JERRY H. BENTLEY, HERBERT F. ZIEGLER & HEATHER E. STREETS-SALTER
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1. The Foundations of Complex Societies
Chronology
The Transition to Agriculture
The Paleolithic Era
The Neolithic Era
The Quest for Order
Mesopotamia: “The Land between the Rivers”
The Course of Empire
The Formation of a Complex Society and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
Economic Specialization and Trade
The Emergence of a Stratified Patriarchal Society
The Development of Written Cultural Traditions
The Broader Influence of Mesopotamian Society
Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews
The Phoenicians
The Indo-European Migrations
Indo-European Origins
Indo-European Expansion and Its Effects
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
2. Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations
Chronology
Early Agricultural Society in Africa
Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa
Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile”
The Unification of Egypt
Turmoil and Empire
The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
The Emergence of Cities and Stratified Societies
Economic Specialization and Trade
Early Writing in the Nile Valley
The Development of Organized Religious Traditions
Bantu Migrations and Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa
The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion
Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading

3. Early Societies in South and East Asia
Chronology
Harappan Society
Harrappan Society and Culture
The Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
The Aryans and India
Origins of the Caste System
Religion in the Vedic Age
Aryan Religion
The Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values
Political Organization in Early China
The Xia and Shang Dynasties
The Zhou Dynasty
Society and Family in Ancient China
The Social Order
Family and Patriarchy
Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development
Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing
Ancient China and the Larger World
Relations with Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia
The Southern Expansion of Chinese Society
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
4. Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania
Chronology
Early Societies of Mesoamerica
The Olmecs
Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya
Maya Society and Religion
Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan
Early Societies of South America
Early Andean Society and the Chavín Cult
Early Andean States: Mochica
Early Societies of Oceania
Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea
The Peopling of the Pacific Islands
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
Bringing It All Together
5. The Empires of Persia
Chronology
The Rise and Fall of the Persian Empires
The Achaemenid Empire
Decline and Fall of the Achaemenid Empire
The Selucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires

Imperial Society and Economy
Social Development in Classical Persia
Economic Foundations of Classical Persia
Religions of Salvation in Classical Persian Society
Zarathustra and His Faith
Religions of Salvation in a Cosmopolitan Society
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
6. The Unification of China
Chronology
In Search of Political and Social Order
Confucius and His School
Daoism
Legalism
The Unification of China
The Qin Dynasty
The Early Han Dynasty
From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder
Productivity and Prosperity during the Former Han
Economic and Social Difficulties
The Later Han Dynasty
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
7. State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India
Chronology
The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India
The Mauryan Dynasty and the
Temporary Unification of India
The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms and the Revival of Empire
Economic Development and Social Distinctions
Towns and Trade
Family Life and the Caste System
Religions of Salvation in Classical India
Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order
Early Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism
The Emergence of Popular Hinduism
Summary
Study Terms
8. Mediterranean Society under the Greeks and the Romans
Early Development of Greek Society
Minoan and Mycenaean Societies
The World of the Polis
Greece and the Larger World
Greek Colonization
Conflict with Persia
The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire
The Hellenistic Empires
The Fruits of Trade: Greek Economy and Society
Trade and the Integration of the

Mediterranean Basin 139
Family and Society
The Cultural Life of Classical Greece
Rational Thought and Philosophy
Popular Religion and Greek Drama
Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion
Rome: From Kingdom to Republic
The Etruscans and Rome
The Roman Republic and Its Constitution
The Expansion of the Republic
From Republic to Empire
Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems
The Foundation of Empire
Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire
Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean
Trade and Urbanization
Family and Society in Roman Times
The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean
Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation
Judaism and Early Christianity
Summary
Study Terms
9. Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
Chronology
Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network
Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era
The Silk Roads
Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads
The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism
The Spread of Christianity
The Spread of Manichaeism
The Spread of Epidemic Disease
China after the Han Dynasty
Internal Decay of the Han State
Cultural Change in Post-Han China
The Fall of the Roman Empire
Internal Decay in the Roman Empire
Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
Bringing It All Together
10. The Christian Commonwealth of Byzantium
Chronology
The Early Byzantine Empire
The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium
Justinian and His Legacy
Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival

