloves. Br J Surg 77:219, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Dodds R, Guy P, Peacock A, et al: Surgical glover perforation. Br J Surg 75:966, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Edmiston CJ, Krepel C, Seabrook G, et al: Preoperative shower revisited: can high topical antiseptic levels be achieved on the skin surface before surgical admission? J Am Coll Surg 207:233, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Edwards P, Lipp A, Holmes A: Preoperative skin antiseptics for preventing surgical wound infections after clean surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD003949, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Ellenhorn J, Smith D, Schwarz R, et al: Paint-only is equivalent to scrub-and-paint in preoperative preparation of abdominal surgery sites. J Am Coll Surg 201:737, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Facility Guidelines Institute: Guidelines for design and construction of health care facilities, Washington, DC, 2006, The American Institute of Architects. Faoagali J: Comparison of immediate, residual, and cumulative antibacterial effect of Novaderm R, Novasrub R, Betadine Surgical Scrub, Hibiclens, and liquid soap. Am J Infect Control 23:337, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Fogg D: Bacterial barrier of latex and vinyl gloves; AIDS attributed to bone allograft; disciplining problem employee. AORN J 49:1101, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Galle P, Homesley H, Rhyne A: Reassessment of the surgical scrub. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147:215, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Garibaldi R, Maglio S, Lerer T, et al: Comparison of nonwoven and woven gown and drape fabric to prevent intraoperative wound contamination and postoperative infection. Am J Surg 152:505, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Geelhoed G, Sharpe K, Simon G: A comparative study of surgical skin preparation methods. Surg Gynecol Obstet 157:265, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Gibson K, Donald A, Hariharan H, et al: Comparison of two pre-surgical skin preparation techniques. Can J Vet Res 61:154, 1997. PUBMED Abstract 73 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. Goldenheim P: In vitro efficacy of povidone-iodine solution and cream against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Postgrad Med J 69:S62, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Gottardi W: Iodine and iodine compounds. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1991, Lea and Febiger, p 152. Groschel D, Pruett T: Surgical antisepsis. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1991, Lea and Febiger, p 642. Grove G, Zerweck C, Heilman J, et al: Methods for evaluating changes in skin condition due to the effects of antimicrobial hand cleansers: two studies comparing a new waterless chlorhexidine gluconate/ethanol-emollient antiseptic preparation with a conventional water-applied product. Am J Infect Control 29:361, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Guzel A, Ozekinci T, Ozkan U, et al: Evaluation of the skin flora after chlorhexidine and povidoneiodine preparation in neurosurgical practice. Surg Neurol 72:207, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Ha’eri G, Wiley A: The efficacy of standard surgical face masks: an investigation using “tracer particles.” Clin Orthop Relat Res 148:160, 1980. PUBMED Abstract Hambraeus A, Bengtsson S, Laurell G: Bacterial contamination in a modern operating suite. J Hyg 80:169, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Hambraeus A, Malmborg A: The influence of different footwear on floor contamination. Scand J Infect Dis 11:243, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Hann J: The source of the “resident” flora. Hand 5:247, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Helgeland K, Heyden G, Rolla G: Effect of chlorhexidine on animal cells in vitro. Scand J Dent Res 79:209, 1971. PUBMED Abstract Hobson H: Surgical facilities and equipment. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, Philadelphia, 2003, Elsevier Science, p 179. Hsieh H-F, Chiu H-H, Lee F-P: Surgical hand scrubs in relation to microbial counts: systemic literature review. J Adv Nurs 55:68, 2005. Hughes S, Anderson F: Infection in the operating room. J Bone Joint Surg Br 81:754, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Humphreys H, Marshall R, Ricketts V, et al: Theatre over-shoes do not reduce operating theatre floor bacterial counts. J Hosp Infect 17:117, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Jacobson C, Osmon D, Hanssen A, et al: Prevention of wound contamination using DuraPrep solution plus Ioban drapes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 439:32, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Kac G, Masmejean E, Gueneret M, et al: Bactericidal efficacy of a 1.5min surgical hand-rubbing protocol under in-use conditions. J Hosp Infect 72:135, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Kampf G: How effective are hand antiseptics for the postcontamination treatment of hands when used as recommended? Am J Infect Control 36:356, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Kampf G, Ostermeyer C, Kohlmann T: Bacterial population kinetics on hands during 2 consecutive surgical hand disinfection procedures. Am J Infect Control 36:369, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Kaul A, Jewett J: Agents and techniques for disinfection of the skin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 152:677, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Korniewicz D, Laughon B, Butz A, et al: Integrity of vinyl and latex procedure gloves. Nurs Res 38:144, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Kundsin R, Walter C: The surgical scrub—practical consideration. Arch Surg 107:75, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Larson E: Guideline for use of topical antimicrobial agents. Am J Infect Control 16:253, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Larson E, Morton H: Alcohols. In Block S, editor: Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1991, Lea and Febiger, p 191. Larson R, Aiello A, Heilman J, et al: Comparison of different regimens for surgical hand preparation. AORN J 73:412, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Lemarie R, Hosgood G: Antiseptics and disinfectants in small animal practice. The Compendium 17:1339, 1995. Leonas K: Effect of laundering on the barrier properties of reusable surgical gown fabrics. Am J Infect Control 26:495, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Letts R, Doermer E: Conversation in the operating theater as a cause of airborne bacterial contamination. J Bone Joint Surg Am 65:357, 1983. PUBMED Abstract 74 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. Lilly H, Lowbury E: Disinfection of skin: an assessment of some new preparations. Br Med J 3:674, 1971. PUBMED Abstract Lineaweaver W, Howard R, Soucy D, et al: Topical antimicrobial toxicity. Arch Surg 120:267, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Lineaweaver W, McMorris S, Soucy D, et al: Cellular and bacterial toxicities of topical antimicrobials. Plast Reconstr Surg 75:394, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Loeb M, Wilcox L, Smaill F, et al: A randomized trial of surgical scrubbing with a brush compared to antiseptic soap alone. Am J Infect Control 25:11, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Lowbury E, Lilly H: The effect of blood on disinfection of surgeons’ hands. Br J Surg 61:19, 1974. PUBMED Abstract Lowbury E, Lilly H: Gloved hand as applicator of antiseptic to operation sites. Lancet 2:153, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Lowbury E, Lilly H: Use of 4% chlorhexidine detergent solution (Hibiscrub) and other methods of skin disinfection. Br Med J 1:510, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Lowbury E, Lilly H, Bull J: Disinfection of the hands: removal of transient organisms. Br Med J 2:230, 1964. PUBMED Abstract Lozier S, Pope E, Berg J: Effects of four preparations of 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate on wound healing in dogs. Vet Surg 21:107, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Marples R: Effects of soaps, germicides and disinfectants on the skin flora. In Skinner E, Carr J, editors: The normal microbial flora of man, London, 1973, Academic Press. McCue S, Berg E, EA S: Efficacy of double-gloving as a barrier to microbial contamination during total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg 63:811, 1981. PUBMED Abstract McLure H, Mannam M, Talboys C, et al: The effect of facial hair and sex on the dispersal of bacteria below a masked subject. Anaesthesia 55:173, 2000. PUBMED Abstract McMurry L, Oethinger M, Levy S: Over-expression of marA, SoxS, or acrAB produces resistance to triclosan in laboratory and clinical strains of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 15:166, 1998. Mead P, Prories S, Hall P, et al: Decreasing the incidence of surgical wound infections. Arch Surg 121:458, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Mitchell N, Gamble D: Clothing design for operating-room personnel. Lancet 2:1133, 1974. PUBMED Abstract Moen M, Noone M, Kirson I: Povidone-iodine spray technique versus traditional scrub-paint technique for preoperative abdominal wall preparation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:1434, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Montes L, Wilbourne W: Location of bacterial skin flora. Br J Dermatol 81:23, 1969. PUBMED Abstract Moore S, Payne D: Types of antimicrobial agents. 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PUBMED Abstract Newman J, Bullock M, Goyal R: Comparison of glove donning techniques for the likelihood of gown contamination: an infection control study. Acta Orthop Belg 73:765, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Nicholson M, Beal M, Shofer F, et al: Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infection in clean-contaminated wounds: a retrospective study of 239 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 31:577, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Nicolai P, Aldam C, Allen P: Increased awareness of glove perforation in major joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79:371, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Nishimura C: Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of povidone-iodine, povidone-iodineethanol and chlorhexidine gluconate-ethanol surgical scrubs. Dermatology 212:21, 2006. PUBMED Abstract O’Shaughnessy M, O’Malley V, Corbett G, et al: Optimum duration of surgical scrub-time. Br J Surg 78:685, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Olson M, Lee J: Continuous, 10-year wound infection surveillance. Arch Surg 125:794, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Osuna D, DeYoung D, Walker R: Comparison of an antimicrobial adhesive drape and povidoneiodine preoperative skin preparation in dogs. Vet Surg 21:458, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Osuna D, DeYoung D, Walker R: Comparison of three skin preparation techniques in the dog. Part 1: Experimental trial. Vet Surg 19:14, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Osuna D, DeYoung D, Walker R: Comparison of three skin preparation techniques. Part 2: Clinical trial in 100 dogs. Vet Surg 19:20, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Owen L, Gines J, Knowles T, et al: Efficacy of adhesive incise drapes in preventing bacterial contamination of clean canine surgical wounds. Vet Surg 38:732, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Palmer J: Use of Avagard in pediatric urologic procedures. Urology 68:655, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Parienti J, Thibon P, Heller R, et al: Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates. JAMA 288:722, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Paul J, Gordon M: Efficacy of a chlorhexidine surgical scrub compared to that of hexachlorphene and povidone-iodine. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:573, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Paulson D: Comparative evaluation of five surgical hand scrub preparations. AORN J 60:246, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Pereira L, Lee G, Wade K: The effect of surgical hand-washing routines on the microbial counts of operating room nurses. Am J Infect Control 18:354, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Pereira L, Lee G, Wade K: An evaluation of five protocols for surgical handwashing in relation to skin condition and microbial counts. J Hosp Infect 36:49, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Peterson A, Rosenberg A, Alatary S: Comparative evaluation of surgical scrub preparations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 146:63, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Phillips B, Fergussen S, Armstrong P, et al: Surgical face masks are effective in reducing bacterial contamination caused by dispersal from the upper airway. Br J Anaesth 69:407, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Phillips M, Vasseur P, Gregory C: Chlorhexidine diacetate versus povidone-iodine for preoperative preparation of the skin: a prospective randomized comparison in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:105, 1991. Price P: The bacteriology of normal skin: a new quantitative test applied to a study of the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing. J Infect Dis 63:301, 1938. Price P: Re-evaluation of ethyl alcohol as a germicide. Arch Surg 60:492, 1950. PUBMED Abstract Quesnel L: The efficiency of surgical masks of varying design and composition. Br J Surg 62:936, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M: Infection: operating room environment. Clin Orthop 369:103, 1999. PUBMED Abstract 76 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. Ritter M: Operating room environment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 369:103, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M, Eitzen H, French M: Comparison of horizontal and vertical unidirectional (laminar) airflow systems in orthopedic surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 129:205, 1977. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M, Eitzen H, French M, et al: The operating room environment as affected by people and the surgical face mask. Clin Orthop Relat Res 111:147, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M, Eitzen H, Hart J, et al: The surgeon’s garb. Clin Orthop Relat Res 153:204, 1980. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M, French M, Eitzen H: Evaluation of microbial contamination of surgical gloves during actual use. Clin Orthop Relat Res 117:303, 1976. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M, French M, Hart J: Microbiological studies in a horizontal wall-less laminar air-flow operating room during actual surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 97:16, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Ritter M, Olberding E, Malinzak R: Ultraviolet lighting during the orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection. 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PUBMED Abstract Swaim S, Riddell K, Geiger D, et al: Evaluation of surgical scrub and antiseptic solutions for surgical and antiseptic solutions for surgical preparation of canine paws. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1941, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Tanner J: Surgical hand antisepsis: the evidence. J Perioper Pract 18:330, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Tanner J, Khan D, Walsh S, et al: Brushes and picks used on nails during the surgical scrub to reduce bacteria: a randomized trial. J Hosp Infect 71:234, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Tanner J, Parkinson H: Double gloving to reduce surgical cross-infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD003087, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Tanner J, Swarbrook S, Stuart J: Surgical hand antisepsis to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD004288, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Tanner J, Woodings D, Moncaster K: Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD004122, 2006. Review. 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National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 91:185S, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Khoury J, Jones M, Grim A, et al: Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit by active surveillance and aggressive infection control measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26:616, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Kim L, Morley P, Traub-Dargatz J, et al: Factors associated with Salmonella shedding among equine colic patients at a veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:740, 2001. PUBMED Abstract 79 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Lee TB, Montgomery OG, Marx J, et al: Recommended practices for surveillance. Am J Infect Control 35:427, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Mascini E, Bonten M: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: consequences for therapy and infection control. Clin Microbiol Infect 11(suppl 4):43, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Morley PS: Surveillance for nosocomial infections in veterinary hospitals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:561, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Sankar B, Hopgood P, Bell K: The role of MRSA screening in joint-replacement surgery. Int Orthopaed 29:160, 2005.PUBMED Abstract Sehulster L, Chinn RY, CDC HICPAC: Guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 52:1, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Tillotson K, Savage CJ, Salman MD, et al: Outbreak of Salmonella infantis infection in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1554, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Weese J, DaCosta T, Button L, et al: Isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the environment in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Vet Intern Med 18:468, 2004. 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In Norton JA, Barie PS, Bollenger RR, et al, editors: Surgery: basic science and clinical evidence, ed 2, New York, 2008, Springer Science, p 2345. 81 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 17: Suture Material, Tissue Staplers, Ligation Devices, and Closure Methods REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 3M: 3M Precise Vista Disposable Skin Stapler. Accessed 1/25/10. Ahn LC, Towler MA, McGregor W, et al: Biomechanical performance of laser-drilled and channel taper point needles. J Emerg Med 10:601, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Allison DC, Ahlmann ER, Xiang AH, et al: The linear cutting stapler may reduce surgical time and blood loss with muscle transection: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 467:2859, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Allman AJ, McPherson TB, Badylak SF, et al: Xenogeneic extracellular matrix grafts elicit a TH2restricted immune response. Transplantation 71:1631, 2001. 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Ann Surg 193:365, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Chung RS: Blood flow in colonic anastomoses: effect of stapling and suturing. Ann Surg 206:335, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Clark GN, Pavletic MM: Partial gastrectomy with an automatic stapling instrument for treatment of gastric necrosis secondary to gastric dilatation-volvulus. Vet Surg 20:61, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Cobb WS, Peindl RM, Zerey M, et al: Mesh terminology 101. Hernia 13:1, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cohen EL, Kirschenbaum A, Glenn JF: Preclinical evaluation of PDS (polydioxanone) synthetic absorbable suture vs chromic surgical gut in urologic surgery. Urology 30:369, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Coolman BR, Ehrhart N, Pijanowski G, et al: Comparison of skin staples with sutures for anastomosis of the small intestine in dogs. Vet Surg 29:293, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Coolman BR, Manfra Marretta S, Pijanowski GJ, et al: Evaluation of a skin stapler for belt-loop gastropexy in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:440, 1999. 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PUBMED Abstract Sereda CW, Adin CA: Methods of gradual vascular occlusion and their applications in treatment of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a review. Vet Surg 34:83, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Sicard GK, Hayashi K, Manley PA: Evaluation of 5 types of fishing material, 2 sterilization methods, and a crimp-clamp system for extra-articular stabilization of the canine stifle joint. Vet Surg 31:78, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Sicard GK, Meinen J, Phillips T, et al: Comparison of fishing line for repair of the cruciate deficient stifle. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:138, 1999. Silvestri A, Brandi C, Grimaldi L, et al: Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive for skin closure and prevention of infection in plastic surgery. Aesthet Plast Surg 30:695, 2006.PUBMED Abstract Simões EA, Jatene FB, Stopiglia AJ, et al: Comparative study between mechanical and manual sutures in the bronchus after left pneumonectomy in the dogs (Canis familiaris): a pathologicalanatomic evaluation. Uma Avaliação Anatomopatológica 42:357, 2005. Singer AJ, Quinn JV, Hollander JE: The cyanoacrylate topical skin adhesives. Am J Emerg Med 26:490, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Stamboulis A, Hench LL, Boccaccini AR: Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymer sutures coated with bioactive glass. J Mater Sci Mater Med 13:843, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Stillman RM, Marino CA, Seligman SJ: Skin staples in potentially contaminated wounds. Arch Surg 119:821, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Storch ML, Rothenburger SJ, Jacinto G: Experimental efficacy study of coated VICRYL plus antibacterial suture in guinea pigs challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 5:281, 2004. PUBMED Abstract 87 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. Swiderski J, Fitch RB, Staatz A, et al: Sonographic assisted diagnosis and treatment of bilateral gastrocnemius tendon rupture in a Labrador retriever repaired with fascia lata and polypropylene mesh. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 18:258, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Szabo S, Wilkens B, Radasch RM: Use of polypropylene mesh in addition to internal obturator transposition: a review of 59 cases (2000–2004). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:136, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Than KD, Baird CJ, Olivi A: Polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant may reduce incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak after posterior fossa surgery. Neurosurgery 63:ONS182, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Tobias KM: Surgical stapling devices in veterinary medicine: a review. Vet Surg 36:341, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Tobias KM, Cambridge A, Gavin P: Cyanoacrylate occlusion and resection of an arteriovenous fistula in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:785, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Tomihata K, Suzuki M, Ikada Y: The pH dependence of monofilament sutures on hydrolytic degradation. J Biomed Mater Res 58:511, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Toombs JP, Clark KM: Basic operative techniques. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, vol 1, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 199. Trimbos JB, Booster M, Peters AA: Mechanical knot performance of a new generation polydioxanone suture (PDS-2). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70:157, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Trimbos JB, Klopper PJ: Knot security of synthetic absorbable suture material; a comparison of polyglycolic acid and polyglactin-910. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 19:183, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Trimbos JB, Niggebrugge A, Trimbos R, et al: Knotting abilities of a new absorbable monofilament suture: poliglecaprone 25 (Monocryl). Eur J Surg 161:319, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Trostle SS, Rosin E: Selection of prosthetic mesh implants. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 16:1147, 1994. Ullman SL, Pavletic MM, Clark GN: Open intestinal anastomosis with surgical stapling equipment in 24 dogs and cats. Vet Surg 20:385, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Van Vechten BJ, Komtebedde J, Koblik PD: Use of transcolonic portal scintigraphy to monitor blood flow and progressive postoperative attenuation of partially ligated single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1770, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Vasconcellos CHDC, Matera JM, Dagli MLZ: Clinical evaluation of random skin flaps based on the subdermal plexus secured with sutures or sutures and cyanoacrylate adhesive for reconstructive surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 34:59, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Voytik-Harbin SL, Brightman AO, Kraine MR, et al: Identification of extractable growth factors from small intestinal submucosa. J Cell Biochem 67:478, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Watté CM, Elks R, Moore DL, et al: Clinical experience with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive in the management of canine and feline corneal disease. Vet Ophthalmol 7:319, 2004.PUBMED Abstract Whitson BA, Cheng BC, Kokini K, et al: Multilaminate resorbable biomedical device under biaxial loading. J Biomed Mater Res 43:277, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Wilson LK, Sullivan S, Goodnight W, et al: The use of blunt needles does not reduce glove perforations during obstetrical laceration repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199:641e1, 2008.PUBMED Abstract Wright PB, Budoff JE, Yeh ML, et al: Strength of damaged suture: an in vitro study. Arthroscopy 22:1270, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Wright PB, Kosmopoulos V, Cote RE, et al: FiberWire is superior in strength to stainless steel wire for tension band fixation of transverse patellar fractures. Injury 40:1200, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Wust DM, Meyer DC, Favre P, et al: Mechanical and handling properties of braided polyblend polyethylene sutures in comparison to braided polyester and monofilament polydioxanone sutures. Arthroscopy 22:1146, 2006. 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PUBMED Abstract Scully RE, Shannon JM, Dickersen GR: Factors involved in recovery from experimental skeletal muscle ischaemia produced in dogs: histologic and histochemical patterns of ischaemic muscle. Am J Pathol 39:721, 1961. PUBMED Abstract 94 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. Segal HC, Hunt BJ, Gilding K: The effects of alginate and non-alginate wound dressings on blood coagulation and platelet activation. J Biomater Appl 12:249, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Skjeldal S, Torvik A, Nordsletten L, et al: Local hypothermia during ischemia or reperfusion in skeletal muscles. Res Exp Med (Berl) 193:73, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Solheim E, Anfinsen OG, Holmsen H, et al: Effect of local hemostatics on platelet aggregation. Eur Surg Res 23:45, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Soriano A, Bori G, García-Ramiro S, et al: Timing of prophylaxis for primary total knee arthroplasty performed during ischemia. Clin Infect Dis 46:1009, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Spotnitz WD, Burks S: Hemostats, sealants, and adhesives surgical toolbox. Transfusion 48(July):1506, 2008. Suber T: Desmopressin acetate. Comp Cont Ed 24:962, 2002. Swanson AB, Livengood LC, Sattel AB: Local hypothermia to prolong safe tourniquet time. Clin Orthop Relat Res 264:200, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Thomas S: Bandages and bandaging. In Wound management and dressings, London, 1990, The Pharmaceutical Press, p 88. Tomizawa Y: Clinical benefits and risk analysis of topical hemostats: a review. J Artif Organs 8:137, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Tublin ME, Alexander JM, Ogilvie JB: Appearance of absorbable gelatin compressed sponge on early post-thyroidectomy neck sonography: a mimic of locally recurrent or residual thyroid carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med 29:117, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Veres G, Radovits T, Schultz H, et al: Effect of recombinant aprotinin on postoperative blood loss and coronary vascular function in a canine model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 32:340, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Wagner WR, Pachence JM, Ristich J: Comparative in vitro analysis of topical hemostatic agents. J Surg Res 66:100, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Wang MY, Armstrong JK, Fisher TC: A new pluronic based, bone hemostatic agent that does not impair osteogenesis. Neurosurgery 49:962, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Welling DR, Rich NM, Burris DG: Who was William Ray Rumel? World J Surg 32:2122, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Wellisz T, An YH, Wen X, et al: Infection rates and healing using bone wax and a soluble polymer material. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:481, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Wellisz T, Armstrong JK, Cambridge J, et al: The effects of a soluble polymer and bone wax on sternal healing in an animal model. Ann Thorac Surg 85:1780, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Wells AD, Shenk WG: Beneficial effect of ethamsylate on the relative blood flow of the pancreas in acute canine necrotizing pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 155:673, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Wenk HN, Honda CN: Silver nitrate cauterisation: characterisation of a new model of corneal inflammation and hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 105:393, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Whitesides TE, Hirada H, Morimoto K: The response of skeletal muscle to temporary ischaemia: an experimental study. J Bone Int Surg 53A/5:1026, 1971. Yang JJ, Zheng J, Liu HJ, et al: Epinephrine infiltration on nasal field causes significant hemodynamic changes: hypotension episode monitored by impedance-cardiography under general anaesthesia. J Pharm Pharm Sci 9:190, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Yazar S, Basaran E: Efficacy of silver nitrate pencils in the treatment of common warts. J Dermatol 21:329, 1994. PUBMED Abstract 95 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 20: Bandages and Drains REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Anderson DM, White RA: Ischemic bandage injuries: a case series and review of the literature. Vet Surg 29:488, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Baxter H, Ballard K: Bandaging: a vital skill. Nurs Times 97:56, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Bolton LL, Monte K, Pirone LA: Moisture and healing: beyond the jargon. Ostomy Wound Manage 46:51S, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Briggs M, Torra I, Bou JE: Understanding the origin of wound pain during dressing change. Ostomy Wound Manage 49:10, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Bruck SD: Biostability of materials and implants. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 1:89, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Burton F: An evaluation of non-adherent wound-contact layers for acute traumatic and surgical wounds. J Wound Care 13:371, 2004. 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PUBMED Abstract Hendrix PK, Raffe MR, Robinson EP, et al: Epidural administration of bupivacaine, morphine, or their combination for postoperative analgesia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:598, 1996. PUBMED Abstract 112 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. Herrera MA, Mehl ML, Kass PH, et al: Predictive factors and the effect of phenoxybenzamine on outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. J Vet Intern Med 22:1333, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Herring IP, Pickett JP, Champagne ES, et al: Evaluation of aqueous tear production in dogs following general anesthesia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:427, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Higashi H, Nishi S: Effect of barbiturates on the GABA receptor of cat primary afferent neurones. J Physiol 332:299, 1982. 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PUBMED Abstract Ilkiw JE, Suter CM, McNeal D, et al: The effect of intravenous administration of variable-dose midazolam after fixed-dose ketamine in healthy awake cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 19:217, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Insler SR, Sessler DI: Perioperative thermoregulation and temperature monitoring. Anesthesiol Clin 24:823, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Inturrisi CE: Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain. Clin J Pain 18:S3, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Irwin MG, Trinh T, Yao CL: Occupational exposure to anaesthetic gases: a role for TIVA. Expert Opin Drug Saf 8:473, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 113 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. Ishikawa Y, Uechi M, Ishikawa R, et al: Effect of isoflurane anesthesia on hemodynamics following the administration of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in cats. J Vet Med Sci 69:869, 2007. 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PUBMED Abstract Messner M, Beese U, Romstock J, et al: The bispectral index declines during neuromuscular block in fully awake persons. Anesth Analg 97:488, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Michard F, Teboul JL: Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence. Chest 121:2000, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Michelsen LG, Salmenpera M, Hug CC, Jr, et al: Anesthetic potency of remifentanil in dogs. Anesthesiology 84:865, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Mitchell SL, McCarthy R, Rudloff E, et al: Tracheal rupture associated with intubation in cats: 20 cases (1996–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1592, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Moon-Massat PF, Erb HN: Perioperative factors associated with puppy vigor after delivery by cesarean section. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:90, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Moon PF: Acute toxicosis in two dogs associated with etomidate-propylene glycol infusion. Lab Anim Sci 44:590, 1994. 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PUBMED Abstract 117 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. Pang D, Hethey J, Caulkett NA, et al: Partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 sampled via an intranasal catheter as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO2 in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:143, 2007. Papich MG, Alcorn J: Absorption of diazepam after its rectal administration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56:1629, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Pascoe PJ, Dyson DH: Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs: epidural morphine vs. intercostal bupivacaine. Vet Surg 22:141, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Pascoe PJ, Ilkiw JE, Frischmeyer KJ: The effect of the duration of propofol administration on recovery from anesthesia in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 33:2, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Pascoe PJ, Ilkiw JE, Haskins SC, et al: Cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate in hypovolemic dogs. Am J Vet Res 53:2178, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Pascoe PJ, Moon PF: Periparturient and neonatal anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31:315, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Pashayan AG, Gravenstein JS: Helium retards endotracheal tube fires from carbon dioxide lasers. Anesthesiology 62:274, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Patel N, Dalal P, Panesar M: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: a narrative review. Semin Dial 21:493, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Pearson ML, Levine WC, Finton RJ, et al: Anesthesia-associated carbon monoxide exposures among surgical patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 22:352, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Pettifer G, Dyson D, McDonell W: The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in halothane and isoflurane anesthetized dogs: an assessment of repeatability. Can J Vet Res 61:221, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Pettifer GR, Hosgood G: The effect of rectal temperature on perianesthetic serum concentrations of transdermally administered fentanyl in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Am J Vet Res 64:1557, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Peyton JL, Burkitt JM: Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency in a dog with septic shock. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 19:262, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Platt SR, Randell SC, Scott KC, et al: Comparison of plasma benzodiazepine concentrations following intranasal and intravenous administration of diazepam to dogs. Am J Vet Res 61:651, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Popilskis S, Kohn D, Sanchez JA, et al: Epidural vs. intramuscular oxymorphone analgesia after thoracotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 20:462, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Posner LP, Asakawa M, Erb HN: Use of propofol for anesthesia in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis: 44 cases (1995–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1841, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Posner LP, Gleed RD, Erb HN, et al: Post-anesthetic hyperthermia in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 34:40, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Pottie RG, Dart CM, Perkins NR: Speed of induction of anaesthesia in dogs administered halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane or propofol in a clinical setting. Aust Vet J 86:26, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Pottie RG, Dart CM, Perkins NR, et al: Effect of hypothermia on recovery from general anaesthesia in the dog. Aust Vet J 85:158, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Pullen WH, Hess RS: Hypothyroid dogs treated with intravenous levothyroxine. J Vet Intern Med 20:32, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Pypendop BH, Verstegen JP: Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine in the dog: a dose titration study. Vet Surg 27:612, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Radlinsky MG, Mason DE, Roush JK, et al: Use of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:414, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Raffe MR, Martin FB: Effect of inspired air heat and humidification on anesthetic-induced hypothermia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 44:455, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Reynolds L, Beckmann J, Kurz A: Perioperative complications of hypothermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 22:645, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Riecks TW, Birchard SJ, Stephens JA: Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1324, 2007. PUBMED Abstract 118 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. Ritter S, Rudiger A, Maggiorini M: Transpulmonary thermodilution-derived cardiac function index identifies cardiac dysfunction in acute heart failure and septic patients: an observational study. Crit Care 13:R133, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Riviere PJ: Peripheral kappa-opioid agonists for visceral pain. Br J Pharmacol 141:1331, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Robertson SA, Lascelles BD, Taylor PM, et al: PK-PD modeling of buprenorphine in cats: intravenous and oral transmucosal administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:453, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Robinson TM, Kruse-Elliott KT, Markel MD, et al: A comparison of transdermal fentanyl versus epidural morphine for analgesia in dogs undergoing major orthopedic surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:95, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Rosati M, Dyson DH, Sinclair MD, et al: Response of hypotensive dogs to dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride during deep isoflurane anesthesia. Am J Vet Res 68:483, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Rosenberg H, Davis M, James D, et al: Malignant hyperthermia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2:21, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Rush JE, Freeman LM, Fenollosa NK, et al: Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:202, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Sammarco JL, Conzemius MG, Perkowski SZ, et al: Postoperative analgesia for stifle surgery: a comparison of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline. Vet Surg 25:59, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Sams L, Braun C, Allman D, et al: A comparison of the effects of propofol and etomidate on the induction of anesthesia and on cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 35:488, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Sano T, Nishimura R, Kanazawa H, et al: Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after single intravenous injection and constant rate infusion in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 33:266, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Sano T, Nishimura R, Mochizuki M, et al: Effects of midazolam-butorphanol, acepromazinebutorphanol and medetomidine on an induction dose of propofol and their compatibility in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 65:1141, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Sarton E, Teppema L, Dahan A: Naloxone reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression with special emphasis on the partial agonist/antagonist buprenorphine. Adv Exp Med Biol 605:486, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Sawyer DC, Rech RH, Adams T, et al: Analgesia and behavioral responses of dogs given oxymorphone-acepromazine and meperidine-acepromazine after methoxyflurane and halothane anesthesia. Am J Vet Res 53:1361, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Schaer M: Fatal air embolism in an adult cat. Clin Brief 7:60, 2009. Schmiedt CW, Holzman G, Schwarz T, et al: Survival, complications, and analysis of risk factors after renal transplantation in cats. Vet Surg 37:683, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Schurig JE, Florczyk AP, Rose WC, et al: Antiemetic activity of butorphanol against cisplatininduced emesis in ferrets and dogs. Cancer Treat Rep 66:1831, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Scroggin RD, Jr, Quandt J: The use of vasopressin for treating vasodilatory shock and cardiopulmonary arrest. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 19:145, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Sederberg J, Stanley TH, Reddy P, et al: Hemodynamic effects of butorphanol-oxygen anesthesia in dogs. 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PUBMED Abstract Solano AM, Pypendop BH, Boscan PL, et al: Effect of intravenous administration of ketamine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 67:21, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Staffieri F, Franchini D, Carella GL, et al: Computed tomographic analysis of the effects of two inspired oxygen concentrations on pulmonary aeration in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs. Am J Vet Res 68:925, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Steagall PV, Mantovani FB, Taylor PM, et al: Dose-related antinociceptive effects of intravenous buprenorphine in cats. Vet J 182:203, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Steagall PV, Teixeira Neto FJ, Minto BW, et al: Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine and fentanyl during surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:522, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Steffey MA, Schwark WS, Erb HN: Plasma fentanyl concentration during long-term exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches in cats. 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PUBMED Abstract Sutton TS, Koblin DD, Gruenke LD, et al: Fluoride metabolites after prolonged exposure of volunteers and patients to desflurane. Anesth Analg 73:180, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Takahashi T, Tsuchida D, Pappas TN: Central effects of morphine on GI motility in conscious dogs. Brain Res 1166:29, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Takizawa D, Hiraoka H, Goto F, et al: Human kidneys play an important role in the elimination of propofol. Anesthesiology 102:327, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Teixeira Neto FJ, Carregaro AB, Mannarino R, et al: Comparison of a sidestream capnograph and a mainstream capnograph in mechanically ventilated dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1582, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Tobias KM, Jackson AM, Harvey RC: Effects of doxapram HCl on laryngeal function of normal dogs and dogs with naturally occurring laryngeal paralysis. Vet Anaesth Analg 31:258, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Tobias KM, Marioni-Henry K, Wagner R: A retrospective study on the use of acepromazine maleate in dogs with seizures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:283, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Topal A, Gul N, Ilcol Y, et al: Hepatic effects of halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:530, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Traut U, Brugger L, Kunz R, et al: Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004930, 2008. PUBMED Abstract 120 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. Trissel: Diazepam. In Handbook on injectable drugs, ed 12, Philadelphia, PA, 2002, American Society of Health System Pharmacists, p 402. Troncy E, Junot S, Keroack S, et al: Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:666, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Tsai YC, Wang LY, Yeh LS: Clinical comparison of recovery from total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 69:1179, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Vainio O, Vaha-Vahe T, Palmu L: Sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 12:225, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Valverde A: Epidural analgesia and anesthesia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38:1205, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Valverde A, Cantwell S, Hernandez J, et al: Effects of acepromazine on the incidence of vomiting associated with opioid administration in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 31:40, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Valverde A, Morey TE, Hernandez J, et al: Validation of several types of noxious stimuli for use in determining the minimum alveolar concentration for inhalation anesthetics in dogs and rabbits. Am J Vet Res 64:957, 2003. 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Jackson J, Richter KP, Launer DP: Thoracoscopic partial pericardiectomy in 13 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 13:529, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Kan Z, Wallace S: Sinusoidal embolization: impact of iodized oil on hepatic microcirculation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 5:881, 1994. PUBMED Abstract 123 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Kudnig ST, Monnet E, Riquelme M, et al: Effect of one-lung ventilation on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs with an open thoracic cavity. Am J Vet Res 64:443, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Lambertson GR, Hsi RS, Jin DH, et al: Prospective comparison for four laparoscopic vessel ligation devices. J Endourol 22:2307, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Lansdowne JL, Monnet E, Twedt DC, Dernell WS: Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs. Vet Surg 34:530, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Lewis AL, Gonzalez V, Lloyd AW, et al: DC Bead: in vitro characterization of a drug-delivery device for transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17:335, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Lewis AL, Taylor RR, Hall B, et al: Pharmacokinetic and safety study of doxorubicin-eluting beads in a porcine model of hepatic arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17:1335, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Margiocco ML, Bulmer BJ, Sisson DD: Percutaneous occlusion of a muscular ventricular septal defect with an Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder. J Vet Cardiol 10:61, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Matthews BD, Pratt BL, Backus CL, et al: Effectiveness of the ultrasonic coagulating shears, LigaSure vessel sealer and surgical clip application in biliary surgery: a comparative analysis. Am Surg 67:901, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Mayhew PD, Brown DC: Comparison of three techniques for ovarian pedicle hemostasis during laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Vet Surg 36:541, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Mayhew PD, Brown DC: Prospective evaluation of two intracorporeally sutured prophylactic laparoscopic gastropexy techniques compared with laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs. Vet Surg 38:738, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Mayhew PD, Freeman LJ, Kwan T, Brown DC: Prospective comparison of post-operative wound infection rates after minimally invasive versus open surgery. Proceedings of the Veterinary Endoscopy Society Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, March 7, 2009. Mayhew PD, Friedberg JS: Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of non-invasive thymomas using single-lung ventilation in two dogs. Vet Surg 37:756, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Mayhew PD, Mehler SJ, Radhakrishnan A: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy of uncomplicated gall bladder mucocele in six dogs. Vet Surg 37:625, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Neuhaus SJ, Gupta A, Watson DI: Helium and other alternative insufflation gases for laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 15:553, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Nguyenba TP, Tobias AH: The Amplatz canine duct occluder: a novel device for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion. J Vet Cardiol 9:109, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Olmi S, Scaini A, Erba L, et al: Use of fibrin glue (Tissucol) as a hemostatic in laparoscopic conservative treatment of spleen trauma. Surg Endosc 21:2051, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Person B, Vivas DA, Ruiz D, et al: Comparison of four energy-based vascular sealing and cutting instruments: a porcine model. Surg Endosc 22:534, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Reimer SB, Kittleson MD, Kyles AE: Use of rheolytic thrombectomy in the treatment of feline distal aortic thromboembolism. J Vet Intern Med 20:290, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Roberts A: Thrombolysis: clinical applications. In Baum S, Pentecost MJ, editors: Abrams’ angiography interventional radiology, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2006, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 233. 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PUBMED Abstract Nasir L, Devlin P, McKevitt T, et al: Telomere lengths and telomerase activity in dog tissues: a potential model system to study human telomere and telomerase biology. Neoplasia 3:351, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG: Principles of surgical resection: influence of surgical technique on treatment outcome: colorectal cancer. Surg Clin North Am 73:103, 1993. PUBMED Abstract O’Brien RT, Iani M, Matheson J, et al: Contrast harmonic ultrasound of spontaneous liver nodules in 32 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:547, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Olovnikov AM: Telomeres, telomerase, and aging: origin of the theory. Exp Gerontol 31:443, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Owen LN, editor: TNM classification of tumors in domestic animals, Geneva, 1980, World Health Organization. Ozaki K, Yamagami T, Nomura K, Narama I: Prognostic significance of surgical margin, Ki-67 and cyclin D1 protein expression in grade II canine cutaneous mast cell tumor. J Vet Med Sci 69:1117, 2007. 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PUBMED Abstract Phillips JC, Stephenson B, Hauck M, Dillberger J: Heritability and segregation analysis of osteosarcoma in the Scottish deerhound. Genomics 90:354, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Poirier VJ, Burgess KE, Adams WM, Vail DM: Toxicity, dosage, and efficacy of vinorelbine (Navelbine) in dogs with spontaneous neoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 18:536, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Poston GJ: Is there a surgical oncology? In Textbook of surgical oncology, London, UK, 2007, Informa Healthcare, p 1. Poteet BA: Veterinary nuclear medicine. In Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2005, Saunders, p 354. Potter BK, Adams SC, Pitcher JD, et al: Local recurrence of disease after unplanned excisions of high-grade soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:3093, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Rapini RP: Comparison of methods for checking surgical margins. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:288, 1990. PUBMED Abstract 132 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. Rassnick KM, Moore AS, Williams LE, et al: Treatment of canine mast cell tumors with CCNU (lomustine). J Vet Intern Med 13:601, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Rebbeck CA, Thomas R, Breen M, et al: Origins and evolution of a transmissible cancer. Evolution 63:2340, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Reimer SB, Seguin B, DeCock HE, et al: Evaluation of the effect of routine histologic processing on the size of skin samples obtained from dogs. Am J Vet Res 66:500, 2009. Reinbach D, McGregor JR, O’Dwyer PJ: Effect of suture material on tumour cell adherence at sites of colonic injury. Br J Surg 80:774, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Ribeiro U, Safatle-Ribeiro AV, Zilberstein B, et al: Does the intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology add prognostic information in patients with potentially curative gastric resection. J Gastrointest Surg 10:170, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Rivera P, Mellin M, Biagi T, et al: Mammary tumor development in dogs is associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Res 69:8770, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Rizzo LB, Ritchey JW, Higbee RG, et al: Histologic comparison of skin biopsy specimens collected by use of carbon dioxide or 810-nm diode lasers from dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1562, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Rodin G, Mackay JA, Zimmermann C, et al: Clinician-patient communication: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer 17:627, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Séguin B, Besancon MF, McCallan JL, et al: Recurrence rate, clinical outcome, and cellular proliferation indices as prognostic indicators after incomplete surgical excision of cutaneous grade II mast cell tumors: 28 dogs (1994–2002). J Vet Intern Med 20:933, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Séguin B, McDonald DE, Kent MS, et al: Tolerance of cutaneous or mucosal flaps placed into a radiation therapy field in dogs. Vet Surg 34:214, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Semenza GL: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and cancer pathogenesis. IUBMB Life 60:591, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Shander A, Knight K, Thurer R, et al: Prevalence and outcome of anemia in surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 116(suppl 7A):58S, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Shiromizu A, Suematsu T, Yamaguchi K, et al: Effect of laparotomy and laparoscopy on the establishment of lung metastasis in a murine model. Surgery 128:799, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Shriner DL, McCoy DK, Goldberg DJ, Wagner RF: Mohs micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 39:79, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Sigurdson ER: Lymph node dissection: is it diagnostic or therapeutic? Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:965, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Simmons R, Thevarajah S, Brennan MB, et al: Methylene blue dye as an alternative to isosulfan blue dye for sentinel lymph node localization. Ann Surg Oncol 10:242, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Simpson AM, Ludwig LL, Newman SJ, et al: Evaluation of surgical margins required for complete excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:236, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Simpson AM, Ludwig LL, Newman SJ, et al: Evaluation of surgical margins required for complete excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:236, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Skorupski KA, Rodriguez CO, Krick EL, et al: Long-term survival in dogs with localized histiocytic sarcoma treated with CCNU as an adjuvant to local therapy. Vet Comp Oncol 7:139, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Soderstrom MJ, Gilson SD: Principles of surgical oncology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 25:97, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Sottnik JL, U’Ren LW, Thamm DH, et al: Chronic bacterial osteomyelitis suppression of tumor growth requires innate immune responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 59:367, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Stefanello D, Morello E, Roccabianca P, et al: Marginal excision of low-grade spindle cell sarcoma of canine extremities: 35 dogs (1996–2006). Vet Surg 37:461, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Sugiura H, Takahashi M, Katagiri H, et al: Additional wide resections of malignant soft tissue tumors. Clin Orthop 394:201, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Taghian A, Mohiuddin M, Jagsi R, et al: Current perceptions regarding surgical margin status after breast-conserving therapy: results of a survey. Ann Surg 241:629, 2005. PUBMED Abstract 133 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. Takashima A: UVB-dependent modulation of epidermal cytokine network: roles in UVB-induced depletion of Langerhans cells and dendritic epidermal T cells. J Dermatol 22:876, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Tannock I, Hill R: Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In The basic science of oncology, New York, 2005, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing, p 123. Tannock I, Hill R: The basic science of oncology, New York, 2005, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing. Tanvetyanon T, Clark JI, Campbell SC, et al: Neoadjuvant therapy: an emerging concept in oncology. South Med J 98:338, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Teifke JP, Löhr CV, Shirasawa H: Detection of canine oral papillomavirus-DNA in canine oral squamous cell carcinomas and p53 overexpressing skin papillomas of the dog using the polymerase chain reaction and non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Vet Microbiol 60:119, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Thamm DH, Vail DM: Mast cell tumors. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, p 261. Thomson M: Alimentary tract, liver, and pancreas. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 2368. Townsend DW, Beyer T: A combined PET/CT scanner: the path to true image fusion. Br J Radiol 75:824, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Turnbull RB, Kyle K, Watson FR, et al: Cancer of the colon: the influence of the no-touch isolation technique on survival rates. Ann Surg 166:420, 1967. PUBMED Abstract Vail DM, MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, et al: Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine adjuvant immunotherapy for splenic hemangiosarcoma in the dog: a randomized multi-institutional clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 1:1165, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Vail DM, Rodabaugh HS, Conder GA, et al: Efficacy of injectable maropitant (Cerenia) in a randomized clinical trial for prevention and treatment of cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs presented as veterinary patients. Vet Comp Oncol 5:38, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Veterinary Co-operative Oncology Group (VCOG): Veterinary Co-operative Oncology Group— Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (VCOG-CTCAE) following chemotherapy or biological antineoplastic therapy in dogs and cats v1.0. Vet Comp Oncol 2:195, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Vikram B, Strong EW, Shah JP, et al: Failure of the primary site following multimodality treatment in advance head and neck cancer. Head Neck Surg 6:720, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Virkus WW, Marshall D, Enneking WF, et al: The effect of contaminated surgical margins revisited. Clin Orthop Relat Res 397:89, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: The genetic basis of human cancer, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing. VonHoldt BM, Ostrander EA: The singular history of a canine transmissible tumor. Cell 126:445, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Wakui S, Muto T, Yokoo K, et al: Prognostic status of p53 gene mutation in canine mammary carcinoma. Anticancer Res 21:611, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Waldron DR, Zimmerman-Pope N: Superficial skin wounds. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 259. Wallack ST, Wisner ER, Werner JA, et al: Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for estimating intramedullary osteosarcoma extent in pre-operative planning of canine limb-salvage procedures. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:432, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Waters D: Tumor metastasis: current biologic concepts and their implications for control of residual disease. In Gilson SD, editor: Surgical oncology, veterinary clinics of North America small animal practice, Philadelphia, 1995, WB Saunders, p 231. Weisse C, Shofer FS, Sorenmo K: Recurrence rates and sites for grade II canine cutaneous mast cell tumors following complete surgical excision. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:71, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Williams LE, Packer RA: Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1234, 2003. PUBMED Abstract 134 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 210. 211. 212. Wilson H, Huelsmeyer M, Chun R, et al: Isolation and characterisation of cancer stem cells from canine osteosarcoma. Vet J 175:69, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Withrow SJ: Surgical oncology. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, p 70. Wong CK, Lam YL, So YC, et al: Management of extremity soft tissue sarcoma after unplanned incomplete resection: experience of a regional musculoskeletal tumour center. Hong Kong Med J 10:117, 2004. PUBMED Abstract 135 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 SECTION III: Neurosurgery Chapter 26: Neurologic Examination and Neuroanatomic Diagnosis REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. De Risio L, Adams V, Dennis R, McConnell F, Platt S: Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical associations in 52 dogs with suspected ischemic myelopathy. J Vet Intern Med 21:1290, 2007. PUBMED Abstract deLahunta A, Glass E: Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2009, Saunders. Forterre F, Konar M, Tomek A, et al: Accuracy of the withdrawal reflex for localization of the site of cervical disk herniation in dogs: 35 cases (2004–2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:559, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, et al: The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia 7:179, 1969. PUBMED Abstract Levine JM, Hillman RB, Erb HN, deLahunta A: The influence of age on patellar reflex response in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 16:244, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Levine JM, Ruaux CG, Bergman RL, et al: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of dogs with acute spinal cord trauma from intervertebral disk disease. Am J Vet Res 67:283, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Smith PM, Jeffery ND: Spinal shock—comparative aspects and clinical relevance. J Vet Intern Med 19:788, 2005. PUBMED Abstract 136 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 27: Neurodiagnostics REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. AAEE glossary of terms in clinical electromyography. Muscle Nerve 10:G1, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Adinolfi AM, Yamuy J, Morales FR, et al: Segmental demyelination in peripheral nerves of old cats. Neurobiol Aging 12:175, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Aktas M, Auguste D, Lefebvre HP, et al: Creatine kinase in the dog: a review. Vet Res Commun 17:353, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Anor S, Lipsitz D, Williams DC, et al: Evaluation of jitter by stimulated single-fiber electromyography in normal dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17:545, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Arbuthnott ER, Boyd IA, Kalu KU: Ultrastructural dimensions of myelinated peripheral nerve fibres in the cat and their relation to conduction velocity. J Physiol 308:125, 1980. PUBMED Abstract Bennett D: An anatomical and histological study of the sciatic nerve, relating to peripheral nerve injuries in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 17:379, 1976. PUBMED Abstract Braund KG, Hoff EJ, Richardson EY: Histochemical identification of fiber types in canine skeletal muscle. Am J Vet Res 39:561, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Braund KG, Lincoln CE: Histochemical differentiation of fiber types in neonatal canine skeletal muscle. Am J Vet Res 42:407, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Braund KG, McGuire JA, Lincoln CE: Observations on normal skeletal muscle of mature dogs: a cytochemical, histochemical, and morphometric study. Vet Pathol 19:577, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Braund KG, Walker TL, Vandevelde M: Fascicular nerve biopsy in the dog. Am J Vet Res 40:1025, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Braund KG: Neurological syndromes. In Vite CH, Braund KG, editors: Braund’s clinical neurology in small animals: localization, diagnosis and treatment, Ithaca, NY, 2003, International Veterinary Information Services. Braund KG: Skeletal muscle biopsy. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 4:108, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Cardinet GH, 3rd, Holliday TA: Neuromuscular diseases of domestic animals: a summary of muscle biopsies from 159 cases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 317:290, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Cherington M: Electrophysiologic methods as an aid in diagnosis of botulism: a review. Muscle Nerve 5:S28, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Cuddon PA, Delauche AJ, Hutchison JM: Assessment of dorsal nerve root and spinal cord dorsal horn function in clinically normal dogs by determination of cord dorsum potentials. Am J Vet Res 60:222, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Cuddon PA: Electrophysiology in neuromuscular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:31, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Bailey CS, Shelton GD, et al: Clinical forms of acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs: 25 cases (1988–1995). J Vet Intern Med 11:50, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Dickinson PJ, LeCouteur RA: Feline neuromuscular disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34:1307, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Dickinson PJ, LeCouteur RA: Muscle and nerve biopsy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:63, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Dubowitz V, Brooke MH: Muscle biopsy: a modern approach, Philadelphia, 1973, WB Saunders. Dumitru D: Electrodiagnostic medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2001, Hanley & Belfus. Engel AG, Franzini-Armstrong C: Myology, ed 2, New York, 1994, McGraw-Hill. English AW, Wolf SL: The motor unit: anatomy and physiology. Phys Ther 62:1763, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Fascetti AJ, Mauldin GE, Mauldin GN: Correlation between serum creatine kinase activities and anorexia in cats. J Vet Intern Med 11:9, 1997. PUBMED Abstract 137 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. Fisher MA: AAEM minimonograph #13: H reflexes and F waves: physiology and clinical indications. Muscle Nerve 15:1223, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Fyfe JC: Molecular diagnosis of inherited neuromuscular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:287, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Glass EN, Kent M: The clinical examination for neuromuscular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:1, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Griffiths IR, Duncan ID, McQueen A, et al: Neuromuscular disease in dogs: some aspects of its investigation and diagnosis. J Small Anim Pract 14:533, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Holliday TA, Weldon NE, Ealand BG: Percutaneous recording of evoked spinal cord potentials of dogs. Am J Vet Res 40:326, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Holliday TA: Electrodiagnostic examination: somatosensory evoked potentials and electromyography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:833, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Jeffery ND, Talbot CE, Smith PM, et al: Acquired idiopathic laryngeal paralysis as a prominent feature of generalised neuromuscular disease in 39 dogs. Vet Rec 158:17, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Kimura J: Electrodiagnosis in diseases of nerve and muscle: principles and practice, New York, 2001, Oxford University Press. Knecht CD, Redding R, Hyams D: Stimulation techniques and response characteristics of the M and F waves and H reflex in dogs. Vet Res Commun 6:123, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Knecht CD, Redding RW, Wilson S: Characteristics of F and H waves of ulnar and tibial nerves in cats: reference values. Am J Vet Res 46:977, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Kuzon WM, Jr, Rosenblatt JD, Pynn BR, et al: A comparative histochemical and morphometric study of canine skeletal muscle. Can J Vet Res 53:125, 1989. PUBMED Abstract McGavin MD: Muscle biopsy in veterinary practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 13:135, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Mesrati F, Vecchierini MF: F-waves: neurophysiology and clinical value. Neurophysiol Clin 34:217, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Niederhauser UB, Holliday TA, Hyde DM, et al: Correlation of sensory electroneurographic recordings and myelinated fiber diameters of the superficial peroneal nerve of dogs. Am J Vet Res 51:1587, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Niederhauser UB, Holliday TA: Electrodiagnostic studies in diseases of muscles and neuromuscular junctions. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 4:116, 1989. PUBMED Abstract O’Brien DP, Johnson GC: Dysautonomia and autonomic neuropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:251, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Orvis JS, Cardinet GH, 3rd: Canine muscle fiber types and susceptibility of masticatory muscles to myositis. Muscle Nerve 4:354, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Platt SR: Neuromuscular complications in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:125, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Reynolds AJ, Fuhrer L, Valentine BA, et al: New approach to percutaneous muscle biopsy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56:982, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Rosenblatt JD, Kuzon WM, Jr, Pynn BR, et al: Fiber type, fiber size, and capillary geometric features of the semitendinosus muscle in three types of dogs. Am J Vet Res 49:1573, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Rossmeisl JH, Duncan RB, Inzana KD, et al: Longitudinal study of the effects of chronic hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle in dogs. Am J Vet Res 70:879, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD, Cardinet GH, 3rd, Bandman E, et al: Fiber type-specific autoantibodies in a dog with eosinophilic myositis. Muscle Nerve 8:783, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD, Cardinet GH, 3rd, Bandman E: Canine masticatory muscle disorders: a study of 29 cases. Muscle Nerve 10:753, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD, Cardinet GH, 3rd: Pathophysiologic basis of canine muscle disorders. J Vet Intern Med 1:36, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD, Willard MD, Cardinet GH, 3rd, et al: Acquired myasthenia gravis: selective involvement of esophageal, pharyngeal, and facial muscles. J Vet Intern Med 4:281, 1990. PUBMED Abstract 138 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. Shelton GD: Clinical pathology for neuromuscular disease. In Shelton GD, editor: Neuromuscular case of the month, 2009. Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory website. Available at: http://vetneuromuscular.ucsd.edu/index.html. Shelton GD: Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:189, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD: Myasthenia gravis: lessons from the past 10 years. J Small Anim Pract 39:368, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD: Neuromuscular disorders affecting young dogs and cats. Vet Neurol Neurosurg J 1:1, 1999. Shelton GD: Rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and necrotizing myopathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34:1469, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Shelton GD: What collection methods are necessary for testing plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations? In Shelton GD, editor: Frequently asked questions, 2010. Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory website. Available at: http://vetneuromuscular.ucsd.edu/index.html. Trevino GS, Demaree RS, Jr, Sanders BV, et al: Needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in dogs: light and electron microscopy of resting muscle. Am J Vet Res 34:507, 1973. PUBMED Abstract van Dijk JG, van der Hoeven BJ, van der Hoeven H: Repetitive nerve stimulation: effects of recording site and the nature of “pseudofacilitation.” Clin Neurophysiol 111:1411, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Walker TL, Redding RW, Braund KG: Motor nerve conduction velocity and latency in the dog. Am J Vet Res 40:1433, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Williams DC: Neuromuscular disease diagnostics. Part Three: Late responses and repetitive nerve stimulation. In Shelton GD, editor: Neuromuscular Case of the Month, 2004. Available at: http://vetneuromuscular.ucsd.edu/cases/2004/dec04.html. 139 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 28: Imaging of the Neurologic System REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Abramson CJ, Garosi L, Platt SR, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of suspected ischemic myelopathy in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:225, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Adamo PF, Crawford JT, Stepien RL: Subdural hematoma of the brainstem in a dog: magnetic resonance findings and treatment. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:400, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Adams WH, Daniel GB, Pardo AD, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine in 13 dogs (1990–1993). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 36:3, 1995. Adams WH: The spine. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 14:148, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Anor S, Sturges BK, Lafranco L, et al: Systemic phaeohyphomycosis (Cladophialophora bantiana) in a dog—clinical diagnosis with stereotactic computed tomographic-guided brain biopsy. J Vet Intern Med 15:257, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Armstrong D, Quisling RG, Webb A, et al: Computed tomographic and nuclear magnetic resonance correlation of canine ceroid-lipofuscinosis with aging. Neurobiol Aging 4:297, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Asakawa MG, MacLillop E, Olby NJ, et al: Imaging diagnosis—neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with a chronic subdural hematoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:155, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Atlas SW: Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. In Atlas SW, editor: Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2008, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Avner A, Dobson JM, Sales JI, et al: Retrospective review of 50 canine nasal tumours evaluated by low-field magnetic resonance imaging. J Small Anim Pract 49:233, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Axlund TW, Hudson JA: Computed tomography of the normal lumbosacral intervertebral disc in 22 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:630, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Bach JF, Mahony OM, Tidwell AS, et al: Brain abscess and bacterial endocarditis in a kerry blue terrier with a history of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:409, 2007. Bagley RS, Wheeler SJ, Klopp L, et al: Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in 10 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:19, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Bahner ML, Reith W, Zuna I, et al: Spiral CT vs incremental CT: is spiral CT superior in imaging of the brain? Eur Radiol 8:416, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Barrs VR, Nicoll RG, Churcher RK, et al: Intracranial empyema: literature review and two novel cases in cats. J Small Anim Pract 48:449, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Bathen-Noethen A, Stein VM, Puff C, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in acute canine distemper virus infection. J Small Anim Pract 49:460, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Benigni L, Corr SA, Lamb CR: Ultrasonographic assessment of the canine sciatic nerve. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:428, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Besalti O, Pekcan Z, Sirin YS, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease: 69 cases (1997–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:902, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Bilderback AL, Faissler D: Surgical management of a canine intracranial abscess due to a bite wound. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:507, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Boroffka SA, Gorig C, Auriemma E, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the canine optic nerve. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:540, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Boroffka SA, Voorhout G: Direct and reconstructed multiplanar computed tomography of the orbits of healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 60:1500, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Boyle GE, Ahern M, Cooke J, et al: An interactive taxonomy of MR imaging sequences. Radiographics 26:e24, 2006. PUBMED Abstract 140 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Braund KG: Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:138, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Brenner O, de Lahunta A, Summers BA, et al: Hereditary polioencephalomyelopathy of the australian cattle dog. Acta Neuropathol 94:54, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Brenner O, Wakshlag JJ, Summers BA, et al: Alaskan Husky encephalopathy—a canine neurodegenerative disorder resembling subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh syndrome). Acta Neuropathol 100:50, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Bush WW, Throop JL, McManus PM, et al: Intravascular lymphoma involving the central and peripheral nervous systems in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:90, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Cantile C, Chianini F, Arispici M, et al: Necrotizing meningoencephalitis associated with cortical hippocampal hamartia in a Pekingese dog. Vet Pathol 38:119, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Cappello R, Rusbridge C: Report from the Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia working group round table. Vet Surg 36:509, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Dewey CW, Scrivani PV, et al: Imaging features of atlanto-occipital overlapping in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:264, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Olby NJ, Broadstone R, et al: Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid flow in Cavalier King Charles spaniels analyzed using phase velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:467, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Olby NJ, McCullough S, et al: Morphology of the caudal fossa in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:37, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Dewey CW: Congenital diseases of the craniocervical junction in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:121, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Chen CJ, Lyu RK, Lee ST, et al: Intramedullary high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: prediction of prognosis with type of intensity. Radiology 221:789, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Cherubini GB, Platt SR, Howson S, et al: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging sequences in dogs with multi-focal intracranial disease. J Small Anim Pract 49:634, 2008. 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J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:321, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Olby N, Blot S, Thibaud JL, et al: Cerebellar cortical degeneration in adult American Staffordshire terriers. J Vet Intern Med 18:201, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Olby NJ, Munana KR, Sharp NJ, et al: The computed tomographic appearance of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:396, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Owen MC, Davis SH, Worth AJ: Imaging diagnosis—traumatic myelopathy in a dog with incomplete ossification of the dorsal lamina of the atlas. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:570, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Ozsarlak O, Van Goethem JW, Maes M, et al: MR angiography of the intracranial vessels: technical aspects and clinical applications. Neuroradiology 46:955, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Packer RA, Coates JR, Cook CR, et al: Sublumbar abscess and diskospondylitis in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:396, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Packer RA, Frank PM, Chambers JN: Traumatic subarachnoid-pleural fistula in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:523, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Panarello GL, Dewey CW, Barone G, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of two suspected cases of global brain ischemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14:269, 2004. Parry AT, Penning VA, Smith KC, et al: Imaging diagnosis—necrotizing meningomyelitis and polyarthritis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:412, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Patel MR, Edelman RR, Warach S: Detection of hyperacute primary intraparenchymal hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 27:2321, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Pease A, Sullivan S, Olby N, et al: Value of a single-shot turbo spin-echo pulse sequence for assessing the architecture of the subarachnoid space and the constitutive nature of cerebrospinal fluid. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:254, 2006. PUBMED Abstract 147 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. Penderis J, Dennis R: Use of traction during magnetic resonance imaging of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (“Wobbler syndrome”) in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:216, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Penderis J, McConnell JF, Calvin J: Magnetic resonance imaging features of thiamine deficiency in a cat. Vet Rec 160:270, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Penning VA, Platt SR, Dennis R, et al: Association of spinal cord compression seen on magnetic resonance imaging with clinical outcome in 67 dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Small Anim Pract 47:644, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Peremans K, De Bondt P, Audenaert K, et al: Regional brain perfusion in 10 normal dogs measured using technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer spect. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:562, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Petersen SA, Sturges BK, Dickinson PJ, et al: Canine intraspinal meningiomas: imaging features, histopathologic classification, and long-term outcome in 34 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22:946, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Pettigrew R, Rylander H, Schwarz T: Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve in dogs without evidence of trigeminal neuropathy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:276, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Platt SR, Graham J, Chrisman CL, et al: Canine intracranial epidermoid cyst. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:454, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Platt SR, McConnell JF, Bestbier M: Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of ascending hemorrhagic myelomalacia in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:78, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Pollard RE, Puchalski SM, Pascoe PJ: Hemodynamic and serum biochemical alterations associated with intravenous administration of three types of contrast media in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 69:1268, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Pollard RE, Puchalski SM, Pascoe PJ: Hemodynamic and serum biochemical alterations associated with intravenous administration of three types of contrast media in anesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res 69:1274, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Pooley RA: AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: fundamental physics of MR imaging. Radiographics 25:1087, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Porat-Mosenco Y, Schwarz T, Kass PH: Thick-section reformatting of thinly collimated computed tomography for reduction of skull-base-related artifacts in dogs and horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:131, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Quesnel AD, Parent JM, McDonell W, et al: Diagnostic evaluation of cats with seizure disorders: 30 cases (1991–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:65, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Reese S, Ruppert C: Ultrasonographic imaging of the vagosympathetic trunk in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:272, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Rose S, Long C, Knipe M, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of brachial plexus tumors in five dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:514, 2005. 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Radiology 243:148, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Sawashima Y, Sawashima K, Taura Y, et al: Clinical and pathological findings of a Yorkshire terrier affected with necrotizing encephalitis. J Vet Med Sci 58:659, 1996. PUBMED Abstract 148 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. Schaefer PW, Grant PE, Gonzalez RG: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 217:331, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Schatzberg SJ, Haley NJ, Barr SC, et al: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of parvoviral DNA from the brains of dogs and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 17:538, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Scheffler K, Lehnhardt S: Principles and applications of balanced SSFP techniques. Eur Radiol 13:2409, 2003. 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PUBMED Abstract Tidwell AS, Specht A, Blaeser L, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of extradural hematomas associated with intervertebral disc herniation in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:319, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Timm K, Flegel T, Oechtering G: Sequential magnetic resonance imaging changes after suspected global brain ischaemia in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 49:408, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Timmann D, Konar M, Howard J, et al: Necrotising encephalitis in a French Bulldog. J Small Anim Pract 48:339, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Troxel MT, Vite CH, Massicotte C, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective analysis of 46 cats. J Vet Intern Med 18:176, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Tzipory L, Vernau KM, Sturges BK, et al: Antemortem diagnosis of localized central nervous system histiocytic sarcoma in 2 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 23:369, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Ulug AM, Truong TN, Filippi CG, et al: Diffusion imaging in obstructive hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:1171, 2003. PUBMED Abstract van der Merwe LL, Lane E: Diagnosis of cerebellar cortical degeneration in a Scottish terrier using magnetic resonance imaging. J Small Anim Pract 42:409, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Van der Vlugt-Meijer RH, Meij BP, Voorhout G: Dynamic helical computed tomography of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:118, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Vernau KM, LeCouteur RA, Sturges BK, et al: Intracranial intra-arachnoid cyst with intracystic hemorrhage in two dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:449, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Vernau KM, Kortz GD, Koblik PD, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography characteristics of intracranial intra-arachnoid cysts in 6 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:171, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Tanghe HL, et al: Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 357:1821, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Vite CH, McGowan JC, Braund KG, et al: Histopathology, electrodiagnostic testing, and magnetic resonance imaging show significant peripheral and central nervous system myelin abnormalities in the cat model of alpha-mannosidosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:817, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Vite CH, Magnitsky S, Aleman D, et al: Apparent diffusion coefficient reveals gray and white matter disease, and t2 mapping detects white matter disease in the brain in feline alphamannosidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:308, 2008. PUBMED Abstract 150 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. Vite CH, Insko EK, Schotland HM, et al: Quantification of cerebral ventricular volume in English Bulldogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:437, 1997. 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PUBMED Abstract Haines DM, Martin KM, Chelack BJ, et al: Immunohistochemical detection of canine distemper virus in haired skin, nasal mucosa, and footpad epithelium: a method for antemortem diagnosis of infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 11:396, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Hartmann K, Ritz S: Treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 123:172, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Hawthorne JC, Wallace LJ, Fenner WR, Waters DJ: Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in miniature schnauzers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:374, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Herrera BM, Cader MZ, Dyment DA, et al: Multiple sclerosis susceptibility and the X chromosome. Mult Scler 13:856, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Higgins RJL, editor: GME, NME, and breed specific encephalitis and allied disorders: variations of the same theme or different diseases? A clinical and pathological perspective, Bern, Switzerland, 2007; Presented at: 20th Annual Symposium of the European College of Veterinary Neurology. 161 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. Hirano A, Kurland LT, Sayre GP: Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a subgroup characterized by posterior and spinocerebellar tract involvement and hyaline inclusions in the anterior horn cells. Arch Neurol 16:232, 1967. PUBMED Abstract Hoffman GE, Le WW, Murphy AZ, Koski CL: Divergent effects of ovarian steroids on neuronal survival during experimental allergic encephalitis in Lewis rats. Exp Neurol 171:272, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Johnston PE, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, et al: Central nervous system pathology in 25 dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy. Vet Rec 146:629, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Kathmann I, Cizinauskas S, Doherr MG, et al: Daily controlled physiotherapy increases survival time in dogs with suspected degenerative myelopathy. J Vet Intern Med 20:927, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Kent M, Platt SR, Rech RR, et al: Clinicopathologic and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics associated with polioencephalomyelopathy in a Shih Tzu. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:551, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Kipar A, Baumgartner W, Vogl C, et al: Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Vet Pathol 35:43, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Kitagawa M, Kanayama K, Satoh T, Sakai T. Cerebellar focal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog: clinical findings and MR imaging. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 51:277, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Kitagawa M, Okada M, Watari T, et al: Ocular granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog: magnetic resonance images and clinical findings. J Vet Med Sci 71:233, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Koestner A: Primary lymphoreticuloses of the nervous system in animals. Acta Neuropathol Suppl 6:85, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Kornegay JN: Feline infectious peritonitis: the central nervous system form. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:580, 1978. Kraft SL, Mussman JM, Smith T, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of presumptive lumbosacral discospondylitis in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:9, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Kraus KH, Butler LM, Pope ER: Paraparesis caused by epidural granuloma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:789, 1989. PUBMED Abstract 80a. Lavely J, Lipsitz D: Fungal infections of the central nervous system in the dog and cat. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20:212, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Lehovsky J: Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis/disc infection. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 13:59, 1999. 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PUBMED Abstract Matthews NS, de Lahunta A: Degenerative myelopathy in an adult miniature poodle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1213, 1985. PUBMED Abstract McArthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A: Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol 4:543, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Mellema LM, Samii VF, Vernau KM, LeCouteur RA: Meningeal enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging in 15 dogs and 3 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1:10, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Mesfin GM, Kusewitt D, Parker A: Degenerative myelopathy in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:62, 1980. PUBMED Abstract 162 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 111. Messer JS, Wagner SO, Baumwart RD, Colitz CM: A case of canine streptococcal meningoencephalitis diagnosed using universal bacterial polymerase chain reaction assay. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:205, 2008. 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PUBMED Abstract Pedersen NC, Black JW: Attempted immunization of cats against feline infectious peritonitis, using avirulent live virus or sublethal amounts of virulent virus. Am J Vet Res 44:229, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Pedersen NC. A review of feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteric coronavirus infections. Feline Pract 2:5, 1983. Pedersen NC: A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963-2008. J Feline Med Surg 11:225, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Plummer SB, Wheeler SJ, Thrall DE, Kornegay JN: Computed tomography of primary inflammatory brain disorders in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 33:307, 1992. Radaelli ST, Platt SR: Bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a retrospective study of 23 cases (1990–1999). J Vet Intern Med 16:159, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Read DH, Harrington DD: Experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in beagle dogs: clinical observations. Am J Vet Res 42:984, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Remedios AM, Wagner R, Caulkett NA, Duke T: Epidural abscess and discospondylitis in a dog after administration of a lumbosacral epidural analgesic. Can Vet J 37:106, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Ritz S, Egberink H, Hartmann K: Effect of feline interferon-omega on the survival time and quality of life of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 21:1193, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Rohde V, Meyer B, Schaller C, et al: Spondylodiscitis after lumbar discectomy: incidence and a proposal for prophylaxis. Spine 23:615, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Saito TB, Alfieri AA, Wosiacki SR, et al: Detection of canine distemper virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the urine of dogs with clinical signs of distemper encephalitis. Res Vet Sci 80:116, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Schatzberg S, Li Q, Platt S, et al, editors: Molecular investigations in canine meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. 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PUBMED Abstract Talarico LR, Schatzberg SJ: Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotizing inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: a review and future perspectives. J Small Anim Pract 51:138, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Taylor MB, Geiger DA, Saker KE, Larson MM: Diffuse osteopenia and myelopathy in a puppy fed a diet composed of an organic premix and raw ground beef. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1041, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Tebas P, Nease RF, Storch GA: Use of the polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: a decision analysis model. Am J Med 105:287, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Thomas WB: Diskospondylitis and other vertebral infections. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30:169, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Thomas WB: Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system in dogs. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 13:167, 1998. 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PUBMED Abstract Fauber AE, Wade JA, Lipka AE, et al: Effect of width of disk fenestration and a ventral slot on biomechanics of the canine C5-C6 vertebral motion unit. Am J Vet Res 67:1844, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Fehlings MG, Arvin B: Surgical management of cervical degenerative disease: the evidence related to indications, impact, and outcome. J Neurosurg Spine 11:97, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 168 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. Felts JF, Prata RG: Cervical disk disease in the dog: intraforaminal and lateral extrusions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:755, 1983. Fitch RB, Kerwin SC, Hosgood G: Caudal cervical intervertebral disk disease in the small dog: role of distraction and stabilization in ventral slot decompression. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:68, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Forterre F, Kaiser S, Garner M, et al: Synovial cysts associated with cauda equina syndrome in two dogs. Vet Surg 35:30, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Forterre F, Konar M, Tomek A, et al: Accuracy of the withdrawal reflex for localization of the site of cervical disk herniation in dogs: 35 cases (2004–2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:559, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Forterre F, Spreng D, Rytz U, et al: Thoracolumbar dorsolateral laminectomy with osteotomy of the spinous process in fourteen dogs. Vet Surg 36:458, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Fransson BA, Zhu Q, Bagley RS, et al: Biomechanical evaluation of cervical intervertebral plug stabilization in an ovine model. Vet Surg 36:449, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Fry T, Johnson AL, Hungerford L, et al: Surgical treatment of cervical disc herniations in ambulatory dogs: ventral decompression vs. fenestration, 111 cases (1980–1988). Prog Vet Neurol 2:165, 1991. Funkquist B: Decompression laminectomy for cervical disk protrusion in the dog. 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Trotter EJ, de Lahunta A, Geary JC, et al: Caudal cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in Great Danes and Doberman Pinschers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:917, 1976. PUBMED Abstract Trotter EJ: Cervical spine locking plate fixation for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in large breed dogs. Vet Surg 38:705, 2009. PUBMED Abstract VanGundy TE: Disc-associated wobbler syndrome in the Doberman pinscher. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 18:667, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Voss K, Steffen F Montavon PM: Use of the ComPact UniLock System for ventral stabilization procedures of the cervical spine: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:21, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Walker TL: Use of Harrington rods in caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger, p 584. Waltz TA: Physical factors in the production of the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis. Brain 90:395, 1967. PUBMED Abstract Warren-Smith CM, Kneissl S, Benigni L, et al: Incomplete ossification of the atlas in dogs with cervical signs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:635, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Waters DJ: Nonambulatory tetraparesis secondary to cervical disc disease in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:647, 1989. Watson AG, de Lahunta A: Atlantoaxial subluxation and absence of transverse ligament of the atlas in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:235, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Wheeler SJ: Atlantoaxial subluxation with absence of the dens in a Rottweiler. J Small Anim Pract 33:90, 1992. White AA, Panjabi MM: Biomechanical considerations in the surgical management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine 13:856, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Wilson ER, Aron DN, Roberts RE: Observation of a secondary compressive lesion after treatment of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1297, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Wright F, Palmer AC: Morphological changes caused by pressure on the spinal cord. 