Byzantium and Western Europe
Byzantine Economy and Society
Rural Economy and Society
Industry and Trade
Urban Life
Classical Heritage and Orthodox Christianity
The Legacy of Classical Greece
The Byzantine Church
Monasticism and Popular Piety
Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity
The Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe
Domestic Problems and Foreign Pressures
Early Relations between Byzantium and Slavic Peoples
Byzantium and Russia
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
11. The Expansive Realm of Islam
Chronology
A Prophet and His World
Muhammad and His Message
Muhammad’s Migration to Medina
The Establishment of Islam in Arabia
The Expansion of Islam
The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty
The Abbasid Dynasty
Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World
New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth
The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone
The Changing Status of Women
Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges
The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition
Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
12. The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Chronology
The Restoration of Centralized Imperial Rule in China
The Sui Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty
The Song Dynasty
The Economic Development of Tang and
Song China
Agricultural Development
Technological and Industrial Development
The Emergence of a Market Economy
Cultural Change in Tang and Song China
The Establishment of Buddhism
Neo-Confucianism
Chinese Influence in East Asia
Korea and Vietnam
Early Japan

Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
13. India and the Indian Ocean Basin
Chronology
Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms
The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule
The Introduction of Islam to Northern India
The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
Agriculture in the Monsoon World
Trade and Economic Development of
Southern India
Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
Caste and Society
The Meeting of Hindu and Islamic Traditions
The Development of Hinduism
Islam and Its Appeal
The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia
The States of Southeast Asia
The Arrival of Islam
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
Bringing It All Together
14. Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration
Chronology
Turkish Migrations and Imperial Expansion
Nomadic Economy and Society
Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India
The Mongol Empires
Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan
The Mongols and Eurasian Integration
Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China
After the Mongols
Tamerlane the Whirlwind
The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
15. States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa
Chronology
Effects of Early African Migrations
Agriculture and Population Growth
African Political Organization

African Society and Cultural Development
Social Classes
African Religion
The Arrival of Christianity
Islamic Kingdoms and Empires
Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa
The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
16. Christian Western Europe during the Middle Ages
Chronology
The Quest for Order and the Establishment of Regional States
The Franks and the Temporary Revival of Empire
The Holy Roman Empire
Regional Monarchies in France and England
Regional States in Italy and Iberia
Economic Growth and Social Development
Organizing a Decentralized Society
Serfs, Manors, and the Growth of the Agricultural Economy
The Revival of Towns and Trade
Social Change
European Christianity during the Middle Ages
The Politics of Conversion
The Papacy
Monasticism
Schools, Universities, and Scholastic Theology
Popular Religion
The Medieval Expansion of Europe
Atlantic and Baltic Colonization
The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain
The Crusades
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
17. Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania
Chronology
States and Empires in Mesoamerica and North America
The Toltecs and the Mexica
Mexica Society
Mexica Religion
Peoples and Societies of the North
States and Empires in South America
The Coming of the Incas
Inca Society and Religion
The Societies of Oceania
The Nomadic Foragers of Australia
The Development of Pacific Island Societies
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
18. Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions

Chronology
Long-Distance Trade and Travel
Patterns of Long-Distance Trade
Political and Diplomatic Travel
Missionary Campaigns
Long-Distance Travel and Cross-Cultural Exchanges
Crisis and Recovery
Bubonic Plague
Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty
Recovery in Western Europe: State Building
Recovery in Western Europe: The Renaissance
Exploration and Colonization
The Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin
European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
Bringing It All Together
19. Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
Chronology
The European Reconnaissance of the World’s Oceans
Motives for Exploration
The Technology of Exploration
Voyages of Exploration: From the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
Voyages of Exploration: From the Atlantic to the Pacific
Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia
Trading-Post Empires
European Conquests in Southeast Asia
Foundations of the Russian Empire in Asia
European Commercial Rivalries
Global Exchanges
The Columbian Exchange
The Origins of Global Trade
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
20. The Transformation of Europe
Chronology
The Fragmentation of Western Christendom
The Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Reformation
Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars
The Consolidation of Sovereign States
The Attempted Revival of Empire
The New Monarchs
Constitutional States
Absolute Monarchies
The European States System
Early Capitalist Society