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PUBMED Abstract Cudia SP, Duval JM: Thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in large, nonchondrodystrophic dogs: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:456, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Culbert LA, Marino DJ, Baule RM, et al: Complications associated with high-dose prednisolone sodium succinate therapy in dogs with neurological injury. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:129, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Czeizel AE, Dudas I: Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 327:1832, 1992. PUBMED Abstract da Costa RC, Pippi NL, Graca DL, et al: The effects of free fat graft or cellulose membrane implants on laminectomy membrane formation in dogs. Vet J 171:491, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Davies ESS, Fransson BA, Gavin PR: A confusing magnetic resonance imaging observation complicating surgery for a dermoid cyst in a Rhodesian Ridgeback. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:307, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Davies JV, Sharp NJH: A comparison of conservative treatment and fenestration for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 24:721, 1983. 177 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. Davis GJ, Brown DC: Prognostic indicators for time to ambulation after surgical decompression in nonambulatory dogs with acute thoracolumbar disc extrusions: 112 cases. Vet Surg 31:513, 2002. PUBMED Abstract de Lahunta A, Glass E: Lower motor neuron: general somatic efferent, cranial nerve. In Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology, ed 3. St Louis, 2009, Saunders Elsevier, pp 184. De Risio L, Adams V, Dennis R, et al: Association of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings with outcome in dogs suspected to have ischemic myelopathy: 50 cases (2000–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:129, 2008. 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PUBMED Abstract Goncalves R, Hammond G, Penderis J: Imaging diagnosis: erroneous localization of spinal arachnoid cyst. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:460, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Griffin JF, Levine JM, Kerwin SC, et al: Canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31:E1, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Griffin JF, Levine JM, Kerwin SC: Canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: pathophysiology, neurologic examination, and emergency medical therapy. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31:E1, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Griffin JF, Levine JM, Levine GJ, et al: Meningomyelitis in dogs: a retrospective review of 28 cases (1999 to 2007). J Small Anim Pract 49:509, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Hakyemez B, Aksoy U, Yildiz H, et al: Intracranial epidermoid cysts: diffusion-weighted, FLAIR and conventional MR findings. Eur J Radiol 54:214, 2005. 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Lewis DD, Hosgood G: Complications associated with the use of iohexol for myelography of the cervical vertebral column in dogs: 66 cases (1988–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1381, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Liptak JM, Allan GS, Krockenberger MB, et al: Radiographic diagnosis: intramedullary extrusion of an intervertebral disc. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:272, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Loughin C, Dewey C, Ringwood P, et al: Effect of durotomy on functional outcome of dogs with type I thoracolumbar disc extrusion and absent deep pain perception. Vet Comp Orthop Trauma 18:141, 2005. PUBMED Abstract 181 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. Lu D, Lamb CR, Targett MP: Results of myelography in seven dogs with myelomalacia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:326, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Lu J, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, et al: Olfactory ensheathing cells promote locomotor recovery after delayed transplantation into transected spinal cord. Brain 125:14, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Lubbe AM, Kirberger RM, Verstraete FJM: Pediculectomy for thoracolumbar spinal decompression in the Dachshund. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:233, 1994. Macias C, McKee WM, May C, et al: Thoracolumbar disc disease in large dogs: a study of 99 cases. J Small Anim Pract 43:439, 2002. PUBMED Abstract MacKillop E, Schatzberg SJ, DeLahunta A: Intracranial epidermoid cyst and syringohydromyelia in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:339, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Macy NB, Les CM, Stover SM, et al: Effect of disc fenestration on sagittal kinematics of the canine C5-C6 intervertebral disc space. Vet Surg 28:171, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Malik Y, Spreng D, Konar M, et al: Laser-Doppler measurements of spinal cord blood flow changes during hemilaminectomy in chondrodystrophic dogs with disc extrusion. Vet Surg 38:457, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Marks SM, Harari J, Dernell WS: Dermoid sinus in a Rhodesian ridgeback. J Small Anim Pract 34:356, 1993. Mayhew PD, McLear RC, Ziemer LS, et al: Risk factors for recurrence of clinical signs associated with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation in dogs: 229 cases (1994–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1231, 2004. PUBMED Abstract McCartney W: Partial pediculectomy for the treatment of thoracolumbar disc disease. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:117, 1997. McKee W, Downes C: Vertebral stabilisation and selective decompression for the management of triple thoracolumbar disc protrusions. J Small Anim Pract 49:536, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Miyabayashi T, Lord PF, Debielzig RR, et al: Chemonucleolysis with collagenase: a radiographic and pathologic study in dogs. Vet Surg 21:189, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Modic MT, Masaryk T, Boumphrey F, et al: Lumbar herniated disc disease and canal stenosis: prospective evaluation by surface coil MR, CT, and myelography. Am J Roentgenol 147:757, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Moissonnier P, Mehuest P, Carozzo C: Thoracolumbar lateral corpectomy for treatment of chronic disc herniation: technique description and use in 15 dogs. Vet Surg 33:620, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Moore RW, Withrow SJ: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage and pancreatitis associated with intervertebral disc diseases in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:1443, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Morelius M, Bergadano A, Spreng D, et al: Influence of surgical approach on the efficacy of the intervertebral disc fenestration: a cadaveric study. J Small Anim Pract 48:87, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Muir P, Johnson KA, Manley PA, et al: Comparison of hemilaminectomy and dorsal laminectomy for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dachshunds. J Small Anim Pract 36:360, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Munana KR, Olby NJ, Sharp NJH, et al: Intervertebral disc disease in 10 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:384, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Necas A: Clinical aspects of surgical treatment of thoracolumbar disc disease in dogs: a retrospective study of 300 cases. Acta Vet Brno 68:121, 1999. Oakley GP, Jr: The scientific basis for eliminating folic acid-preventable spina bifida: a modern miracle from epidemiology. Ann Epidemiol 19:226, 2009. PUBMED Abstract O’Brien D: Neurogenic disorders of micturition. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 18:529, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Olby N, Harris T, Burr J, et al: Recovery of pelvic limb function in dogs following acute intervertebral disc herniations. J Neurotrauma 21:49, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Olby N, Levine J, Harris T, et al: Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of the thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:762, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Olby NJ, De Risio L, Munana KR, et al: Development of a functional scoring system in dogs with acute spinal cord injuries. Am J Vet Res 62:1624, 2001. PUBMED Abstract 182 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. Olby NJ, Dyce J, Houlton JEF: Correlation of plain radiographic and lumbar myelographic findings with surgical findings in thoracolumbar disc disease. J Small Anim Pract 35:345, 1994. Olby NJ, Halling KB, Glick TR: Rehabilitation for the neurologic patient. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 35:1389, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Olby NJ, Munana KR, Sharp NJ, et al: The computed tomographic appearance of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:396, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Olby NJ, Munana KR, Sharp NJH, et al: A comparison of computed tomography and myelography in the diagnosis of acute intervertebral disc disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 17:705, 1999. 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PUBMED Abstract Suwankong N, Meij BP, Voorhout G, et al: Review and retrospective analysis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 156 dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:285, 2008. PUBMED Abstract van Klaveren NJ, Suwankong N, De Boer S, et al: Force plate analysis before and after dorsal decompression for treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Surg 34:450, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Webb A, Pharr J, Lew L: MR imaging findings in a dog with lumbar ganglion cysts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:9, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Wood BC, Lanz OI, Jones JC, et al: Endoscopic-assisted lumbosacral foraminotomy in the dog. Vet Surg 33:221, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC: Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: current concepts and review. N Z Vet J 57:319, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 188 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 34: Spinal Fractures and Luxations REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Abbo LA, Ko JCH, Maxwell LK, et al: Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs. Vet Ther 9:83, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Akhtar AZ, Pippin JJ, Sandusky CB: Animal studies in spinal cord injury: a systematic review of methylprednisolone. Altern Lab Anim 37:43, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Arena JM, Smith TJ, Jones RB: The clinical diagnosis of poisoning. Pediatr Clin North Am 21:522, 2007. Bagley LJ: Imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 44:1, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Bagley RS: Spinal fracture or luxation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30:1333, 2000. Bali MS, Lang J, Jaggy A, et al: Comparative study of vertebral fractures and luxations in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:47, 2009. 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PUBMED Abstract Black AP: Lateral spinal decompression in the dog: a review of 39 cases. J Small Anim Pract 29:581, 1988. Blam OG, Vaccaro AR, Vanichkachorn JS, et al: Risk factors for surgical site infection in the patient with spinal injury. Spine 28:1475, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Blass CE, Seim HB: Spinal fixation in dogs using Steinmann pins and methylmethacrylate. Vet Surg 13:203, 1984. Blass CE, Waldron DR, van Ee RT: Cervical stabilization in three dogs using Steinmann pins and methylmethacrylate. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:61, 1988. Blight AR: Cellular morphology of chronic spinal cord injury in the cat: analysis of myelinated axons by line sampling. Neuroscience 10:521, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Boudrieau RJ, Faissler D: Occipitocervical fusion in a dog using locking buttress plate fixation and synthetic graft (rhBMP-2/BCP-collagen sponge). In Proceedings Veterinary Orthopedic Society, February 25-March 4, 2006, Keystone CO. Boysen SR, Rozanski EA, Tidwell AS, et al: Evaluation of a focused assessment with sonography for trauma protocol to detect free abdominal fluid in dogs involved in motor vehicle accidents. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1198, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Bracken MB, Shepard JM, Collins WF, et al: A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury: results of the second national acute spinal cord injury study. N Engl J Med 322:1405, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al: Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. J Neurosurg 76:23, 1992. PUBMED Abstract 189 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al: Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. JAMA 277:1597, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al: Methylprednisolone or tirilazad mesylate administration after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up. J Neurosurg 89:699, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Bruce CW, Brisson BA, Gyselinch K: Spinal fracture and luxation in dogs and cats: a retrospective evaluation of 95 cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:280, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Bruecker KA, Seim HB: Principles of spinal fracture management. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 7:71, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Burian M, Geisslinger G: COX-dependent mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive action of NSAIDs at central and peripheral sites. Pharm Ther 1:139, 2005. PUBMED Abstract 25a. Burke JP, Gerszten PC, Welch WC: Iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine J 5:508, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Cabassu J: Fractures of the spine. In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R, editors: AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2005, AO Publishing, pp 131. Cabassu J, Mossonnier P: Surgical treatment of a vertebral fracture associated with a hematogenous osteomyelitis in a dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:227, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Carberry CA, Flanders JA, Dietze AE: Nonsurgical management of thoracic and lumbar spinal fractures and fracture/luxations in the dog and cat: a review of 17 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:43, 2010. Corlazzoli D: Bicortical implant insertion in caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: a computed tomography simulation in Doberman Pinschers. Vet Surg 37:178, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Clary EM, Roe SC: In vitro biomechanical and histological assessment of pilot hole diameter for positive-profile external skeletal fixation pins in canine tibiae. Vet Surg 25:453, 1996. PUBMED Abstract 30a. Clendenin MA, Conrad MC: Collateral vessel development after chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the dog. Am J Vet Res 40:1244, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Culbert LA, Marino DJ, Baule RM: Complications associated with high-dose prednisolone sodium succinate therapy in dogs with neurological injury. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:129, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Denis F: The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 8:817, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Dennison SE, Drees R, Rylander H et al: Evaluation of different computed tomography techniques and myelography for the diagnosis of acute canine myelopathy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:254, 2010. PUBMED Abstract DeTora M, Kraus KH: Mechanical testing of 3.5mm locking and non-locking bone plates. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:318, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Downes CJ, Gemmill TJ, Gibbons SE, et al: Hemilaminectomy and vertebral stabilization for the treatment of thoracolumbar disc protrusion in 28 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 50:525, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Duff TA, Khan A, Corbett JE: Surgical stabilization of cervical fractures using methylmethacrylate. J Neurosurg 76:440, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, et al: Questionnaire survey of spine surgeons on the use of methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury. Spine 31:E250, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Faissler D, Boudrieau RJ: C5-7 vertebral distraction-stabilization technique using 2.4-mm locking reconstruction plates in 4 dogs with dynamic cervical stenotic myelopathy. In Proceedings Veterinary Orthopedic Society, March 5-12, 2005, Snowmass, CO. Gaines RW: The use of pedicle-screw internal fixation for the operative treatment of spinal disorders. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82:1458, 2000. PUBMED Abstract 190 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. Garcia JNP, Milthorpe BK, Russel D, et al: Biomechanical study of canine spinal fracture fixation using pins or bone screws with polymethylmethacrylate. Vet Surg 23:322, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Grasmueck S, Steffen F: Survival rates and outcomes in cats with thoracic and lumbar spinal cord injuries due to external trauma. J Small Anim Pract 45:284, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Hadley MN, Walters BC, Grabb PA, et al: Pharmacological therapy after acute cervical spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 50(suppl):S63, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Hamza M, Dionne RA: Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2:1, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Hanson SM, Bostwick DR, Twedt DC, et al: Clinical evaluation of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol for prevention of gastrointestinal tract bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery. Am J Vet Res 58:1320, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Harrington ML, Bagley RS: Realignment of a seventh lumbar vertebral fracture/luxation using a Senn retractor in two puppies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:377, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Hawthorne JC, Blevins WE, Wallace LJ, et al: Cervical vertebral fractures in 56 dogs: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:135, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Hay CW, Muir P: Tearing of the dura mater in three dogs. Vet Rec 146:279, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Hettlich BF, Fosgate GT, Levine JM, et al: Accuracy of conventional radiography and computed tomography in predicting implant position in relation to the vertebral canal in dogs. Vet Surg 39(6):680, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Hicks DG, Pitts MJ, Bagley RS, et al: In vitro biomechanical evaluations of screw-barpolymethylmethacrylate and pin-polymethylmethacrylate internal fixation implants used to stabilize the vertebral motion unit of the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae in vertebral column specimens from dogs. Am J Vet Res 70:719, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Hinton LE, McLoughlin MA, Johnson SE: Spontaneous gastroduodenal perforation in 16 dogs and seven cats (1982–1999). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:176, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Hoerlein BF, Redding RW, Hoff EJ, et al: Evaluation of dexamethasone, DMSO, mannitol, and solcoseryl in acute spinal cord trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:216, 1983. Hugenholtz H, Cass DE, Dvorak MF, et al: High-dose methylprednisolone for acute closed spinal cord injury: only a treatment option. Can J Neurol Sci 29:227, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Hurlbert RJ: Strategies of medical intervention in the management of acute spinal cord injury. Spine 31:S16, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Hyers TM, Tricomi SM, Liao JJ: Inhibition of some human neutrophil functions by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac tromethamine. J Leukoc Biol 51:490, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Ito D, Matsunaga S, Jeffery ND, et al: Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with paraplegia caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion: 77 cases (2000–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1454, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Janssens LAA: Acupuncture for the treatment of thoracolumbar and cervical disc disease in the dog. Probl Vet Med 4:107, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, et al: Free hand pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine: is it safe? Spine 29:333, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Kinns J, Mai W, Seiler G, et al: Radiographic sensitivity and negative predictive value for acute canine spinal trauma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:563, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Koehler CL, Stover SM, LeCouteur RA, et al: Effect of a ventral slot procedure and of smooth or positive-profile threaded pins with polymethylmethacrylate fixation on intervertebral biomechanics at treated and adjacent canine cervical vertebral motion units. Am J Vet Res 66:678, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Kraus KH: The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury and its clinical implications. Semin Vet Med Surg 11:201, 1996.PUBMED Abstract KuKanich B, Papich MG: Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 27:239, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Lammertse D, Dungan D, Dreisbach J, et al: Neuroimaging in traumatic spinal cord injury: an evidence-based review for clinical practice and research. J Spinal Cord Med 30:205, 2007. PUBMED Abstract 191 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. Lanz OI, Jones JC, Bergman R: Use of an external skeletal fixator to correct spinal fracture/luxation and instability in three dogs. Vet Neurol NeuroSurg (serial online) 2:1, 2000. Available at: http://www.vin.com/VNNJ/Journal.plx?AID=1471085. Accessed October 24, 2009. Levine JM, Fosgate GT, Chen AV, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with neurologic impairment due to acute thoracic and lumbar intervertebral disk herniation. J Vet Intern Med 23:1220, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Levine JM, Levine GJ, Boozer L: Adverse effects and outcome associated with dexamethasone administration in dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation: 161 cases (2000– 2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:411, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Ludders JW, Ekstrom PM, Linn KA: Anesthesia case of the month: complications during surgery for a spinal fracture in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:612, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Matthiesen DT: Thoracolumbar spinal fractures/luxations: surgical management. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 5:867, 1983. McAnulty JF, Lenehan TM, Maletz LM: Modified segmental spinal instrumentation in repair of spinal fractures and luxations in dogs. Vet Surg 15:143, 1986. McKee WM: Spinal trauma in dogs and cats: a review of 51 cases. Vet Rec 126:285, 1990. PUBMED Abstract McKee WM, Downes CJ: Vertebral stabilisation and selective decompression for the management of triple thoracolumbar disc protrusions. J Small Anim Pract 49:536, 2008. PUBMED Abstract McKee WM: SOP’s and spines. In Proceedings BVOA Spring Scientific Meeting, April 19, 2009, Austin Court, Birmingham, UK. Méheust P, Mallet C, Marouze C: Une nouvelle technique de stabilisation lombosacreé: l’arthrodèse par vissage pédiculaire, considérations anatomiques. Prat Méd Chir Anim Comp 35:193, 2000. Méheust P, Mallet C, Marouze C: Une nouvelle technique de stabilisation lombosacreé: l’arthrodèse par vissage pédiculaire, étude Clinique de 5 cas. Prat Méd Chir Anim Comp 35:201, 2000. 73a. 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Neurosurg Foc 25:1, 2008.PUBMED Abstract Rusbridge C, Wheeler SJ, Lamb CR, et al: Vertebral plasma cell tumors in 8 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 13:126, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Sayer FT, Kronvall E, Nilsson OG: Methylprednisolone treatment in acute spinal cord injury: the myth challenged through a structured analysis of published literature. Spine J 6:335, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Schulz KS, Waldron DR, Grant JW, et al: Biomechanics of the thoracolumbar vertebral column of dogs during lateral bending. Am J Vet Res 57:1228, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Scott HW, McKee WM: Laminectomy for 34 dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception. J Small Anim Pract 40:417, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Seim HB: Neurosurgery. In Fossum TW, editor: Small animal surgery, ed 3, St Louis, 2007, Mosby, pp 1357. Selcer RR, Bubb WJ, Walker TL: Management of vertebral column fractures in dogs and cats: 211 cases (1977–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1965, 1991. PUBMED Abstract 192 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. Sharp NJH, Gilson SD, Kornega JN, et al: Long term follow-up of spinal fracture fixation using screws or pins and bone cement in 30 dogs. In Proceedings Veterinary Orthopedic Society, March 5–12, 2005, Snowmass, CO. Sharp NJH, Wheeler SJ: Small animal spinal disorders, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2005, Elsevier Limited. Shires PK, Waldron DR, Hedlund CS, et al: A biomechanical study of rotational instability in unaltered and surgically altered canine thoracolumbar vertebral motion units. Prog Vet Neurol 2:6, 1991. Shores A: Spinal trauma: pathophysiology and management of traumatic spinal injuries. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:859, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Shores A, Haut R, Bonner JA: An in-vitro study of plastic plates and Luque segmental fixation of the canine thoracic spine. Prog Vet Neurol 2:279, 1991. Shores A, Nichols G, Rochat M, et al: Combined Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plate fixation technique for caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:335, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Shores A, Nichols C, Koelling HA, et al: Combined Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plate fixation of caudal lumbar fractures in dogs: biomechanical properties. Am J Vet Res 49:1979, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Simpson SA, Syring R, Otto CM: Severe blunt trauma in dogs: 235 cases (1997–2003). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:588, 2009.PUBMED Abstract Slocum B, Rudy RL: Fractures of the seventh lumbar vertebra in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 11:167, 1975. Smeak DD, Olmstead ML: Fracture/luxations of the sacrococcygeal area in the cat: a retrospective study of 51 cases. Vet Surg 14:319, 1985. Smugar SS, Schweitzer ME, Hume E: MRI in patients with intraspinal bullets. J Magn Reson Imaging 9:151, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Still J: Analgesic effects of acupuncture in thoracolumbar disc disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 30:298, 1989. Sturges BK, LeCouteur RA: Vertebral fractures and luxations. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Elsevier Science, pp 1244. Swaim SF: Vertebral body plating for spinal immobilization. J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:1683, 1971. PUBMED Abstract Swain CA, Ribble GA, Wilson JW: Histologic evaluation of response to implantation of polyvinilide plates in dogs and rats. Vet Surg 17:278, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Taylor RA: Postsurgical physical therapy: the missing link. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 14:1583, 1992. Toombs JP, Collins LG, Graves GM, et al: Colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:145, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Trotter EJ: Cervical spine locking plate fixation for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in large breed dogs. Vet Surg 38:705, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Turner WD: Fractures and fracture-luxations of the lumbar spine: a retrospective study in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23:459, 1987. Ullman SL, Boudrieau RJ: Internal skeletal fixation using a Kirschner apparatus for stabilization of fracture/luxations of the lumbosacral joint in six dogs: a modification of the transilial pin technique. Vet Surg 22:11, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Viguier E, Petit-Etienne G, Magnier J, et al: In vitro biomechanical evaluation of unstable T13-L1 stabilization procedures in dogs. In Proceedings of ECVS Eleventh Annual Meeting, July 2002, Vienna, Austria. Voss K, Steffen F, Montavon PM: Use of the ComPact UniLock System for ventral stabilization procedures of the cervical spine. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:21, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Voss K, Montavon PM: Tension band stabilization of fractures and luxations of the thoracolumbar vertebrae in dogs and cats: 38 cases (1993–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:78, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Waldron DR, Shires PK, McCain W, et al: The rotational stabilizing effect of spinal fixation techniques in an unstable vertebral model. Prog Vet Neurol 2:105, 1991. 193 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 119. Walker TM, Tucker R, Welch RD, et al: Fluoroscopic placement of transfixation pins for the external skeletal fixation of the canine spine: an anatomic study. In Proceedings Veterinary Orthopedic Society, February 24-March 3, 2001, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. Walter MC, Smith GK, Newton CD: Canine lumbar spinal internal fixation techniques: a comparative biomechanical study. Vet Surg 15:191, 1986. Wang VY, Chin CT, Lu DC: Free-hand thoracic pedicle screws placed by neurosurgery residents: a CT analysis. Eur Spine J 19:821, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Watine S, Cabassu JP, Catheland S, et al: Computed tomographic study of implantation corridors in canine vertebrae. J Small Anim Pract 47:651, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Weh JM, Kraus KH: Use of a four pin and methylmethacrylate fixation in L7 and the iliac body to stabilize lumbosacral fracture-luxations: a clinical and anatomic study. Vet Surg 36:775, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Wheeler JL, Cross AR, Rapoff AJ: A comparison of the accuracy and safety of vertebral body pin placement using a fluoroscopically guided versus an open surgical approach: an in vitro study. Vet Surg 31:468, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, Cross AR, et al: Closed fluoroscopic-assisted spinal arch external skeletal fixation for the stabilization of vertebral column injuries in five dogs. Vet Surg 36:442, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Wininger DA, Fass RJ: Antibiotic-impregnated cement and beads for orthopedic infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2675, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Wong WT, Emms SG: Use of pins and methylmethacrylate in stabilization of spinal fractures and luxations. J Small Anim Pract 33:415, 1992. Yarrow TG, Jeffery ND: Dura mater laceration associated with acute paraplegia in three dogs. Vet Rec 146:138, 2000. PUBMED Abstract 118a. Young W, Yen V, Blight A: Extracellular calcium ion activity in experimental spinal cord contusion. Brain Res 235:105, 1982. PUBMED Abstract Zindrick MR, Wiltse LL, Widel EH, et al: A biomechanical study of intrapeduncular screw fixation in the lumbosacral spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 203:99, 1986. PUBMED Abstract 194 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 35: Medical and Surgical Management of the Brain-Injured Pet REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Adeleye A, Shohami E, Nachman D, et al: D-cycloserine improves functional outcome after traumatic brain injury with wide therapeutic window. Eur J Pharmacol 629:25, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Aslan A, Gurelik M, Cemek M, et al: Nimodipine can improve cerebral metabolism and outcome in patients with severe head trauma. Pharmacol Res 59:120, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Bagley RS, Harrington ML, Pluhar GE, et al: Effect of craniectomy/durotomy alone and in combination with hyperventilation, diuretics, and corticosteroids on intracranial pressure in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:116, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Bilotta F, Caramia R, Cernak I, et al: Intensive insulin therapy after severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. Neurocrit Care 9:159, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Citerio G, Andrews PJD: Refractory elevated intracranial pressure: intensivist’s role in solving the dilemma of decompressive craniectomy. Intensive Care Med 33:45, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Coester A, Neumann CR, Schmidt MI: Intensive insulin therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized trial. J Trauma 68:904, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K, Facco E: Successful use of the new high-dose mannitol treatment in patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 and bilateral abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. J Neurosurg 100:376, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Bailey CS, Haskins SC, et al: Evaluation of an epidural intracranial pressure monitoring system in cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 7:20, 1997. Dewitt DS, Prough DS, Uchida T, et al: Effects of nalmefene, CG3703, tirilazad, or dopamine on cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and electroencephalographic activity after traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage. J Neurotrauma 14:931, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Edwards P, Arango M, Balica L, et al: Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebocontrolled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 365:1957, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Gondim FD, Aiyagari V, Shackleford A, Diringer MN: Osmolality not predictive of mannitolinduced acute renal insufficiency. J Neurosurg 103:444, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Hall ED, Vaishnav RA, Mustafa AG: Antioxidant therapies for traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 7:51, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Hutchinson PJ, Corteen E, Czosnyka M, et al: Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: the randomized multicenter RESCUEicp study (www.RESCUEicp.com). Acta Neurochir Suppl 96:17, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Pérez-Bárcena J, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar J, et al: Pentobarbital versus thiopental in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 12:R112, 2008.PUBMED Abstract Platt SR, Radaelli ST, McDonnell JJ: The prognostic value of the modified Glasgow Coma Scale in head trauma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 15:581, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Schalén W, Messeter K, Nordström CH: Complications and side effects during thiopentone therapy in patients with severe head injuries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:369, 1992.PUBMED Abstract Schierhout G, Roberts I: Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD000173, 2001.PUBMED Abstract Shafi S, Diaz-Arrastia R, Madden C, Gentilello L: Intracranial pressure monitoring in brain-injured patients is associated with worsening of survival. J Trauma 64:335, 2008. PUBMED Abstract 195 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Sydenham E, Roberts I, Alderson P: Hypothermia for traumatic head injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD001048, 2009.PUBMED Abstract Syring RS, Otto CM, Drobatz KJ: Hyperglycemia in dogs and cats with head trauma: 122 cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1124, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Tang ME, Lobel DA: Severe traumatic brain injury: maximizing outcomes. Mt Sinai J Med 76:119, 2009. PUBMED Abstract The Brain Trauma Foundation: Guidelines information. Available at: http://www.braintrauma.org/. Accessed October 23, 2009. Van Beek JGM, Mushkudiani NA, Steyerberg EW, et al: Prognostic value of admission laboratory parameters in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma 24:315, 2007. PUBMED Abstract 196 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 36: Intracranial Neoplasia REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Adamo PF, Cantile C, Steinberg H: Evaluation of progesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 meningiomas of dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 64:1310, 2003.PUBMED Abstract Adamo PF, Dubielzig R: Canine and feline meningiomas: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compend Contin Educ Vet 27:951, 2004. Axlund TW, McGlasson ML, Smith AN: Surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of intracranial meningiomas in dogs: 31 cases (1989-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1597, 2002.PUBMED Abstract Bagley RS, Kornegay JN, Lane SB, et al: Cystic meningiomas in 2 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 10:72, 1996.PUBMED Abstract Bagley RS, Kornegay JN, Lane SB, Thrall DE: Central nervous system neoplasia. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1992, Saunders, pp 2137. Bailey CS, Higgins RJ: Characteristics of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid associated with primary brain tumors in the dog: a retrospective study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:418, 1986.PUBMED Abstract Bindal RK, Sawaya R, Leavens M, et al: Surgical treatment of multiple brain metastasis. J Neurosurg 79:210, 1993.PUBMED Abstract Bishop TM, Morrison J, Summers BA, et al: Meningioangiomatosis in young dogs: a case series and literature review. J Vet Intern Med 18:522, 2004.PUBMED Abstract Bley CR, Sumova M, Roose M, et al: Irradiation of brain tumors in dogs with neurologic disease. J Vet Intern Med 19:849, 2005.PUBMED Abstract Brearley MJ, Jeffery ND, Phillips SM, Dennis R: Hypofractionated radiation therapy of brain masses in dogs: a retrospective analysis of survival of 83 cases (1991-1996). J Vet Intern Med 13:408, 1999.PUBMED Abstract Cautela MA, Dewey CW, Cerda-Gonzalez, et al: Oral hydroxyurea therapy for dogs with suspected intracranial meningioma: a retrospective cohort study (2004-2009), Proceedings 27rd ACVIM Forum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2009, ACVIM. Cherubini GB, Mantis P, Martinez CR, et al: Utility of magnetic resonance imaging for distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:384, 2005.PUBMED Abstract Cook JR: Chemotherapy for brain tumors. Vet Med Report 2:391, 1990. Dewey CW: Encephalopathies: disorders of the brain. In Dewey CW, editor: A practical guide to canine and feline neurology, ed 2, Ames, IA, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 156. Dewey CW: Surgical disorders of the brain, Proceedings 23rd ACVIM Forum, Baltimore, MD, 2005, ACVIM, p 324. Dickinson P: Targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor in canine primary brain tumors. J Vet Intern Med 18:410, 2004. Dimski DS, Cook JR: Carmustine-induced partial remission of an astrocytoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:179, 1990. Fan TM, Kitchell BE: Lomustine. Compend Contin Educ Vet 22:934, 2000. Forterre F, Tomek A, Konar M, et al: Multiple meningiomas: clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathological findings with outcome in four cats. J Feline Med Surg 9:36, 2007.PUBMED Abstract Forterre FG, Fritsch S, Kaiser K, et al: Surgical approach for tentorial meningiomas in cats: a review of six cases. J Feline Med Surg 8:227, 2006. Fransson BA, Bagley RS, Gay JM, et al; Pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 30:432, 2004. Fulton L: The use of lomustine in the treatment of brain masses, Proceedings 9th ACVIM Forum, Blacksburg, VA, 1991, ACVIM, p 827. 197 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 22a. Fusco JV, Hohenhaus AE, Aiken SW, et al: Autologous blood collection and transfusion in cats undergoing partial craniectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1584, 2000.PUBMED Abstract Gallagher JG, Berg J, Knowles KE, et al: Prognosis after surgical excision of cerebral meningiomas in cats: 17 cases (1986-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1437, 1993.PUBMED Abstract Glass EN, Kapatkin A, Vite C, et al: Modified bilateral transfrontal sinus approach to the canine frontal lobe and olfactory lobe: surgical technique and five cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:43, 2000.PUBMED Abstract Graham JP, Newell SM, Voges AK, et al: The dural tail sign in the diagnosis of meningiomas. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:297, 1998.PUBMED Abstract Greco JJ, Aiken SA, Berg JM, et al: Evaluation of intracranial meningioma resection with a surgical aspirator in dogs: 17 cases (1996-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:394, 2006.PUBMED Abstract 26a. Hanson JM, van ‘t HM, Voorhout G, et al. Efficacy of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in treatment of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med;19:687, 2005.PUBMED Abstract Heidner GL, Kornegay JN, Page RL, et al: Analysis of survival in a retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors. J Vet Intern Med 5:219, 1991.PUBMED Abstract Koblik PD, LeCouteur RA, Higgins RJ, et al: CT-guided brain biopsy using a modified Pelorus Mark III stereotactic system: experience with 50 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:434, 1999.PUBMED Abstract Koestner A, Bilzer T, Fatzer R, et al: Histological classification of tumors of the nervous system of domestic animals, Washington, DC, 1999, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 29a. Kooistra HS, Voorhout G, Mol JA, et al. Correlation between impairment of glucocorticoid feedback and the size of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Endocrinol 152:387, 1997.PUBMED Abstract Kornegay JN: Imaging brain neoplasms: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Med Report 2:372, 1990. Kraft SL: Retrospective review of 50 canine intracranial tumors evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Intern Med 11:218, 1997.PUBMED Abstract LeCouteur RA: Tumors of the nervous system. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors: Small animal clinical oncology, Philadelphia, PA, 2001, Saunders, p 393. 32a. Lester NV, Hopkins AL, Bova FJ, et al. Radiosurgery using a stereotactic headframe system for irradiation of brain tumors in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1562, 2001.PUBMED Abstract Long SN, Platt SR, Nixon C, et al: Association between MIB-1 staining and malignancy in canine intracranial neoplasms. J Vet Intern Med 17:402, 2003. Mariani CL, Clemmons RM, Wong MA, et al: Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of primary intracranial neoplasms in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 19:420, 2005. Mason WP, Gentili F, Macdonald DR, et al: Stabilization of disease progression by hydroxyurea in patients with recurrent or unresectable meningioma. J Neurosurg 97:341, 2002.PUBMED Abstract Mayer MN, Greco DS, LaRue SM: Outcomes of pituitary tumor irradiation in cats. J Vet Intern Med 20:1151, 2008. McEntee MC: Veterinary radiation therapy: review and current state of the art. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:94, 2006.PUBMED Abstract Meij BP, Voorhout G, van den Ingh TS, et al: Results of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in 52 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Surg 27: 246, 1998.PUBMED Abstract Mellema LM, Samii VF, Vernau KM, LeCouteur RA: Meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging in 15 dogs and 3 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:10, 2002.PUBMED Abstract Moore MP, Gavin PR, Bagley RS: Treatment of intracranial tumors: a review of conventional therapy and use of BNCT. Vet Cancer Soc 16:26, 1996. Nafe LA: Meningiomas in cats: a retrospective clinical study of 36 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1224, 1979.PUBMED Abstract Neibauer GW, Dayrell-Hart BL, Speciale J: Evaluation of craniotomy in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:89, 1991.PUBMED Abstract 198 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. Newton HB, Slivka MA, Stevens C: Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for unresectable or residual meningioma. J Neurooncol 49:165, 2000.PUBMED Abstract Pascoe P: Anesthetic management of canine and feline patients undergoing craniotomy. Proceedings 23rd ACVIM Forum, Baltimore, 2005, ACVIM, p 361. Patnaik AK, Kay WJ, Hurvitz AI: Intracranial meningioma: a comparative pathologic study of 28 dogs. Vet Pathol 23:369, 1986.PUBMED Abstract Platt SR, Scase TJ, Adams V, et al: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in canine intracranial meningiomas and association with patient survival. J Vet Intern Med 20:663, 2004. Rodenas S, Pumarola M, Zamora A, et al: MRI and CSF findings in 30 dogs with histopathologically confirmed intracranial tumors. J Vet Intern Med 21:641, 2007. Schulman FY, Ribas JL, Carpenter JL, et al: Intracranial meningioma with pulmonary metastasis in three dogs Vet Pathol 29:196, 1992.PUBMED Abstract Snyder JM, Shofer FS, Van Winkle TJ, Massicotte C: Canine intracranial primary neoplasia: 173 cases (1986-2003). J Vet Intern Med 20:669, 2006.PUBMED Abstract Summers BA, Cummings JF, deLahunta A: Tumors of the central nervous system. In Summers BA, Cummings J, de Lahunta A, editors: Veterinary neuropathology, St Louis, 1995, Mosby, pp 68. Synder JM, Lipitz L, Skorupski KA, et al: Secondary intracranial neoplasia in the dog: 177 cases (1986-2003). J Vet Intern Med 22:172, 2008.PUBMED Abstract Thankey K, Faissler D, Kavirayani A, et al: Clinical presentation and outcome in dogs with histologically confirmed choroid plexus papillomas. J Vet Intern Med 20:782, 2006. Theon AP, Lecouteur RA, Carr EA, Griffey SM: Influence of tumor cell proliferation and sex hormone receptors on effectiveness of radiation therapy for dogs with incompletely resected meningiomas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:701, 2000.PUBMED Abstract Theon AP, Feldman EC: Megavoltage irradiation of pituitary macrotumors in dogs with neurologic signs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:225, 1998.PUBMED Abstract Tomek A, Cizinauskas S, Doherr M, et al: Intracranial neoplasia in 61 cats: localisation, tumour types and seizure patterns. J Feline Med Surg 8:243, 2006.PUBMED Abstract Troxel MT, Vite CH, Massicotte C, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective analysis of 46 cases. J Vet Intern Med 18:176, 2004.PUBMED Abstract Troxel MT, Vite CH, vanWinkle TJ, et al: Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001). J Vet Intern Med 17:850, 2003.PUBMED Abstract Westworth DR, Dickinson PJ, Sturges BK, et al: Clinicopathological features of choroid plexus tumors in dogs: 44 cases. J Vet Intern Med 20:735, 2006. Wolf M, Pedroia V, Higgins RJ, et al: Intracranial ring enhancing lesions in dogs: a correlative CT scanning and neuropathologic study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 36:16, 1995. 199 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 37: Congenital Brain Malformations REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Beaver DP, Ellison GW, Lewis DD, et al: Risk factors affecting the outcome of surgery for atlantoaxial subluxation in dogs: 46 cases (1978–1998). J AmVet Med Assoc 216:1104, 2000.PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Dewey CW, Scrivani PV, et al: Imaging features of atlanto-occipital overlapping in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:264, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Dewey CW: Congenital diseases of the craniocervical junction in the dog. Vet Clin Small Anim 40:121, 2010.PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Olby NJ, Broadstone R, et al: Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid flow in Cavalier King Charles spaniels analyzed using phase velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:467, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cerda-Gonzalez S, Olby NJ, McCullough S, et al: Morphology of the caudal fossa in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:37, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cincu R, Agrawal A, Eiras J: Intracranial arachnoid cysts: current concepts and treatment alternatives. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109:837, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Ciricillo SF, Cogen PH, Harsh GT, et al: Intracranial arachnoid cysts in children: a comparison of the effects of fenestration and shunting. J Neurosurg 74:230, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Coates JR, Axlund TW, Dewey CW, et al: Hydrocephalus in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 28:136, 2006. Couturier J, Rault D, Cauzinille L: Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in normal Cavalier King Charles spaniels: a multiple diagnostic imaging approach. J Small Anim Pract 49:438, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Bailey KS, Barone G, et al: Brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER) testing in Cavalier King Charles spaniels with caudal occipital malformation syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 20:784, 2006. Abstract. Dewey CW, Berg JM, Barone G, et al: Foramen magnum decompression for treatment of caudal occipital malformation syndrome in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1270, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Berg JM, Stefanacci JD, et al: Caudal occipital malformation syndrome in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 26:886, 2004. Dewey CW, Cerda-Gonzalez S, Scrivani P, et al: Surgical stabilization of a craniocervical junction abnormality with atlanto-occipital overlapping in a dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet (online) E1, 2009. Dewey CW, Coates JR, Ducote JM, et al: External hydrocephalus in two cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:567, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Krotscheck U, Bailey KS, et al: Craniotomy with cystoperitoneal shunting for treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts in dogs. Vet Surg 36:416, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Marino DJ, Bailey KS, et al: Foramen magnum decompression with cranioplasty for treatment of caudal occipital malformation syndrome in dogs. Vet Surg 36:405, 2007.PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW, Scrivani PV, Krotscheck U, et al: Intracranial arachnoid cysts in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 31:160, 2009.PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW: Anticonvulsant therapy in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 36:1107, 2006.PUBMED Abstract Dewey CW: Encephalopathies: disorders of the brain. In Dewey CW, editor: A practical guide to canine and feline neurology, ed 2, Ames, IA, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, p 115. 200 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Duque C, Parent J, Brisson B, et al: Intracranial arachnoid cysts: are they clinically significant? J Vet Intern Med 19:772, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Goel A, Bhatjiwale M, Desai K: Basilar invagination: a study based on 190 surgically treated patients. J Neurosurg 88:962, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Greitz D: Radiological assessment of hydrocephalus: new theories and implications for therapy. Neurosurg Rev 27:145, 2004. 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In Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIV, Philadelphia, 2009, Saunders, p 1102. Rusbridge C, Greitz D, Iskandar BJ: Syringomyelia: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Vet Intern Med 20:469, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Rusbridge C, Jeffery ND: Pathophysiology and treatment of neuropathic pain associated with syringomyelia. Vet J 175:164, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Rusbridge C, MacSweeny JE, Davies JV, et al: Syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:34, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Rusbridge C: Chiari-like malformation with syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel: long term follow up after surgical management. Vet Surg 36:396, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Saito M, Olby NJ, Spaulding K: Identification of arachnoid cysts in the quadrigeminal cistern using ultrasonography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:435, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Salazar V, Dewey CW, Schwark W, et al: Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral pregabalin administration in normal dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 36:574, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Sanders SG, Bagley RS, Silver GM, et al: Outcomes and complications associated with ventral screws, pins, and polymethylmethacrylate for the management of atlantoaxial instability in 12 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:204, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Santamarta D, Aguas J, Ferrer E: The natural history of arachnoid cysts: endoscopic and cinemode MRI evidence of a slit-valve mechanism. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 38:133, 1995. PUBMED Abstract 201 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. Schulz KS, Waldron DR, Fahie M: Application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate for the treatment of atlantoaxial instability: results in nine dogs. Vet Surg 26:317, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Stern-Bertholtz W, Sjostrom L, Hakanson NW: Primary secretory otitis media in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel: a review of 61 cases. J Small Anim Pract 44: 253, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Thomas WB, Sorjonen DC, Simpson ST: Surgical management of atlantoaxial subluxation in 23 dogs. Vet Surg 20:409, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Thomas WB: Hydrocephalus in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 40:143, 2010.PUBMED Abstract Vernau KM, Kortz GD, Koblik PD, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography characteristics of intracranial intra-arachnoid cysts in 6 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 28:171, 1997.PUBMED Abstract Vernau KM, LeCouteur RA, Sturges BK, et al: Intracranial intra-arachnoid cyst with intracystic hemorrhage in two dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:449, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Williams B: Surgery for hindbrain related syringomyelia. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 20:107, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Yassari R, Frim D: Evaluation and management of the Chiari malformation type 1 for the primary care pediatrician. Pediatr Clin North Am 51:1, 2004. PUBMED Abstract 202 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 38: Anesthesia for Intracranial Surgery REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Abou-Madi M, Trop D, Abou-Madi N, Ravussin P: Does a bolus of mannitol initially aggravate intracranial hypertension? A study at various PaCO2 tensions in dogs. Br J Anaesth 59:630, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Andreoni V, Lynne Hughes JM: Propofol and fentanyl infusions in dogs of various breeds undergoing surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 36:523, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, et al: Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth 88:659, 2002. 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PUBMED Abstract 203 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Grigore AM, et al, Neurologic Outcome Research Group (NORG), Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors (CARE) Investigators of the Duke Heart Center: Postoperative hyperthermia is associated with cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Stroke 33:537, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Gupta A, Stierer T, Zuckerman R, et al: Comparison of recovery profile after ambulatory anesthesia with propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane: a systematic review. Anesth Analg 98:632, 2004, table of contents.PUBMED Abstract Hans P, Bonhomme V: Why we still use intravenous drugs as the basic regimen for neurosurgical anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 19:498, 2006. 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McPherson RW, Koehler RC, Kirsch JR, Traystman RJ: Intraventricular dexmedetomidine decreases cerebral blood flow during normoxia and hypoxia in dogs. Anesth Analg 84:139, 1997. PUBMED Abstract McPherson RW, Krempasanka E, Eimerl D, Traystman RJ: Effects of alfentanil on cerebral vascular reactivity in dogs. Br J Anaesth 57:1232, 1985. PUBMED Abstract McPherson RW, Traystman RJ: Fentanyl and cerebral vascular responsivity in dogs. Anesthesiology 60:180, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Mitchell SJ, Merry AF, Frampton C, et al: Cerebral protection by lidocaine during cardiac operations: a follow-up study. Ann Thorac Surg 87:820, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, et al: Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 75:731, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Murrell JC, van Notten RW, Hellebrekers LJ: Clinical investigation of remifentanil and propofol for the total intravenous anaesthesia of dogs. 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Petersen KD, Landsfeldt U, Cold GE, et al: ICP is lower during propofol anaesthesia compared to isoflurane and sevoflurane. Acta Neurochir 81 (Suppl):89, 2002.PUBMED Abstract Petersen KD, Landsfeldt U, Cold GE, et al: Intracranial pressure and cerebral hemodynamic in patients with cerebral tumors: a randomized prospective study of patients subjected to craniotomy in propofol-fentanyl, isoflurane-fentanyl, or sevoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 98:329, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Platt SR, Adams V, Garosi LS, et al: Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec 159:881, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Ploppa A, Kiefer RT, Nohe B, et al: Dose-dependent influence of barbiturates but not of propofol on human leukocyte phagocytosis of viable Staphylococcus aureus. Crit Care Med 34:478, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Raisis AL, Leece EA, Platt SR, et al: Evaluation of an anaesthetic technique used in dogs undergoing craniectomy for tumour resection. Vet Anaesth Analg 34:171, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Rasmussen M, Bundgaard H, Cold GE: Craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors: risk factors for brain swelling after opening the dura mater. J Neurosurg 101:621, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Rozet I, Vavilala MS, Lindley AM, et al: Cerebral autoregulation and CO2 reactivity in anterior and posterior cerebral circulation during sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 102:560, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Salazar V, Dewey CW, Schwark W, et al: Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral pregabalin administration in normal dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 36:574, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Schmidt A, Oye I, Akeson J: Cerebral physiological responses to bolus injection of racemic, S(+)or R(-)-ketamine in the pig. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:1436, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Schmidt A, Oye I, Akeson J: Racemic, S(+)- and R(-)-ketamine do not increase elevated intracranial pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:1124, 2008. 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PUBMED Abstract Syring RS, Otto CM, Drobatz KJ: Hyperglycemia in dogs and cats with head trauma: 122 cases (1997–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1124, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Takahashi H, Murata K, Ikeda K: Sevoflurane does not increase intracranial pressure in hyperventilated dogs. Br J Anaesth 71:551, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Tanskanen PE, Kytta JV, Randell TT, Aantaa RE: Dexmedetomidine as an anaesthetic adjuvant in patients undergoing intracranial tumour surgery: a double-blind, randomized and placebocontrolled study. Br J Anaesth 97:658, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Tobias KM, Marioni-Henry K, Wagner R: A retrospective study on the use of acepromazine maleate in dogs with seizures. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42:283, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC, Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial (IHAST) Investigators: Mild intraoperative hypothermia during surgery for intracranial aneurysm. N Engl J Med 352:135, 2005. 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Rossmeisl JH, Jr, Lanz OI, Waldron DR, et al: Surgical cytoreduction for the treatment of nonlymphoid vertebral and spinal cord neoplasms in cats: retrospective evaluation of 26 cases (1990–2005). Vet Comp Oncol 4:41, 2003. Rudich SR, Feeney DA, Anderson KL, et al: Computed tomography of masses of the brachial plexus and contributing nerve roots in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:46, 2003. Rusbridge C, Wheeler SJ, Lamb CR, et al: Vertebral plasma cell tumors in 8 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 13:126, 2003. Sale CS, Skerritt GC, Smith KC: Spinal nephroblastoma in a crossbreed dog. J Small Anim Pract 45:267, 2003. Santen DR, Payne JT, Pace LW, et al: Thoracolumbar vertebral osteochondroma in a young dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1054, 2003. Schoniger S, Summers B: Localized, plexiform, diffuse and other variants of neurofibroma in twelve dogs, two horses and a chicken. Vet Pathol 46:904, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Seaman RL, Patton CS: Treatment of renal nephroblastoma in an adult dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:76, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Sharp NJ: Craniolateral approach to the canine brachial plexus. Vet Surg 17:18, 2003. 211 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. Siegel S, Kornegay JN, Thrall DE: Postoperative irradiation of spinal cord tumors in 9 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:150, 2003. Silver GM, Bagley RS, Gavin PR, et al: Radiographic diagnosis: cartilaginous exostoses in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:231, 2003. Spodnick GJ, Berg J, Moore FM, et al: Spinal lymphoma in cats: 21 cases (1976–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:373, 2003. Stone HB, Coleman CN, Anscher MS, et al: Effects of radiation on normal tissue: consequences and mechanisms. Lancet Oncol 4:529, 2003. 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PUBMED Abstract Egger EL, Rigg DL, Blass CE, et al: Type I biplanar configuration of external skeletal fixation: application technique in nine dogs and one cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:262, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Egger EL: Complications of external fixation: a problem-oriented approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:705, 1991. PUBMED Abstract 220 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Esterhai JL: Management of soft-tissue wounds associated with open fractures. Instr Course Lect 39:483, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Etter C, Burri C, Claes L, et al: Treatment by external fixation of open fractures associated with severe soft tissue damage of the leg: biomechanical principles and clinical experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res 178:80, 1983. 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PUBMED Abstract Higgins TF, Pittman G, Hines J, et al: Biomechanical analysis of distal femur fracture fixation: fixed-angle screw-plate construct versus condylar blade plate. J Orthop Trauma 21:43, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Hooper GJ, Keddell RG, Penny ID: Conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures: a randomised prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 73:83, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Horstman CL, Beale BS: Long bone fracture repair using the interlocking nail in a minimally invasive surgical procedure in cats and dogs: 65 cases (1994–2000). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2:A16, 2002. 227 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. Horstman CL, Beale BS, Conzemius MG, et al: Biological osteosynthesis versus traditional anatomic reconstruction of 20 long-bone fractures using an interlocking nail: 1994–2001. Vet Surg 33:232, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Howard PE, Brusewitz GH: Comparison of the holding strength of partially threaded and nonthreaded intramedullary pins. Vet Surg 12:119, 1983. Huckstep RL: The Huckstep intramedullary compression nail: indications, technique, and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 212:48, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Huckstep RL: An intramedullary nail for rigid fixation and compression of fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 57:253, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Hulse D, Ferry K, Fawcett A, et al: Effect of intramedullary pin size on reducing bone plate strain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:185, 2000. Hulse D, Ferry K, Fawcett A, et al: Effect of intramedullary pin size on reducing bone plate strain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:185, 2000. Hulse D, Hyman W, Nori M, et al: Reduction in plate strain by addition of an intramedullary pin. Vet Surg 26:451, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Hulse D, Kerwin S, Mertens D: Fractures of the femoral diaphysis. In Johnson AL, Houlton JE, Vannini R, editors: AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, ed 1, Stuttgart and New York, 2005, AO Publishing and Thieme, p 287. Ingendaay C: Intramedullary fracture management in the cat—a biomechanical comparison of an interlocking nail and a shape-memory-alloy. Berlin, 2009, Mensch and Buch. Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R: AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, ed 1, Stuttgart and New York, 2005, AO Publishing and Thieme. Johnson AL, Smith CW, Schaeffer DJ: Fragment reconstruction and bone plate fixation versus bridging plate fixation for treating highly comminuted femoral fractures in dogs: 35 cases (1987– 1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1157, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Johnson JM, Johnson AL, Eurell JAC: Histological appearance of naturally occurring canine physeal fractures. Vet Surg 23:81, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Johnson KA, Huckstep RL: Bone remodeling in canine femora after internal fixation with the “Huckstep nail.” Vet Radiol 27:20, 1986. Kanellopoulos AD, Yiannakopoulos CK, Vossinakis I, et al: Distal locking of femoral nails under direct vision through a cortical window. J Orthop Trauma 17:574, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Kaspar K, Schell H, Seebeck P, et al: Angle stable locking reduces interfragmentary movements and promotes healing after unreamed nailing: study of a displaced osteotomy model in sheep tibiae. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:2028, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Kempf I, Grosse A, Beck G: Closed locked intramedullary nailing: its application to comminuted fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67:709, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Kenwright J, Goodship AE, Kelly DJ, et al: Effect of controlled axial micromovement on healing of tibial fractures. 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PUBMED Abstract Lansdowne JL, Sinnott MT, Dejardin LM, et al: In vitro mechanical comparison of screwed, bolted, and novel interlocking nail systems to buttress plate fixation in torsion and mediolateral bending. Vet Surg 36:368, 2007. PUBMED Abstract 228 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. Larin A, Eich CS, Parker RB, et al: Repair of diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats using interlocking intramedullary nails: 12 cases (1996–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1098, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Latte Y, Drape J: Traitment chirugical des fractures diaphysaires du femur du jeune chiden par plaque d’osteosynthese semi-rigide. PMCAC 26:187, 1991. Lee MY, Kuo CH, Hung SS: A new fluoroscopy-free navigation device for distal interlocking screw placement. J Med Eng Technol 32:284, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Leitner M, Pearce SG, Windolf M, et al: Comparison of locking and conventional screws for maintenance of tibial plateau positioning and biomechanical stability after locking tibial plateau leveling osteotomy plate fixation. Vet Surg 37:357, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Lesic A, Bumbasirevic M, Milosevic I, et al: [Gerhard Kuntscher and intramedullary fixation]. Srp Arh Celok Lek 135:594, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Li AB, Carmichael S, Gibson N: Thirteen pancarpal arthrodeses using 2.7/3/5?mm hybrid dynamic compression plates. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:102, 1999. Liporace FA, Gupta S, Jeong GK, et al: A biomechanical comparison of a dorsal 3.5-mm T-plate and a volar fixed-angle plate in a model of dorsally unstable distal radius fractures. J Orthop Trauma 19:187, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Little FM, Conzemius MG, Smith GK, et al: Bending properties of stainless steel dynamic compression plates and limited contact dynamic compression plates. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 14:64, 2001. Lorinson D: Anwendung des Verriegelungsnagels bei Frakturen langer Röhrenknochen von Hund und Katze. Wien Tierartz Monat 87:278, 2000. McLaughlin RM, Cockshutt JR: Stacked veterinary cuttable plates for treatment of comminuted diaphyseal fractures in cats. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 5:22, 1992. Metelman LA, Schwarz PD, Hutchison JM, et al: A mechanical evaluation of the resistance of various interfragmentary wire configurations to torsion. Vet Surg 25:213, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Moses PA, Lewis DD, Lanz OI, et al: Intramedullary interlocking nail stabilisation of 21 humeral fractures in 19 dogs and one cat. Aust Vet J 80:336, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Muir P, Johnson KA: Interlocking intramedullary nail stabilization of a femoral fracture in a dog with osteomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1262, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Muir P, Johnson KA: Tibial intercalary allograft incorporation: comparison of fixation with locked intramedullary nail and dynamic compression plate. J Orthop Res 13:132, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Muir P, Johnson KA, Goldsmid SE, et al: Interlocking intramedullary nail stabilization of a diaphyseal tibial fracture. J Small Anim Pract 34:26, 1993. Muir P, Johnson KA, Markel MD: Area moment of inertia for comparison of implant crosssectional geometry and bending stiffness. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:146, 1995. Murphy TP, Hill CM, Kapatkin AS, et al: Pullout properties of 3.5-mm AO/ASIF self-tapping and cortex screws in a uniform synthetic material and in canine bone. Vet Surg 30:253, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Nanai B, Basinger R: Use of a new investigational interlocking nail supplement in the repair of comminuted diaphyseal tibia fractures of two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:203, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Nowak TE, Burkhart KJ, Mueller LP, et al: New intramedullary locking nail for olecranon fracture fixation: an in vitro biomechanical comparison with tension band wiring. J Trauma 69:E56, 2010. 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PUBMED Abstract Dudley M, Johnson AL, Olmstead M, et al: Open reduction and bone plate stabilization, compared with closed reduction and external fixation, for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures: 47 cases (1980-1995) in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1008, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Egger EL, Powers BE, Blass C, Histand MB: Effect of fixation pin insertion on the bone-pin interface. Vet Surg 15:246, 1986. Egger EL: Instrumentation for external fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:19, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Egger EL: Static strength evaluation of six external skeletal fixation configurations. Vet Surg 12:130, 1983. Egger EL, Konde LJ, Schwarz PD, et al: Canine osteotomy healing when stabilized with decreasingly rigid fixation compared to constantly rigid fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 6:182, 1993. Egger EL: Complications of external fixation: a problem oriented approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:705, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Ehrhart N: Longitudinal bone transport for treatment of primary bone tumors in dogs: technique and outcome in 9 dogs. Vet Surg 34:24, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Farese JP, Lewis DD, Cross AR, et al: Use of IMEX SK-circular external fixator hybrid constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:279, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Fearnside SM, Eaton-Wells RD, Mitchell RAS: Management of comminuted supracondylar fractures of the humerus with closed reduction and a hybrid type I-II external fixator. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 15:233, 2002. Fleming B, Paley D, Kristiansen T, Pope M: A biomechanical analysis of the Ilizarov external fixator. Clin Orthop Relat Res 241:95, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Foland MA, Egger EA: Application of type-III external fixators: a review of 23 clinical fractures in 20 dogs and 2 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:193, 1991. Font J, Cairo J, Franch J: A review of 116 clinical cases treated with external fixators. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:173, 1997. Forell EB, Schwarz PD: Use of external skeletal fixation for treatment of angular deformity secondary to premature distal ulnar physeal closure. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:470, 1993. Fox DR, Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, Breshears LM: Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg 35:67, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Fox SM, Bray JC, Guerin SR, Burbridge HM: Antebrachial deformities in the dog: treatment with external fixation. J Small Anim Pract 36:315, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Gilley RS, Beason DP, Snyder DM, et al: External fixator clamp reuse degrades clamp mechanical performance. Vet Surg 38:530, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 234 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. Greenwood KM, Creagh GB: Bi-phase external skeletal splint fixation of mandibular fractures in dogs. Vet Surg 9:128, 1980. Guerin SR, Lewis DD, Lanz OI, Stalling JT: Comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures repaired with a type I external fixator construct. J Small Anim Pract 39:525, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Hart MB, Wu JJ, Chao EY, Kelly PJ: External skeletal fixation of canine tibial osteotomies: compression compared with no compression. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67:598, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Huber DJ, et al: A mechanical comparison of the fixation pin-connecting bar junction of KirschnerEhmer and acrylic external skeletal fixators. (abst) Vet Surg 27:509, 1998. Jaeger GH, Wosar MA, Marcellin-Little DJ, Lascelles BD: Use of hinged transarticular external fixation for adjunctive joint stabilization in dogs and cats: 14 cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:586, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Jehn CT, Lewis DD, Farese JP, et al: Transverse ulnar bone transport osteogenesis: a new technique for limb salvage for the treatment of distal radial osteosarcoma in dogs. Vet Surg 36:324, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Johnson AL, Egger EL, Losonsky JM, Eurell JAC: Biomechanics and biology of fracture healing with external skeletal fixation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:487, 1998. Johnson AL, Kneller SK, Weigel RM: Radial and tibial fracture repair with external skeletal fixation: effects of fracture type, reduction, and complications on healing. Vet Surg 18:367, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Johnson AL, Seitz SE, Smith CW, et al: Closed reduction and type-II external fixation of comminuted fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs: 23 cases (1990-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1445, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Kirkby KA, Lewis DD, Lafuente MP, et al: Management of humeral and femoral fractures in dogs and cats with linear circular hybrid external skeletal fixators. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44:180, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Kraus KH, Wotton HM: Effect of clamp type on type II external fixator stiffness. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:178, 1999. Kraus KH, Wotton HM: Mechanical comparison of two external fixator clamp designs. Vet Surg 27:224, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Kraus KH, Wotton HM, Boudrieau RJ, et al: Type II external fixation, using new clamps and positive-profile threaded pins, for treatment of fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1267, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, McCartney WT: External skeletal fixation for stabilisation of comminuted humeral fractures in cats. J Small Anim Pract 38:280, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, McCartney W: Use of external skeletal fixators in the repair of femoral fractures in cats. J Small Anim Pract 37:95, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Lanz OI, Jones JC, Bergman R: Use of an external fixator to correct spinal fracture/ luxation and instability in three dogs. Vet Neurol Neurosurg 2:1, 2000. Lauer SK, Aron DN, Evans MD: Finite element method evaluation: articulations and diagonals in an 8-pin type 1B external skeletal fixator. Vet Surg 29:28, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Lauer SK, Aron DN, Evans MD: Destabilization in external skeletal fixation finite element method evaluation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:164, 2003. Lesser AS: Segmental bone transport for the treatment of bone deficits. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:322, 1994. Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX (TM) circular external skeletal fixation system. Part II. Use in bone lengthening and correction of angular and rotational deformities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:118, 1999. Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS: Initial clinical experience with the IMEX (TM) circular external skeletal fixation system. Part I. Use in fractures and arthrodeses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:108, 1999. Lewis DD, Lanz OI, Welch RD: Biomechanics of circular external skeletal fixation. Vet Surg 27:454, 1998. PUBMED Abstract 235 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. Lewis DD, Bronson DG, Welch RD: Effect of individual components of the axial stiffness of a single ring IMEX circular external skeletal fixation system constructs [abstract]. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:80, 1997. Lincoln JD: Treatment of open, delayed union, and nonunion fractures with external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:195, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ: Fracture treatment with circular external fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1153, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ: Treating bone deformities with circular external skeletal fixation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 21:481, 1999. Marcellin-Little DJ, Ferretti A, Roe SC, DeYoung DJ: Hinged Ilizarov external skeletal fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities. Vet Surg 27:231, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ: External skeletal fixation. In Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders, p 1830. Marti JM, Miller A: Delimitation of safe corridors for the insertion of external fixator pins in the dog 1: hindlimb. J Small Anim Pract 35:16, 1994. Marti JM, Miller A: Delimitation of safe corridors for the insertion of external fixator pins in the dog 1: forelimb. J Small Anim Pract 35:78, 1994. Martinez SA, Arnoczky SP, Flo GL, Brinker WO: Dissipation of heat during polymerization of acrylics used for external skeletal fixator connecting bars. Vet Surg 26:290, 1997. PUBMED Abstract McCartney W: Use of the modified acrylic external fixator in 54 dogs and 28 cats. Vet Rec 143:330, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Muir P, Markel MD, Johnson KA: Area moment of inertia for comparison of implant crosssectional geometry and bending stiffness. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:146, 1995. Ness MG: Treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fracture by open wound management and external skeletal fixation. J Small Anim Pract 47:83, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Norris JL, Kraus KH, O’Leary JP: Effect of a supplemental plate on the stiffness of a Type I external fixator. Vet Surg 31:133, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Norton JC, DeCamp CE, Yu J, Rooks R: Use of a single ring transarticular fixator construct for immobilization of the talocrural joint following common calcaneal tenorrhaphy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:430, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Nunamaker DM: Treatment of open fractures in small animals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1:66, 1979. Oni OO, Capper M, Soutis C: External fixation of upper limb fractures: the effect of pin offset on fixator stability. Biomaterials 16:263, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Owen MA: Use of the Ilizarov method to manage a septic tibial fracture nonunion with a large cortical defect. J Small Anim Pract 41:124, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Owen MA: Use of contoured bar transhock external fixators in 17 cats. J Small Anim Pract 41:440, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Owen MR, Bennett D, Carmichael S, et al: Mandibular fracture repair in dogs and cats using epoxy resin and acrylic external skeletal fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:189, 2004. Palmer RH, Hulse DA, Hyman WA, Palmer DR: Principles of bone healing and biomechanics of external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:45, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Palmer RH, Aron DN: Ellis pin complications in seven dogs. Vet Surg 27:423, 1998. Palmer RH: Biological osteosynthesis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1171, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Pettit GD: History of external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Phillips L, Blackmore J: Kirschner-Ehmer device alone to stabilize caudal lumbar fractures in small dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 4:112, 1991. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE: Brinker, Piermattie, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 79. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE, et al: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 518. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE, et al: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 750. 236 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. Radke H, Aron DN, Applewhite A, Zhang G: Biomechanical analysis of unilateral external skeletal fixators combined with IM-pin and without IM-pin using finite-element method. Vet Surg 35:15, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Renberg WC, De Haan JJ, Goring RL: Repair of diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures using a modified type I external skeletal fixator and ulnar intramedullary pin. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 9:29, 1996. Ross JT, Matthiesen DT: The use of multiple pin and methylmethacrylate external skeletal fixation for the treatment of orthopaedic injuries in the dog and cat. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 6:115, 1993. Rovesti GL, Bascucci M, Schmidt K, Marcellin-Little DJ: Limb sparing using a double bonetransport technique for treatment of a distal tibial osteosarcoma in a dog. Vet Surg 31:70, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Shores A, Nichols C, Koelling HA, Fox WR: Combined Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plate fixation technique for caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:335, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Smith MM, Kern DA: Skull trauma and mandibular fractures. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 25:1127, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Ting D, Dejardin LM, Peterson SW: Bone transport for treatment of canine osteomyelitis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 23:134, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Tommasini-Degna M,Ehrhart N, Feretti A, Buracco P: Bone transport osteogenesis for limb salvage following resection of primary bone tumors: experience with six cases (1991-1996). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:18, 2000. Toombs JP, Ewing P, Basinger RR, Aron DN: Angled connecting bars for transarticular application of Kirschner-Ehmer external fixation splints. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:213, 1989. Trostel CT, Radasch RM: Tarsocrural arthrodesis: a clinical report using a circular external fixator. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 11:193, 1998. Walker TM, Pierce WA, Welch RD: External skeletal fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model. Vet Surg 31:181, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Welch RD, Lewis DD: Distraction osteogenesis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1187, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Wheeler JL, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Sereda CW: Closed fluoroscopic-assisted spinal arch external skeletal fixation for the stabilization of vertebral column injuries in five dogs. Vet Surg 36:442, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Wheeler JL, Cross AR, Rapoff AJ: A comparison of accuracy and safety of vertebral body pin placement using a fluoroscopically guided versus an open surgical approach: an in vitro study. Vet Surg 31:468, 2002. PUBMED Abstract White DT, Bronson DG, Welch RD: A mechanical comparison of veterinary linear external fixation systems. Vet Surg 32:507, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Williams N, Constantinescu GM, Wagner-Mann C, et al: Heat conduction of fixator pins with polymethylmethacrylate external fixation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 10:153, 1997. Wu JJ, Shyr HS, Chao EY, Kelly PJ: Comparison of osteotomy healing under external fixation devices with different stiffness characteristics. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66:1258, 1984. PUBMED Abstract 237 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 45: Orthopedic Coaptation Devices and Small-Animal Prosthetics REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Armstrong PD: Immediate post-surgical and early prosthetic management of lower extremity amputations. Lecture, The Newington Certificate Program in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Newington, Conn, 2006-2007. Beale B: Orthopedic clinical techniques: femur fracture repair. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 19:134, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Bowker JH: Atlas of limb prosthetics: surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles, St Louis, 1992, Mosby. Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL, et al: Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture treatment, Philadelphia, 1983, WB Saunders. Brodell JD, Axon DL, Evarts CM: The Robert Jones bandage. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68:776, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Bunch WH: Introduction to orthotics. In American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, editor: Atlas of orthotics: biomechanical principles and application, ed 2, St Louis, 1985, Mosby. Burgess EM, Matsen FA: Determining amputation levels in peripheral vascular disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63:1493, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Condie DN: The modern era of orthotics. Prosthet Orthot Int 32:313, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Cooke MW, Marsh JL, Clark M, et al, on behalf of the CAST Trial Group: Treatment of severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of mechanical ankle support with tubular bandage. The CAST trial. Health Technol Assess 13:1, 2009. 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In Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, editors: Textbook of small animal orthopaedics, Philadelphia, 1985, JB Lippincott. Johnston DE: Hygroma of the elbow in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:213, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Klopsleg PE: The functions and activities of the Committee on Artificial Limbs of the National Research Council: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 29:538, 1947. PUBMED Abstract Lange DE, Bartels KE: Splinting techniques. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. Latta LL, Sarmiento A, Tarr RR: The rationale of functional bracing of fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 146:28, 1980. PUBMED Abstract Lebmkubl LD: Multimodality treatment of joint contractures in patients with severe brain injury: cost, effectiveness, and integration of therapies in the application of serial/inhibitive casts. J Head Trauma Rehabil 5:23, 1990. Lunsford T: Upper-limb orthoses. 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In Bowker JH, Michael JW, editors: Atlas of limb prosthetics: surgical, prosthetic, and rehabilitation principles, ed 2, St Louis, 1992, Mosby. 239 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 46: Delayed Unions, Nonunions, Malunions REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Augat P, Burger J, Schorlemmer S, et al: Shear movement at the fracture site delays healing in a diaphyseal fracture model. J Orthop Res 21:1011, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Blaeser LL, Gallagher JG, Boudrieau RJ: Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases. Vet Surg 32:91, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Brodke D, Pedrozo HA, Kapur TA, et al: Bone grafts prepared with selective cell retention technology heal canine segmental defects as effectively as autograft. J Orthop Res 24:857, 2006. 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PUBMED Abstract 240 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Hadjiargyrou M, Ahrens W, Rubin CT: Temporal expression of the chondrogenic and angiogenic growth factor CYR61 during fracture repair. J Bone Miner Res 15:1014, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Heckman JD, Boyan BD, Aufdemorte TB, et al: The use of bone morphogenetic protein in the treatment of non-union in a canine model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73:750, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Hoffer MJ, Griffon DJ, Schaeffer DJ, et al: Clinical applications of demineralized bone matrix: a retrospective and case-matched study of seventy-five dogs. Vet Surg 37:639, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Hornicek FJ, Gebhardt MC, Tomford WW, et al: Factors affecting nonunion of the allograft-host junction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 87, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Hornicek FJ, Zych GA, Hutson JJ, et al: Salvage of humeral nonunions with onlay bone plate allograft augmentation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 203, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Hudson CC, Pozzi A, Lewis DD: Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis: applications and techniques in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:175, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Hung SS, Lee ZL: Clinical application of rapid prototype model in pediatric proximal femoral corrective osteotomy. Orthopedics 31:72, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Hupel TM, Aksenov SA, Schemitsch EH: Effect of limited and standard reaming on cortical bone blood flow and early strength of union after segmental fracture. J Orthop Trauma 12:400, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Inoue N, Ohnishi I, Chen D, et al: Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on late-phase osteotomy gap healing in a canine tibial model. J Orthop Res 20:1106, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Khan SN, Bostrom MP, Lane JM: Bone growth factors. Orthop Clin North Am 31:375, 2000. 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PUBMED Abstract Kwong FN, Hoyland JA, Evans CH, et al: Regional and cellular localisation of BMPs and their inhibitors’ expression in human fractures. Int Orthop 33:281, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Lansdowne JL, Sinnott MT, Dejardin LM, et al: In vitro mechanical comparison of screwed, bolted, and novel interlocking nail systems to buttress plate fixation in torsion and mediolateral bending. Vet Surg 36:368, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Magovern B, Ramsey ML: Percutaneous fixation of proximal humerus fractures. Orthop Clin North Am 39:405, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Matthiesen DT, Scavelli TD, Whitney WO: Subtotal colectomy for the treatment of obstipation secondary to pelvic fracture malunion in cats. Vet Surg 20:113, 1991. PUBMED Abstract McClure SR, Van Sickle D, White MR: Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on bone. Vet Surg 33:40, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Miclau T, Lindsey RW, Probe R, et al: Autogenous cancellous bone graft incorporation in a gap defect in the canine femur. J Orthop Trauma 10:108, 1996. PUBMED Abstract O’Sullivan ME, Chao EY, Kelly PJ: The effects of fixation on fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 71:306, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Perren SM: Evolution of the internal fixation of long bone fractures: the scientific basis of biological internal fixation: choosing a new balance between stability and biology. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84:1093, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Pozzi A, Lewis D: Surgical approaches for minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:316, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 241 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. Prassinos NN, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Gouletsou PG, et al: Symphyseal distraction-osteotomy using a novel spacer of spirally fashioned orthopaedic wire for the management of obstipation. J Feline Med Surg 9:23, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Reems MR, Beale BS, Hulse DA: Use of a plate-rod construct and principles of biological osteosynthesis for repair of diaphyseal fractures in dogs and cats: 47 cases (1994-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:330, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Rhorer AS: Percutaneous/minimally invasive techniques in treatment of femoral shaft fractures with an intramedullary nail. J Orthop Trauma 23:S2, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Schmokel HG, Stein S, Radke H, et al: Treatment of tibial fractures with plates using minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 48:157, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Schrader SC: Pelvic osteotomy as a treatment for obstipation in cats with acquired stenosis of the pelvic canal: six cases (1978-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:208, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Sen MK, Miclau T: Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions? Injury 38(suppl 1):S75, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Strauss EJ, Schwarzkopf R, Kummer F, et al: The current status of locked plating: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Orthop Trauma 22:479, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Taitsman LA, Lynch JR, Agel J, et al: Risk factors for femoral nonunion after femoral shaft fracture. J Trauma 67:1389, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Tejwani NC, Wolinsky P: The changing face of orthopaedic trauma: locked plating and minimally invasive techniques. Instr Course Lect 57:3, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Tomic S, Bumbasirevic M, Lesic A, et al: Ilizarov frame fixation without bone graft for atrophic humeral shaft nonunion: 28 patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up. J Orthop Trauma 21:549, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Toombs JP, Wallace LJ: Evaluation of autogeneic and allogeneic cortical chip grafting in a feline tibial nonunion model. Am J Vet Res 46:519, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Toombs JP, Wallace LJ, Bjorling DE, et al: Evaluation of Key’s hypothesis in the feline tibia: an experimental model for augmented bone healing studies. Am J Vet Res 46:513, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Tsuji K, Bandyopadhyay A, Harfe BD, et al: BMP2 activity, although dispensable for bone formation, is required for the initiation of fracture healing. Nat Genet 38:1424, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Vaibhav B, Nilesh P, Vikram S, et al: Bone morphogenic protein and its application in trauma cases: a current concept update. Injury 38:1227, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Welch JA, Boudrieau RJ, DeJardin LM, et al: The intraosseous blood supply of the canine radius: implications for healing of distal fractures in small dogs. Vet Surg 26:57, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Xu ZH, Jiang Q, Chen DY, et al: Extracorporeal shock wave treatment in nonunions of long bone fractures. Int Orthop 33:789, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 242 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 47: Principles of Angular Limb Deformity Correction REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Balfour RJ, Boudrieau RJ, Gores BR: T-plate fixation of distal radial closing wedge osteotomies for treatment of angular limb deformities in 18 dogs. Vet Surg 29:207, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Barconi E, Matthias RR, Marcellini-Little DJ, et al: Comparison of radiographic assessments of the tibial plateau slope in dogs. Am J Vet Res 64:586, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Bardet JF, Rudy RL, Hohn RB: Measurement of femoral torsion in dogs using a biplanar method. Vet Surg 12:1, 1983. Dismukes DI, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, et al: Radiographic measurement of the proximal and distal mechanical joint angles in the canine tibia. Vet Surg 36:699, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Dismukes DI, Tomlinson JL, Fox DB, et al: Radiographic measurement of canine tibial angles in the sagittal plane. Vet Surg 37:300, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Dismukes DI, Fox DB, Tomlinson JL, et al: Determination of pelvic limb alignment in the largebreed dog: a cadaveric radiographic study in the frontal plane. Vet Surg 37:674, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Dismukes DI, Fox DB, Tomlinson JL: Use of radiographic measures and three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging in surgical correction of an antebrachial deformity in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:68, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Dudley RM, Kowaleski MP, Drost WT,: Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:546, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Fasanella FJ, Tomlinson JL, Welihozkiy A, Fox DB: Radiographic measurements of the axes and joint angles of the canine radius and ulna. 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PUBMED Abstract Johnson AL: Correction of radial and ulnar deformities resulting from premature physeal closure. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea and Febiger, p 793. Kowaleski MP: Femoral corrective osteotomy for medial patellar luxation. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Symposium, Washington, DC, October 5–7, 2006, p 473. Lambert RJ, Wendelburg KL: Determination of the mechanical medial proximal tibial angle using a tangential radiographic technique. Vet Surg 39:181, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ, Ferretti A, Roe SC, DeYoung DJ: Hinged Ilizarov external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities. Vet Surg 27:231, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Montavon PM, Hohn RB, Olmstead NL, Rudy RL: Inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in the dog: evaluation of a standard method of measurement. Vet Surg 14:277, 1985. 243 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Morris E, Lipowitz AJ: Comparison of tibial plateau angles in dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament injuries. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:363, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Nunamaker DM, Bierry DN, Newton CD: Femoral neck anteversion in the dog: its radiographic measurement. J Am Vet Radiol Soc 14:45, 1973. Paley D: Principles of deformity correction, Berlin, 2003, Springer-Verlag. Paley D: Personal communication regarding torsional-angulation deformities, April 23, 2010. Piras LA, Peirone B, Fox DB: Effects of antebrachial torsion on the measurement of frontal plane angulation: a cadaveric radiographic analysis. Radiographic measurements of the axes and joint angles of the canine radius and ulna. Proceedings of the 37th Veterinary Orthopedic Society Symposium, Breckinridge, CO, February 20–27, 2010, p 36. 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PUBMED Abstract 244 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 48: Osteomyelitis REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Anderson CE, Parker J: Invasion and resorption of enchondral ossification: an electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 48:899, 1966. PUBMED Abstract Bernard L, Hoffmeyer P, Assal M, et al: Trends in the treatment of orthopaedic prosthetic infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 53:127, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Brady RA, Leid JG, Calhoun JH, et al: Osteomyelitis and the role of biofilms in chronic infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 52:13, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Brady RA, Leid JG, Camper AK, et al: Identification of Staphylococcus aureus proteins recognized by the antibody-mediated immune response to a biofilm infection. Infect Immun 74:3415, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Bryers JD: Medical biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 100:1, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Bubenik LJ: Infections of the skeletal system. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:1093, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Budsberg SC: Complications of fracture treatment. In Johnson AL, Houlton JEF, Vannini R, editors: AO principle of fracture management in the dog and cat, Davos, Switzerland, 2005, AO Publishing, p 416. Byren I, Bejon P, Atkins BL, et al: One hundred and twelve infected arthroplasties treated with ‘DAIR’ (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention): antibiotic duration and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother 63:1264, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cierny GD, Mader JT, Pennick H: A clinical staging system of adult osteomyelitis. Contemp Orthop 10:17, 1985. Concia E, Prandini N, Massan L, et al: Osteomyelitis: clinical update for practical guidelines. Nucl Med Commun 27:645, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Costerton JW: Biofilm theory can guide the treatment of device-related orthopaedic infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 437:7, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Cui Q, Mihalko WM, Shields JS, et al: Antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infection associated with total hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:871, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Donlan RM, Costerton JW: Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:167, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Dunne WM: Bacterial adhesion: seen any good biofilms lately? Clin Microbiol Rev 15:155, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Emslie KR, Ozanne NR, Nade SM: Acute hematogenous staphylococcal osteomyelitis: a description of the natural history in an avian model. Am J Pathol 110:333, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Fisman DN, Reilly DT, Karchmer AW, et al: Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 2 management strategies for infected total hip arthroplasty in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 32:419, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Garvin KL, Hanssen AD: Infection after total hip arthroplasty: past, present, and future. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77:1576, 1995. 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Hsieh PH, Chang YH, Chen SH, et al: High concentration and bioactivity of vancomycin and aztreonam eluted from Simplex cement spacers in two-stage revision of infected hip implants: a study of 46 patients at an average follow-up of 107 days. J Orthop Res 24:1615, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Hsieh PH, Shih CH, Chang YH, et al: Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection: comparison between the interim use of antibiotic-loaded cement beads and a spacer prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:89, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Ince A, Seemann K, Frommelt L, et al: One-stage exchange shoulder arthroplasty for periprosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:814, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Johnson KA: Osteomyelitis in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1882, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Lew DP, Waldvogel FA: Osteomyelitis. Lancet 364:369, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Love DN: Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from dogs. Aust Vet Pract 19:196, 1989. 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Trends Microbiol 18:55, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Resnick D, Kransdorf MJ: Bone and joint imaging, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2005, Elsevier Saunders. Schenk RK, Wiener J, Spiro D: Fine structural aspects of vascular invasion of the tibial epiphyseal plate of growing rats. Acta Anat (Basel) 69:1, 1968. PUBMED Abstract Schillaci O: Hybrid imaging systems in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 53:95, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Shirtliff ME, Mader JT, Camper AK: Molecular interactions in biofilms. Chem Biol 9:859, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Stewart PS: Mechanisms of antiobiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms. Int J Med Microbiol 292:107, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Stewart PS, Costerton JW: Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. The Lancet 358:135, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Stoodley P, Kathju S, Hu FZ, et al: Molecular and imaging techniques for bacterial biofilms in joint arthroplasty infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 437:31, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Streppa HK, Singer MJ, Budsberg SC: Applications of local antimicrobial delivery systems in veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:40, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Tarkin IS, Dunman PM, Garvin KL: Improving the treatment of musculoskeletal infections with molecular diagnostics. Clin Orthop Relat Res 437:83, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Torres BT, Budsberg SC: Revision of cemented total hip arthroplasty with cementless components in three dogs. Vet Surg 38:81, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Trueta J: The three types of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis: a clinical and vascular study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 41:671, 1959. Trueta J, Morgan JD: The vascular contribution to osteogenesis. I. Studies by the injection method. J Bone Joint Surg Br 42:97, 1960. PUBMED Abstract Tsukayama DT: Pathophysiology of posttraumatic osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 360:22, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Valle J, Toledo-Arana A, Berasain C, et al: SarA and not sigmaB is essential for biofilm development by Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 48:1075, 2003. PUBMED Abstract 246 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. van der Mei HC, van de Belt-Gritter B, Reid G, et al: Adhesion of coagulase-negative staphylococci grouped according to physico-chemical surface properties. Microbiology 143:3861, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Wagner C, Kondella K, Bernschneider T, et al: Post-traumatic osteomyelitis: analysis of inflammatory cells recruited into the site of infection. Shock 20:503, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Waldvogel FA, Medoff G, Swartz MN: Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects, part I. N Engl J Med 282:198, 1970. PUBMED Abstract Waldvogel FA, Medoff G, Swartz MN: Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects, part II. N Engl J Med 282:260, 1970. PUBMED Abstract Waldvogel FA, Medoff G, Swartz MN: Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects, part III. N Engl J Med 282:316, 1970. PUBMED Abstract Whalen JL, Fitzgerald RH, Morrissy RT: A histological study of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis follow physeal injuries in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70:1383, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Yoon KS, Fitzgerald RH, Sud S, et al: Experimental acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in mice. II. Influence of Staphylococcus aureus infection on T-cell immunity. J Ortho Res 17:382, 1999. PUBMED Abstract 247 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 49: Bone Grafts and Substitutes REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 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PUBMED Abstract Betz VM, Betz OB, Glatt V, et al: Healing of segmental bone defects by direct percutaneous gene delivery: effect of vector dose. Hum Gene Ther 18:907, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Bishop GB, Einhorn TA: Current and future clinical applications of bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Int Orthop 31:721, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Bonutti PM, Cremens MJ, Miller BG: Formation of structural grafts from cancellous bone fragments. Am J Orthop 27:499, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Brodke D, Pedrozo HA, Kapur TA, et al: Bone grafts prepared with selective cell retention technology heal canine segmental defects as effectively as autograft. J Orthop Res 24:857, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Bruder SP, Jaiswal N, Ricalton NS, et al: Mesenchymal stem cells in osteobiology and applied bone regeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res S247, 1998. 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PUBMED Abstract Eggli PS, Muller W, Schenk RK: Porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate cylinders with two different pore size ranges implanted in the cancellous bone of rabbits: a comparative histomorphometric and histologic study of bony ingrowth and implant substitution. Clin Orthop Relat Res 127, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Ferguson JF: Fracture of the humerus after cancellous bone graft harvesting in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 37:232, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Gerhart TN, Kirker-Head CA, Kriz MJ, et al: Healing segmental femoral defects in sheep using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein. Clin Orthop Relat Res 317, 1993. PUBMED Abstract 248 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Hoffer MJ, Griffon DJ, Schaeffer DJ, et al: Clinical applications of demineralized bone matrix: a retrospective and case-matched study of seventy-five dogs. Vet Surg 37:639, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Holtzclaw D, Toscano N, Eisenlohr L, et al: The safety of bone allografts used in dentistry: a review. J Am Dent Assoc 139:1192, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Horowitz MC, Friedlaender GE: Immunologic aspects of bone transplantation: a rationale for future studies. Orthop Clin North Am 18:227, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Johnson KA: Histologic features of the healing of bone graft donor sites in dogs. Am J Vet Res 49:885, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Kaku N, Tsumura H, Kataoka M, et al: Influence of aeration, storage, and rinsing conditions on residual ethylene oxide in freeze-dried bone allograft. J Orthop Sci 7:238, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Kato T, Kawaguchi H, Hanada K, et al: Single local injection of recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 stimulates healing of segmental bone defects in rabbits. J Orthop Res 16:654, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Kay MA, Glorioso JC, Naldini L: Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into vehicles of therapeutics. Nat Med 7:33, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Kirker-Head CA, Boudrieau RJ, Kraus KH: Use of bone morphogenetic proteins for augmentation of bone regeneration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1039, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Kraus KH, Kirker-Head C: Mesenchymal stem cells and bone regeneration. Vet Surg 35:232, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Lafaver S, Miller NA, Stubbs WP, et al: Tibial tuberosity advancement for stabilization of the canine cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joint: surgical technique, early results, and complications in 101 dogs. Vet Surg 36:573, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Laursen M, Christensen FB, Bunger C, et al: Optimal handling of fresh cancellous bone graft: different peroperative storing techniques evaluated by in vitro osteoblast-like cell metabolism. Acta Orthop Scand 74:490, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Lewis JR, Boudrieau RJ, Reiter AM, et al: Mandibular reconstruction after gunshot trauma in a dog by use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1598, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Lieberman JR, Daluiski A, Einhorn TA: The role of growth factors in the repair of bone: biology and clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84:1032, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Lieberman JR, Daluiski A, Stevenson S, et al: The effect of regional gene therapy with bone morphogenetic protein-2-producing bone-marrow cells on the repair of segmental femoral defects in rats. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81:905, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Lieberman JR, Ghivizzani SC, Evans CH: Gene transfer approaches to the healing of bone and cartilage. Mol Ther 6:141, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Lind M, Schumacker B, Soballe K, et al: Transforming growth factor-beta enhances fracture healing in rabbit tibiae. Acta Orthop Scand 64:553, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Lindsey RW, Gugala Z, Milne E, et al: The efficacy of cylindrical titanium mesh cage for the reconstruction of a critical-size canine segmental femoral diaphyseal defect. J Orthop Res 24:1438, 2006. PUBMED Abstract McAnulty JF: Effect of various short-term storage methods on viability of cancellous bone fragments. Am J Vet Res 60:63, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Milovancev M, Muir P, Manley PA, et al: Clinical application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in 4 dogs. Vet Surg 36:132, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Mroz TE, Joyce MJ, Steinmetz MP, et al: Musculoskeletal allograft risks and recalls in the United States. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 16:559, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Muschler GF, Nitto H, Matsukura Y, et al: Spine fusion using cell matrix composites enriched in bone marrow-derived cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 102, 2003.PUBMED Abstract Nakahara H, Goldberg VM, Caplan AI: Culture-expanded periosteal-derived cells exhibit osteochondrogenic potential in porous calcium phosphate ceramics in vivo. Clin Orthop Relat Res 291, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Nakamura T, Hara Y, Tagawa M, et al: Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor accelerates fracture healing by enhancing callus remodeling in experimental dog tibial fracture. J Bone Miner Res 13:942, 1998. PUBMED Abstract 249 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. Nash TJ, Howlett CR, Martin C, et al: Effect of platelet-derived growth factor on tibial osteotomies in rabbits. Bone 15:203, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Nielsen HM, Andreassen TT, Ledet T, et al: Local injection of TGF-beta increases the strength of tibial fractures in the rat. Acta Orthop Scand 65:37, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Pekkarinen T, Hietala O, Lindholm TS, et al: Influence of ethylene oxide sterilization on the activity of native reindeer bone morphogenetic protein. Int Orthop 28:97, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Pelled G, Ben-Arav A, Hock C, et al: Direct gene therapy for bone regeneration: gene delivery, animal models, and outcome measures. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 16:13, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Penwick RC, Mosier DA, Clark DM: Healing of canine autogenous cancellous bone graft donor sites. Vet Surg 20:229, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Perry CR: Bone repair techniques, bone graft, and bone graft substitutes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 71, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Peterson B, Whang PG, Iglesias R, et al: Osteoinductivity of commercially available demineralized bone matrix: preparations in a spine fusion model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:2243, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Quintavalla J, Uziel-Fusi S, Yin J, et al: Fluorescently labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) maintain multilineage potential and can be detected following implantation into articular cartilage defects. Biomaterials 23:109, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Schmitt JM, Hwang K, Winn SR, et al: Bone morphogenetic proteins: an update on basic biology and clinical relevance. J Orthop Res 17:269, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Sciadini MF, Johnson KD: Evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 as a bone-graft substitute in a canine segmental defect model. J Orthop Res 18:289, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Shors EC: Coralline bone graft substitutes. Orthop Clin North Am 30:599, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Silbermann M, Lewinson D, Gonen H, et al: In vitro transformation of chondroprogenitor cells into osteoblasts and the formation of new membrane bone. Anat Rec 206:373, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Sinibaldi KR: Evaluation of full cortical allografts in 25 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1570, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Smith MM, Saunders GK, Moon ML, et al: Evaluation of the caudoventral portion of the mandible as a donor site for corticocancellous bone for periodontal surgery in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54:481, 1993. PUBMED Abstract Spector DI, Keating JH, Boudrieau RJ: Immediate mandibular reconstruction of a 5?cm defect using rhBMP-2 after partial mandibulectomy in a dog. Vet Surg 36:752, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Straw RC, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et al: The effect of intramedullary polymethylmethacrylate on healing of intercalary cortical allografts in a canine model. J Orthop Res 10:434, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Strong DM, Friedlaender GE, Tomford WW, et al: Immunologic responses in human recipients of osseous and osteochondral allografts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 107, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Tay BK, Patel VV, Bradford DS: Calcium sulfate- and calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes: mimicry of the mineral phase of bone. Orthop Clin North Am 30:615, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Trotter EJ: Cervical spine locking plate fixation for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in large breed dogs. Vet Surg 38:705, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Turonis JW, McPherson JC, 3rd, Cuenin MF, et al: The effect of residual calcium in decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft in a critical-sized defect in the Rattus norvegicus calvarium. J Oral Implantol 32:55, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Urist MR: Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science 150:893, 1965. PUBMED Abstract Vangsness CT, Jr, Garcia IA, Mills CR, et al: Allograft transplantation in the knee: tissue regulation, procurement, processing, and sterilization. Am J Sports Med 31:474, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Vidal MA, Robinson SO, Lopez MJ, et al: Comparison of chondrogenic potential in equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow. Vet Surg 37:713, 2008. PUBMED Abstract White E, Shors EC: Biomaterial aspects of Interpore-200 porous hydroxyapatite. Dent Clin North Am 30:49, 1986. PUBMED Abstract 250 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 67. Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, et al: Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science 242:1528, 1988. PUBMED Abstract 251 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 50: Scapula REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Cook JL, Cook CR, Tomlinson JL et al: Scapular fractures in dogs: epidemiology, classification, and concurrent injuries in 105 cases (1988–1994). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:528, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Franczuszki D, Parkes LJ: Glenoid excision as a treatment in chronic shoulder disabilities: surgical technique and clinical results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:637, 1987. Gill PJ, Lippincott CL, Anderson SM: Longitudinal myotomy of the supraspinatus muscle: a new approach to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 32:243, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Jerram RM: Scapular fractures in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:1254, 1998. Johnston SA: Articular fractures of the scapula in the dog: a clinical retrospective study of 26 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:157, 1993. Kirpensteijn J, Straw RC, Pardo AD, et al: Partial and total scapulectomy in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:313, 1994. Mair J, Belkoff SM, Bouderieau RJ: An ex vivo mechanical evaluation of single versus double semitubular plate fixation of a transverse distal-third scapular osteotomy in the dog. Vet Surg 32:580, 2003. PUBMED Abstract McCarthy TC: Identifying and treating an ununited accessory caudal glenoid ossification center. Vet Med 100:408, 2005. McCartney WT, Garvan CB: Muscle separation approach to scapular neck fractures in eight dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 5:471, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Ocal MK, Toros G: A morphometric study on the cross-sections of the scapular spine in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 4:281, 2007. 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J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:129, 1990. 252 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 51: The Shoulder REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Adamiak Z, Szalecki P: Treatment of bicipital tenosynovitis with double tenodesis. J Small Anim Pract 44:539, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Agnello KA, Puchalski SM, Wisner ER: Effect of positioning, scan plane, and arthrography on visibility of periarticular canine shoulder soft tissue structures on magnetic resonance images. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:529, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Åkerblom S, Sjöström L: Evaluation of clinical, radiographical and cytological findings compared to arthroscopic findings in shoulder joint lameness in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:136, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Åkerblom S, Sjöström L: Villonodular synovitis in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:87, 2006. 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Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:146, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Butterworth S: The shoulder. In Houlton JEF, Collinson R, editors: Manual of small animal arthrology, Des Moines, 1994, Iowa State University Press, p 149. Campbell JR: Shoulder lameness in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 9:189, 1968. PUBMED Abstract Carb AV, Kaplan M: What is your diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1515, 1969. Clayton Jones DG, Webbon PM: The shoulder joint. J Small Anim Pract 16:523, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Clements DN, Kelly DF, Philbey AW: Arthrographic diagnosis of shoulder joint masses in two dogs. Vet Rec 156:254, 2005. PUBMED Abstract 253 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Clements DN, Carmichael S: Fracture of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus in a dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:112, 2003. 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PUBMED Abstract Sidaway BK, McLaughlin RM, Elder SH, et al: Role of the tendons of the biceps brachii and infraspinatus muscles and the medial glenohumeral ligament in the maintenance of passive shoulder joint stability in dogs. Am J Vet Res 65:1216, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Simkin PA, Heston TF, Downey DJ, et al: Subchondral architecture in bones of the canine shoulder. J Anat 175:213, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Simkin PA, Houglum SJ, Pickerall CC: Compliance and viscoelasticity of canine shoulders loaded in vitro. J Biomech 18:735, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Simkin PA, Pickerall CC, Wallis WJ: Hydraulic resistance in bones of the canine shoulder. J Biomech 18:657, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Simon WH, Friedenberg S, Richardson S: Joint congruence. J Bone Joint Surg Am 55:1614, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Speer KP: Anatomy and pathomechanics of shoulder instability. Clin Sports Med 14:751, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Stobie D, Wallace LJ, Lipowitz AJ, et al: Chronic bicipital tenosynovitis in dogs: 29 cases (1985– 1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:201, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Suter PF, Carb AV: Shoulder arthrography in dogs: radiographic anatomy and clinical application. J Small Anim Pract 10:407, 1969. PUBMED Abstract Thomas TM, Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC, et al: Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dog. Am J Vet Res 67:1974, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Tirgari M: Clinic-pathological aspects of separated ossicles in the shoulder joint in dogs. Vet Rec 95:461, 1974. PUBMED Abstract Todoroff RJ: Algorithms for diagnosis and treatment of shoulder disorders. In Bojrab MJ, editor: Current techniques in small animal surgery, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1998, Williams and Wilkins, p 1063. Tomlinson T: Shoulder lameness in the dog—causes and treatment options. Small animal and exotics. 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PUBMED Abstract vanBree H, Degryse H, VanRyssen B, et al: Pathologic correlations with magnetic resonance images of osteochondrosis lesions in canine shoulders. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1099, 1993. PUBMED Abstract vanBree H, VanRyssen B, Degryse H: Magnetic resonance arthrography of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs, using gadopentetate dimeglumine. Am J Vet Res 56:286, 1995. PUBMED Abstract vanBree H, VanRissen B, Tshamala M, et al: Comparison of the nonionic contrast agents, iopromide and iotrolan, for positive-contrast arthrography of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs. Am J Vet Res 53:1620, 1992. vanBree H, Verhaeghe B, Maenhout D: Positive contrast arthrography of the dog’s shoulder with meglumine-sodium diatrizoate. J Am Vet Med Assoc 36:421, 1989. 258 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 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PUBMED Abstract Klause S, Schwarz P, Egger E, et al: A modification of the unilateral type 1 ESF configuration for primary or secondary support of supracondylar humeral or femoral fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 3:130, 1990. Langley-Hobbs SJ, Ball S, McKee W: Transverse stress fractrues of the proximal tibia in 10 cats with non-union patellar fractures. Vet Rec 164:425, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, McCartney WT: External skeletal fixation for stabilisation of comminuted humeral fractures in cats. J Small Anim Pract 38:280, 1997. PUBMED Abstract 261 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. Langley-Hobbs SJ, Carmichael S, Pead MJ, et al: Management of antebrachial deformity and shortening secondary to a synostosis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 37:359, 1996. 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Danielson KC, Fitzpatrick N, Muir P, et al: Histomorphometry of fragmented medial coronoid process in dogs: a comparison of affected and normal coronoid processes. Vet Surg 35:501, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Dassler C, Vasseur PB: Elbow luxation. In Slatter D, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, p 1919. Demko J, McLaughlin R: Developmental orthopedic disease. Vet Clin North Am 35:1111, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Denny H, Gibbs C: The surgical treatment of osteochondritis dissecans and ununited coronoid process in the canine elbow joint. J Small Anim Pract 21:323, 1980. Denny HR: The canine elbow. Br Vet J 143:1, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Eckman S, Carlson C: The pathophysiology of osteochondrosis. Vet Clin North Am 28:17, 1998. Eckstein F, Merz B, Muller-Gerbl M, et al: Morphomechanics of the humeroulnar joint: II. Concave incongruity determines the distribution of load and subchondral mineralization. Anat Rec 243:327, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Evans H: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1993, Saunders. Evans RB, Gordon-Evans WJ, Conzemius MG: Comparison of three methods for the management of fragmented medial coronoid process in the dog: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:106, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Farrell M, Draffan D, Gemmill T, et al: In vitro validation of a technique for assessment of canine and feline elbow joint collateral ligament integrity and description of a new method for collateral ligament prosthetic replacement. Vet Surg 36:548, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Fitzpatrick N, Yeadon R: Working algorithm for treatment decision making for developmental disease of the medial compartment of the elbow in dogs. Vet Surg 38:285, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Fitzpatrick N, Smith TJ, Evans RB, et al: Radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the elbow joints of 263 dogs with medial coronoid disease. Vet Surg 38:213, 2009. 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PUBMED Abstract 265 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. Fujita Y, Schulz KS, Mason DR, et al: Effect of humeral osteotomy on joint surface contact in canine elbow joints. Am J Vet Res 64:506, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Gemmill T, Mellor DJ, Clements DN, et al: Evaluation of elbow incongruency using reconstructed CT in dogs suffering fragmented coronoid process. J Small Anim Pract 46:327, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Gielen I, Van Ryssen B, Van Bree H: Arthrology—Diagnostic imaging: is CT the answer? Presented at: 12th European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology Congress, September 10–12, 2004, Munich, Germany. Griffon DJ, Blond L, Schaeffer D: Elbow incongruity: arthroscopy or CT. Presented at: 4th Annual Veterinary Advanced Arthrology Association Symposium and Laboratory, August 20–21, 2009, Naples, FL. Griffon DJ: Arthroscopic diagnosis of elbow dysplasia. Presented at World Small Animal Veterinary Association, October 11–14, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic. Griffon DJ: Controversies in the arthroscopic treatment of fragmented coronoid process. Presented at: World Small Animal Veterinary Association, October 11–14, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic. Grondalen J, Braut T: Lameness in two young dogs caused by a calcified body in the joint capsule of the elbow. J Small Anim Pract 17:681, 1976. PUBMED Abstract Grondalen J, Grondalen T: Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs: a pathoanatomical investigation. Nord Vet Med 33:1, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Grondalen J: Arthrosis in the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs: ununited medial coronoid process of the ulna and osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle: surgical procedure for correction and postoperative investigation. Nord Vet Med 31:520, 1979. 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Henry WB: Radiographic diagnosis and surgical management of fragmented medial coronoid process in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:799, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, Scherrer WE: Accuracy of computerized tomographic evaluation of canine radio-ulnar incongruence in vitro. Vet Surg 34:108, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Holsworth IG: How I manage elbow incongruity. Proceedings 12th European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology Congress, September 10–12, 2004, Munich, Germany. Hornof WJ, Wind AP, Wallack ST, et al: Canine elbow dysplasia, early radiographic detection of the fragmentation of the coronoid process. Vet Clin North Am 30:257, 2000. House MR, Marino DJ, Lesser ML: Effect of limb position on elbow congruity with CT evaluation. Vet Surg 38:154, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Huck JL, Biery DN, Lawler DF, et al: A longitudinal study of the influence of lifetime food restriction on development of osteoarthritis in the canine elbow. Vet Surg 38,192, 2009. 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PUBMED Abstract Samoy Y, Van Ryssen B, Gielen I, et al: Review of the literature: elbow incongruity in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:1, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Sams A: Canine elbow joint arthroscopy: introduction and description of technique. Compend Cont Educ Pract 22:135, 2000. Schaaf OR, Eaton-Wells R, Mitchell RA: Biceps brachii and brachialis tendon of insertion injuries in eleven racing greyhounds. Vet Surg 38:825, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Schaeffer IGF, Wolvekamp P, Meij BP, et al: Traumatic luxation of the elbow in 31 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:33, 1999. Schulz K, Fitzpatrick N, Young R: Theory and development of the sliding humeral osteotomy. Proceedings Annual Scientific Meeting and Symposium of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, October 23–25, 2008, San Diego. Schulz K, Holsworth I, Hornof W: Self-retaining braces for arthroscopy. Vet Surg 33:77, 2004. PUBMED Abstract Schulz K, Krotscheck U: Canine elbow dysplasia. 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Conzemius MG: Total elbow replacement: facts, fiction and opinions. Presented at: ACVS Veterinary Symposium, October 17–21, 2007, Chicago. Cook JL, Lower J: Elbow athroplasty system, Patent US007419507B2, USA, 2008. Déjardin LM, Guillou RP: Total elbow replacement in dogs: recent design evolution and early results with the TATE system. Presented at: 18th Annual Scientific Meeting, European College of Veterinary Surgeons, July 2–4, 2009, Nantes, France. CD-ROM. 13a. Déjardin LM, Guillou RP: TATE total elbow replacement: results and complications. Presented at: Third World Veterinary Orthopedic Congress (WVOC), September 15–18, 2010, Bologna, Italy. CD-ROM. 13b. Déjardin LM, Guillou RP, Sawyer MJ, et al: Effect of articular design on rotational constraint of two unlinked canine total elbow prostheses. Presented at: Third World Veterinary Orthopedic Congress (WVOC), September 15–18, 2010, Bologna, Italy. CD-ROM. 13c. Guillou RP, Demianiuk R, Déjardin LM, et al: Effect of articular design on mediolateral constraint and stability of two unlinked canine total elbow prostheses. Presented at: 38 th Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society (VOS), March 5–12, 2011, Snowmass, CO. CDROM. Innes J: Total elbow replacement—the UK experience. Presented at: BVOA Salvage Surgery Joint Replacement and Arthrodesis, December 4–6, 2009, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Lascelles BD, Roe SC, Smith E, et al: Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 67:277, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Lewis RH: Development of elbow arthroplasty (canine) clinical trials. Presented at ACVS Symposium, November 3–6, 1996, San Francisco. Rose ND, Freeman A, Conzemius MC, Betchold J: Resistance to lateral luxation of two canine elbow replacement systems under variable mechanical loads. Presented at 38th Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society (VOS), March 5–12, 2011, Snowmass, CO. CD-ROM. 272 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 18. 19. Sidebotham CG: Personal communication, February 2008. Whittick WG, Bonar CJ, Reeve-Newson JA: Prosthesis for elbow fracture. Can Vet J 5:56, 1964. 273 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 55: Radius and Ulna REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Anderson GM, Lewis DD, Radasch RM, et al: Circular external skeletal fixation stabilization of antebrachial and crural fractures in 25 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 39:479, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Balfour RJ, Boudrieau RJ, Gores BR: T-plate fixation of distal radial closing wedge osteotomies for treatment of angular limb deformities in 18 dogs. Vet Surg 29:207, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Blond L, Dupuis J, Beauregard G, et al: Sensitivity and specificity of radiographic detection of canine elbow incongruence in an in vitro model. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:210, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Bottcher P, Werner H, Ludewig E, et al: Visual estimation of radioulnar incongruence in dogs using three-dimensional image rendering: an in vitro study based on computed tomographic imaging. Vet Surg 38:161, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Boudrieau RJ, Schelling SH, Pisanelli ER: Chondrosarcoma of the radius with distant metastasis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:580, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Carrig CB: Growth abnormalities of the canine radius and ulna. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 13:91, 1983. PUBMED Abstract Chapman WL, Jr: Appearance of ossification centers and epiphyseal closures as determined by radiographic techniques. J Am Vet Med Assoc 147:138, 1965. PUBMED Abstract Conzemius MG, Smith GK, Brighton CT, et al: Analysis of physeal growth in dogs, using biplanar radiography. Am J Vet Res 55:22, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Craig E: Autogenous fat grafts to prevent recurrence following surgical correction of growth deformities of the radius and ulna in the dog. Vet Surg 10:69, 1981. DeCamp CE, Hauptman J, Knowlen G, et al: Periosteum and the healing of partial ulnar ostectomy in radius curvus of dogs. Vet Surg 15:185, 1986. Dieterich HF: Repair of a lateral radial head luxation by radial head ostectomy. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:671, 1973. PUBMED Abstract Dismukes DI, Fox DB, Tomlinson JL, et al: Use of radiographic measures and three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging in surgical correction of an antebrachial deformity in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:68, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Egger EL, Stoll SG: Ulnar styloid transposition as an experimental treatment for premature closure of the distal ulnar physis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:690, 1978. Fasanella FJ, Tomlinson JL, Welihozkiy A, et al: Radiographic measurements of the axes and joint angles of the canine radius and ulna. Proceedings of the 37th Veterinary Orthopedic Society Symposium, February 20-27, 2010, Breckenridge, CO, p 21. Forell EB, Schwarz PD: Use of external skeletal fixation for treatment of angular deformity secondary to premature distal ulnar physeal closure. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:460, 1993. Fox DB, Fasanella FJ, Tomlinson JL: Comparison of osteotomy techniques for the correction of antebrachial angular limb deformities in the dog: investigation of a novel dome osteotomy saw blade. Proceedings of the 37th Veterinary Orthopedic Society Symposium, February 20–27, 2010, Breckenridge, CO, p 20. Fox DB, Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, et al: Principles of uniapical and biapical radial deformity correction using dome osteotomies and the center of rotation of angulation methodology in dogs. Vet Surg 35:67, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Fox SM: Premature closure of distal radial and ulnar physes in the dog, Part I: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 128:128, 1984. Gilson SD, Piermattei DL, Schwarz PD: Treatment of humeroulnar subluxation with a dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy: a review of 13 cases. Vet Surg 18:114, 1989. PUBMED Abstract 274 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Hamilton MH, Langley-Hobbs SJ: Use of the AO veterinary mini “T” T-plate for stabilization of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 18:18, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Henney LH, Gambardella PC: Premature closure of the ulnar physis in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25:573, 1989. Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, Scherrer WE, et al: Accuracy of computerized tomographic evaluation of canine radio-ulnar incongruence in vitro. Vet Surg 34:108, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Johnson AL: Treatment of growth deformities with external skeletal fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 22:209, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Johnson AL, Schaeffer DJ: Evolution of the treatment of canine radial and tibial fractures with external fixators. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:256, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Kramer A, Holsworth IG, Wisner ER, et al: Computed tomographic evaluation of canine radioulnar incongruence in vivo. Vet Surg 35:24, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Lappin MR, Aron DN, Herron HL, et al: Fractures of the radius and ulna in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:643, 1983. Larsen LJ, Roush JK, McLaughlin RM: Bone plate fixation of distal radius and ulna fractures in small and miniature breed dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35:243, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Lau RE: Inherited premature closure of the distal ulnar physis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 13:609, 1977. Lewis DD, Radasch RM, Beale BS, et al: Initial clinical experience with the IMEXTM circular external skeletal fixation system. Part II: Use in bone lengthening and correction of angular and rotational deformities. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:118, 1999. MacDonald JM, Matthiesen D: Treatment of forelimb growth plate deformity in 11 dogs by radial dome osteotomy and external coaptation. Vet Surg 20:402, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ: Fracture treatment with circular external fixation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 29:1153, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Marcellin-Little DJ, Ferretti A, Roe SC, et al: Hinged Ilizarov external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities. Vet Surg 27:231, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Mason DR, Schulz KS, Fujita Y, et al: In vitro force mapping of normal canine humeroradial and humeroulnar joints. Am J Vet Res 66:132, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Mason DR, Schulz KS, Samii VF, et al: Sensitivity of radiographic evaluation of radio-ulnar incongruence in the dog in vitro. Vet Surg 31:125, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Mason TA, Baker MJ: The surgical management of elbow joint deformity associated with premature growth plate closure in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 19:639, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Muir P, Manley PA: Stabilisation of fractures of the proximal radius and ulna in a dog by application of a single plate to the ulna. Vet Rec 134:599, 1994. PUBMED Abstract Neat BC, Kowaleski MP, Litsky AS, et al: Mechanical evaluation of pin and tension-band wire factors in an olecranon osteotomy model. Vet Surg 35:398, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, Dickinson CR: Surgical management of radial physeal growth disturbance in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:1011, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Noser GA, Carrig CB, Merkley DF, et al: Asynchronous growth of the canine radius and ulna: effects of cross pinning the radius to the ulna. Am J Vet Res 38:601, 1977. PUBMED Abstract Olson NC, Carrig CB, Brinker WO: Asynchronous growth of the canine radius and ulna: effects of retardation of longitudinal growth of the radius. Am J Vet Res 40:351, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Peterson SW: Dynamic reduction of congenital elbow luxation using the IMEX Circular fixator system and olive wires. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Veterinary Orthopedic Society Symposium, March 2–9, 2002, The Canyons, UT, p 35. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones and joints of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Elsevier/Saunders. Piras LA, Peirone B, Fox DB: Effects of antebrachial torsion on the measurement of frontal plane angulation: a cadaveric radiographic analysis: radiographic measurements of the axes and joint angles of the canine radius and ulna. Proceedings of the 37th Veterinary Orthopedic Society Symposium, February 20–27, 2010, Breckenridge, CO, p 36. Pozzi A, Lewis D: Surgical approaches for minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:316, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 275 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. Preston CA: Distraction osteogenesis to treat premature distal radial growth plate closure in a dog. Aust Vet J 78:387, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Preston CA, Schulz KS, Taylor KT, et al: In vitro experimental study of the effect of radial shortening and ulnar ostectomy on contact patterns in the elbow joint of dogs. Am J Vet Res 62:1548, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Quinn MK, Ehrhart N, Johnson AL, et al: Realignment of the radius in canine antebrachial growth deformities treated with corrective osteotomy and bilateral (type II) external fixation. Vet Surg 29:558, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Ramadan RO, Vaughan LC: Premature closure of the distal ulnar growth plate in dogs—a review of 58 cases. J Small Anim Pract 19:647, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Sardinas JC, Montavon PM: Use of a medial bone plate for repair of radius and ulna fractures in dogs and cats: a report of 22 cases. Vet Surg 26:108, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Schwarz PD, Schrader SC: Ulnar fracture and dislocation of the proximal radial epiphysis (Monteggia lesion) in the dog and cat: a review of 28 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:190, 1984. PUBMED Abstract Sereda CW, Lewis DD, Radasch RM, et al: Descriptive report of antebrachial growth deformity correction in 17 dogs from 1999 to 2007, using hybrid linear-circular external fixator constructs. Can Vet J 50:723, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Sike RI, Olds RB, Renegar W, et al: Dome osteotomy for the correction of long bone malunions: case reports and discussion of surgical technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22:221, 1986. Theyse LF, Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HA: Prognostic factors in treating antebrachial growth deformities with a lengthening procedure using a circular external skeletal fixation system in dogs. Vet Surg 34:424, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Toombs JP, Wallace LJ, Bjorling DE, et al: Evaluation of Key’s hypothesis in the feline tibia: an experimental model for augmented bone healing studies. Am J Vet Res 46:513, 1985. PUBMED Abstract Vandewater A, Olmstead ML: Premature closure of the distal radial physis in the dog: a review of eleven cases. Vet Surg 12:7, 1983. Van Sickle DC: A comparative study of postnatal elbow development of the Greyhound and German Shepherd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 147:1650, 1965. Wagner K, Griffon DJ, Thomas MW, et al: Radiographic, computed tomographic, and arthroscopic evaluation of experimental radio-ulnar incongruence in the dog. Vet Surg 36:691, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Waters DJ, Breur GJ, Toombs JP: Treatment of common forelimb fractures in miniature and toy breed dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 29:442, 1993. Welch JA, Boudrieau RJ, DeJardin LM, et al: The intraosseous blood supply of the canine radius: implications for healing of distal fractures in small dogs. Vet Surg 26:57, 1997. PUBMED Abstract 276 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 56: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Digits REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Alexander JW: A carpal laxity syndrome in young dog. J Vet Orthop 3:22, 1984. Allen K, DeCamp CE, Braden TD: Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy mixed breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 7:148, 1994. Anderson MA, Dee LG, Dee JF: Fractures and dislocations of the racing greyhound—Part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 17:779, 1995. Arnott JL, Bailey R, Shields A, et al: An in vitro comparison of a 2.7/3.5 mm hybrid plate alone and combined with crossed K-wires for canine pancarpal arthrodesis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:307, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Balara JM, McCarthy RJ, Kiupel M, et al: Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical characterization of wart-like lesions on the paw pads of dogs: 24 cases (2000–2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1555, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Beardsley SL, Schrader SC: Treatment of dogs with wounds of the limbs caused by shearing forces: 98 cases (1975–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1071, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Bellenger CR, Johnson KA, Davis PE, et al: Fixation of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in greyhounds. Aust Vet J 57:205, 1981. PUBMED Abstract Benedetti LT: A Technique for intramedullary pinning of metatarsal and metacarpals in cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 22:149, 1986. Bennett D, Kelly DF: Sesamoid disease as a cause of lameness in young dogs. J Small Anim Pract 26:567, 1985. Benson JA, Boudrieau RJ: Severe carpal and tarsal shearing injuries treated with an immediate arthrodesis in seven dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38:370, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Buckwalter JA, Brown TD: Joint injury, repair, and remodeling: roles in post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 7, 2004. Cake MA, Read RA: Canine and human sesamoid disease. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:70, 1995. Calvo I, Farrell M, Chase D, et al: Carpal arthrodesis in cats: long-term functional outcome. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:498, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Cetinkaya MA, Yardimci C, Saglam M: Carpal laxity syndrome in forty-three puppies. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:126, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Chambers JN, Bjorling DE: Palmar surface plating for arthrodesis of the canine carpus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:875, 1982. Clarke SP, Ferguson JF, Miller A: Clinical evaluation of pancarpal arthrodesis using a CastLess plate in 11 dogs. Vet Surg 38:852, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Daniel A, Read RA, Cake MA: Vascular foramina of the metacarpophalangeal sesamoid bones of Greyhounds and their relationship to sesamoid disease. Am J Vet Res 69:716, 2008. 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In AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, Davos, Switzerland, 2005, AO Publishing. Degasperi B, Gradner G, Dupre G: Intramedullary pinning of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cats using a simple distraction technique. Vet Surg 36:382, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Denny HR, Barr ARS: Partial carpal and pancarpal arthrodesis in the dog: a review of 50 cases. J Small Anim Pract 32:329, 1991. Diaz-Bertrana C, Darnaculleta F, Durall I, et al: The stepped hybrid plate for carpal panarthrodesis. Part I: Relationship between plate and bone surfaces. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:380, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Diaz-Bertrana C, Darnaculleta F, Durall I, et al: The stepped hybrid plate for carpal panarthrodesis. Part II: A multicentre study of 52 arthrodeses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:389, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Earley T: Canine carpal ligament injuries. Vet Clin North Am 8:183, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Earley TD, Dee JF: Trauma to the carpus, tarsus, and phalanges of dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 10:717, 1980. PUBMED Abstract Evans HE, Christensen GC: Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1979, WB Saunders. Eward C, Gillette R, Eward W: Effects of unilaterally restricted carpal range of motion on kinematic gait analysis of the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:158, 2003. Forward DP, Davis TR, Sithole JS: Do young patients with malunited fractures of the distal radius inevitably develop symptomatic post-traumatic osteoarthritis? J Bone Joint Surg Br 90:629, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Franklin SP, Park RD, Egger EL: Metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal osteoarthritis in 49 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 45:112, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Gambardella PC, Griffiths RC: Treatment of hyperextension injuries of the canine carpus. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:127, 1982. Gemmill TJ, Bennett D, Carmichael S: Chronic disruption of the lateral collateral ligament complex of the carpus in two dogs. Vet Rec 158:25, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Getty R: Sisson and Grossman’s anatomy of domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, WB Saunders. Gnudi G, Mortellaro CM, Bertoni G: Radial carpal bone fracture in 13 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:178, 2003. Gonyea W, Ashworth R: The form and function of retractile claws in the Felidae and other representative carnivorans. J Morphol 145:229, 1975. PUBMED Abstract Gordon WJ, Besancon MF, Conzemius MG: Frequency of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in dogs after repair of a humeral condylar fracture. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:1, 2003. Guerrero TG, Montavon PM: Medial plating for carpal panarthrodesis. Vet Surg 34:153, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Guilliard MJ: Enthesiopathy of the short radial collateral ligaments in racing greyhounds. J Small Anim Pract 39:227, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Guilliard MJ: Proximal interphalangeal joint instability in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 44:399, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Guilliard MJ, Mayo AK: Sprain of the short radial collateral ligament in a racing greyhound. J Small Anim Pract 41:169, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Guilliard MJ, Segboer I, Shearer DH: Corns in dogs: signalment, possible aetiology and response to surgical treatment. J Sm Anim Pract 51:162, 2010. PUBMED Abstract Haburjak JJ, Lenehan TM, Davidson CD: Treatment of carpometacarpal and middle carpal joint hyperextension injuries with partial carpal arthrodesis using a cross pin technique: 21 cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:105, 2003. Hoffer MJ, Griffon DJ, Schaeffer DJ, et al: Clinical applications of demineralized bone matrix: a retrospective and case-matched study of seventy-five dogs. Vet Surg 37:639, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Hottinger HA, DeCamp CE, Olivier NB, et al: Noninvasive kinematic analysis of the walk in healthy large-breed dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:381, 1996. PUBMED Abstract Jankowski AJ, Brown DC, Duval J, et al: Comparison of effects of elective tenectomy or onychectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:370, 1998. PUBMED Abstract 278 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. Johnson AL, Houlton JEF: Arthrodesis of the carpus. In AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, Davos, Switzerland, 2005, AO Publishing. Johnson AL, Hulse DA: Management of specific fractures. In Fossum: small animal surgery, ed 2, St Louis, 2002, Mosby. Johnson AL, Piermattei DL, Davis PE: Characteristics of accessory carpal bone fractures in 50 racing Greyhounds. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1:104, 1988. Johnson KA: Accessory carpal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound: classification and pathology. Vet Surg 16:60, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Johnson KA, Dee JF, Piermattei DL: Screw fixation of accessory carpal bone fractures in racing Greyhounds: 12 cases (1981–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1618, 1989. PUBMED Abstract Johnson KA, Piras A: Fractures of the carpus. In AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, Davos, Switzerland, 2005, AO Publishing. Kapatkin AS, Howe-Smith R, Shofer F: Conservative versus surgical treatment of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 13:123, 2000. Koch D: Screws and plates. In AO principles of fracture management in the dog and cat, Davos, Switzerland, 2005, AO Publishing. Langley-Hobbs SJ, Hamilton MH, Pratt JN: Radiographic and clinical features of carpal varus associated with chronic sprain of the lateral collateral ligament complex in 10 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:324, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Li A, Bennett D, Gibbs C, et al: Radial carpal bone fractures in 15 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 41:74, 2000. PUBMED Abstract Li A, Gibson N, Bennett D, et al: Thirteen pancarpal arthrodeses using 2.7/3.5 mm hybrid dynamic compression plates. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:102, 1999. Lotsikas PJ, Radasch RM: A clinical evaluation of pancarpal arthrodesis in nine dogs using circular external skeletal fixation. Vet Surg 35:480, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Manley PA: Distal extremity fractures in small animals. J Vet Orthop 2:38, 1981. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DT, Stefanacci JD, et al: Evaluation of dogs with digit masses: 117 cases (1981–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:726, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Mathews KG, Koblik PD, Whitehair JG: Fragmented palmar metacarpophalangeal sesamoids in dogs: a long-term evaluation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 14:7, 2001. Michal U, Fluckiger M, Schmokel H: Healing of dorsal pancarpal arthrodesis in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 44:109, 2003. PUBMED Abstract Mikic ZD, Ercegan G, Somer T: Detailed anatomy of the antebrachiocarpal joint in dogs. The Anatomical Record 233:329, 1992. 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PUBMED Abstract Roe SC, Dee JF: Lateral ligamentous injury to the carpus of a racing Greyhound. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:453, 1986. PUBMED Abstract Shales CJ, Langley-Hobbs S: Dorso-medial ante-brachiocarpal luxation with radio-ulna luxation in a domestic shorthair. J Feline Med Surg 8:197, 2006. PUBMED Abstract Shetye SS, Malhotra K, Ryan SD, et al: Determination of mechanical properties of canine carpal ligaments. Am J Vet Res 70:1026, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Tomlin JL, Pead MJ, Langley-Hobbs SJ, et al: Radial carpal bone fracture in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37:173, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Vaughan LC: Flexural deformity of the carpus in puppies. J Small Anim Pract 33:381, 1992. Voss K, Geyer H, Montavon PM: Antebrachiocarpal luxation in a cat: a case report and anatomical study of the medial collateral ligament. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:266, 2003. Watson C, Rochat M, Payton M: Effect of weight bearing on the joint angles of the fore-and hind limb of the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:250, 2003. Wernham BGJ, Roush JK: Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Vet 32:E1, 2010. Whitlock RG, Dyce J, Houlton JEF: Metacarpal fractures associated with pancarpal arthrodesis in dogs. Vet Surg 28:25, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Willer RL, Johnson KA, Turner TM, et al: Partial carpal arthrodesis for third degree carpal sprains: a review of 45 carpi. Vet Surg 19:334, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Williams N, Payne JT, Tomlinson JL: Deep digital flexor tendon injuries in dogs. Compend Contin Educ 19:853, 1997. Wininger FA, Kapatkin AS, Radin A, et al: Failure mode and bending moment of canine pancarpal arthrodesis constructs stabilized with two different implant systems. Vet Surg 36:724, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Worth AJ, Bruce WJ: Long-term assessment of pancarpal arthrodesis performed on working dogs in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 56:78, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Zahn K, Kornmayer M, Matis U: Dowel pinning for feline metacarpal and metatarsal fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:256, 2007. PUBMED Abstract 280 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 Chapter 57: Fractures of the Pelvis REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Amato NS, Richards A, Knight TA, et al: Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of the 2.4 mm uniLOCK reconstruction plate using 2.4?mm locking versus standard screws for fixation of acetabular osteotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 37:741, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Anderson A, Coughlan AR: Sacral fractures in dogs and cats: a classification scheme and review of 51 cases. J Small Anim Pract 38:404, 1997. PUBMED Abstract Anderson GM, Cross AR, Lewis DD, et al: The effect of plate luting on reduction accuracy and biomechanics of acetabular osteotomies stabilized with 2.7-mm reconstruction plates. Vet Surg 31:3, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Anson LW, DeYoung DJ, Richardson DC, et al: Clinical evaluation of canine acetabular fractures stabilized with an acetabular plate. Vet Surg 17:220, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Betts CW: Pelvic fractures. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1985, WB Saunders, p 2138. Boudrieau RJ, Kleine LJ: Nonsurgically managed caudal acetabular fractures in dogs: 15 cases (1979–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:701, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Breshears LA, Fitch RB, Wallace LJ, et al: The radiographic evaluation of repaired canine ilial fractures (69 cases). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:64, 2004. Burger M, Forterre F, Brunnberg L: Surgical anatomy of the feline sacroiliac joint for lag screw fixation of sacroiliac fracture-luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:146, 2004. DeCamp C, Braden T: Sacroiliac fracture-separation in the dog a study of 92 cases. Vet Surg 14:127, 1985. DeCamp C, Braden T: The surgical anatomy of the canine sacrum for lag screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Vet Surg 14:131, 1985. Denny HR: Pelvic fractures in the dog: a review of 123 cases. J Small Anim Pract 19:151, 1978. PUBMED Abstract Draffan D, Clements D, Farrell M, et al: The role of computed tomography in the classification and management of pelvic fractures. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:190, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Dyce J, Houlton JEF: Use of reconstruction plates for repair of acetabular fractures in 16 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 34:547, 1993. Fitzpatrick N, Lewis D, Cross A: A biomechanical comparison of external skeletal fixation and plating for the stabilization of ilial osteotomies in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:349, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Forterre F, Tomek A, Rytz U, et al: Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury in eighteen dogs and nine cats (1997–2006). Vet Surg 36:464, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Hamilton MH, Evans DA, Langley-Hobbs SJ: Feline ilial fractures: assessment of screw loosening and pelvic canal narrowing after lateral plating. Vet Surg 38:326, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Jacobson A, Schrader SC: Peripheral nerve injury associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in dogs and cats: 34 cases (1978–1982). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:569, 1987. PUBMED Abstract Kaderly RE: Stabilization of bilateral sacroiliac fracture-luxations in small animals with a single transsacral screw. Vet Surg 20:91, 1991. PUBMED Abstract Kuntz CA, Waldron D, Martin RA, et al: Sacral fractures in dogs: a review of 32 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:142, 1995. PUBMED Abstract Langley-Hobbs SJ, Meeson RL, Hamilton MH, et al: Feline ilial fractures: a prospective study of dorsal plating and comparison with lateral plating. Vet Surg 38:334, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Lanz OI, Lewis DD, Madison JB, et al: A biomechanical comparison of screw and wire fixation with and without polymethylmethacrylate re-enforcement for acetabular osteotomy stabilization in dogs. Vet Surg 28:161, 1999. PUBMED Abstract 281 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Leasure CS, Lewis DD, Sereda CW, et al: Limited open reduction and stabilization of sacroiliac fracture-luxations using fluoroscopically assisted placement of a trans-iliosacral rod in five dogs. Vet Surg 36:633, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Lewis DD, Stubbs WP, Neuwirth L, et al: Results of screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate composite fixation for acetabular fracture repair in 14 dogs. Vet Surg 26:223, 1997. PUBMED Abstract McCartney WT, Comiskey D, MacDonald B: Use of transilial pinning for the treatment of sacroiliac separation in 25 dogs and finite element analysis of repair methods. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:38, 2007. PUBMED Abstract Messmer M: Pelvic fractures in the dog and cat: a classification system and review of 556 cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 17:167, 2004. Newton CD: Fractures of the pelvis. In Newton CD, Nunamaker DM, editors: Textbook of small animal orthopaedics, Philadelphia, 1985, JB Lippincott, p 393. Pare B, Gendreau CL, Robbins MA: Open reduction of sacral fractures using transarticular implants at the articular facets of L7-S1: 8 consecutive canine patients (1995–1999). Vet Surg 30:476, 2001. PUBMED Abstract Phillips IR: A survey of bone fractures in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 20:661, 1979. PUBMED Abstract Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp C: Fractures of the pelvis. In Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 455. Piermattei DL, Flo GL, DeCamp CE: Fractures: classification, diagnosis, and treatment. In Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St Louis, 2006, Saunders Elsevier, p 133. Piermattei DL, Greeley RG: Approach to the hemipelvis. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1979, WB Saunders, p 150. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the craniodorsal and caudolateral aspects of the hip joint by osteotomy of the greater trochanter. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, p 300. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the ilium through a lateral incision. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, p 282. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the ischium. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, p 326. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the pubis and pelvic symphysis. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, p 322. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the ventral aspect of the sacrum. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, p 286. Piermattei DL, Johnson KA: Approach to the wing of the ilium and dorsal aspect of the sacrum. In An atlas of surgical approaches to the bones of the dog and cat, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2004, Saunders/Elsevier, p 278. Radasch RM, Merkley DF, Hoefle WD, et al: Static strength evaluation of sacroiliac fractureseparation repairs. Vet Surg 19:155, 1990. PUBMED Abstract Raffan PJ, Joly CL, Timm PG, et al: A tension band technique for stabilisation of sacroiliac separations in cats. J Small Anim Pract 43:255, 2002. PUBMED Abstract Schrader SC: Pelvic osteotomy as treatment for obstipation in cats with acquired stenosis of the pelvic canal: six cases (1978–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:208, 1992. PUBMED Abstract Selcer BA: Urinary tract trauma associated with pelvic trauma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 19:785, 1982. Shales CJ, Langley-Hobbs SJ: Canine sacroiliac luxation: anatomic study of dorsoventral articular surface angulation and safe corridor for placement of screws used for lag fixation. Vet Surg 34:324, 2005. PUBMED Abstract Shales CJ, White L, Langley-Hobbs SJ: Sacroiliac luxation in the cat: defining a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane for screw insertion in lag fashion. Vet Surg 38:343, 2009. PUBMED Abstract Streeter EM, Rozanski EA, Laforcade-Buress A, et al: Evaluation of vehicular trauma in dogs: 239 cases (January–December 2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:405, 2009. PUBMED Abstract 282 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. Stubbs WP, Lewis DD, Miller GJ, et al: A biomechanical evaluation and assessment of the accuracy of reduction of two methods of acetabular osteotomy fixation in dogs. Vet Surg 27:429, 1998. PUBMED Abstract Tomlinson JL, Cook JL, Payne JT, et al: Closed reduction and lag screw fixation of sacroiliac luxations and fractures. Vet Surg 28:188, 1999. PUBMED Abstract Tomlinson JT: Fractures of the pelvis. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, vol 2, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders/Elsevier, p 1995. Tomlinson JT: Fractures of the pelvis. In Slatter DH, editor: Textbook of small animal surgery, vol 2, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders/Elsevier, p 2000. Tonks CA, Tomlinson JL, Cook JL: Evaluation of closed reduction and screw fixation in lag fashion of sacroiliac fracture-luxations. Vet Surg 37:603, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Troger JC, Viguier E: Use of T-plates for the stabilisation of supra-cotyloid ilial fractures in 18 cats and five dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:69, 2008. PUBMED Abstract Vangundy TE, Hulse DA, Nelson JK, et al: Mechanical evaluation of two canine iliac fracture fixation systems. Vet Surg 17:321, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Wendelburg K, Dee J, Kaderly R, et al: Stress fractures of the acetabulum in 26 racing Greyhounds. Vet Surg 17:128, 1988. PUBMED Abstract Zulauf D, Kaser-Hotz B, Hassig M, et al: Radiographic examination and outcome in consecutive feline trauma patients. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:36, 2008. PUBMED Abstract 283 References for Volume I of Tobias and Johnston: Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, ed. 1