Population Growth and Urbanization
Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization
Social Change in Early Modern Europe
Science and Enlightenment
The Reconception of the Universe
The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
21. New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania
Chronology
Colliding Worlds
The Spanish Caribbean
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
Iberian Empires in the Americas
Settler Colonies in North America
Colonial Society in the Americas
The Formation of Multicultural Societies
Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire
Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil
Fur Traders and Settlers in North America
Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas
Europeans in the Pacific
Australia and the Larger World
The Pacific Islands and the Larger World
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
22. Africa and the Atlantic World
Chronology
African Politics and Society in Early Modern Times
The States of West Africa and East Africa
The Kingdoms of Central Africa and South Africa
Islam and Christianity in Early Modern Africa
Social Change in Early Modern Africa
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Foundations of the Slave Trade
Human Cargoes
The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
The African Diaspora
Plantation Societies
The Making of African-American
Cultural Traditions
The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
23. Tradition and Change in East Asia
Chronology
The Quest for Political Stability
The Ming Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty
The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats
Economic and Social Changes
The Patriarchal Family
Population Growth and Economic Development
Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers, and Mean People
The Confucian Tradition and
New Cultural Influences
Neo-Confucianism and Pulp Fiction
The Return of Christianity to China
The Unification of Japan
The Tokugawa Shogunate
Economic and Social Change
Neo-Confucianism and Floating Worlds
Christianity and Dutch Learning
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
24. The Islamic Empires
Chronology
Formation of the Islamic Empires
The Ottoman Empire
The Safavid Empire
The Mughal Empire
Imperial Islamic Society
The Dynastic State
Agriculture and Trade
Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires
Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors
The Empires in Transition
The Deterioration of Imperial Leadership
Economic and Military Decline
Cultural Conservatism
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
Bringing It All Together
25. Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World
Chronology
Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval
Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas
The American Revolution
The French Revolution
The Reign of Napoleon
The Influence of Revolution
The Haitian Revolution
Wars of Independence in Latin America

The Emergence of Ideologies:
Conservatism and Liberalism
Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals:
Slavery and Women’s Rights
The Consolidation of National States in Europe
Nations and Nationalism
The Emergence of National Communities
The Unifications of Italy and Germany
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
26. The Making of Industrial Society
Chronology
Patterns of Industrialization
Foundations of Industrialization
The Factory System
The Early Spread of Industrialization
Industrial Capitalism
Industrial Society
The Fruits of Industry
Urbanization and Migration
Industry and Society
The Socialist Challenge
Global Effects of Industrialization
The International Division of Labor
The Continuing Spread of Industrialization:
Russia and Japan
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
27. The Americas in the Age of Independence
Chronology
The Building of American States
The United States: Westward Expansion and Civil War
The Canadian Dominion: Independence without War
Latin America: Fragmentation and Political Experimentation
American Economic Development
Migration to the Americas
Economic Expansion in the United States
Canadian Prosperity
Latin American Dependence
American Cultural and Social Diversity
Multicultural Society in the United States
Canadian Cultural Contrasts
Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
28. The Building of Global Empires
Chronology
Foundations of Empire
Motives of Imperialism

Tools of Empire
European Imperialism
The British Empire in India
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Informal Domination in the Ottoman and Qing Empires
The Scramble for Africa
European Imperialism in the Pacific
The Emergence of New Imperial Powers
U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific
Imperial Japan
Legacies of Imperialism
Empire and Economy
Labor Migrations
Empire and Society
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
29. The Great War: The World in Upheaval
Chronology
The Drift Toward War
Nationalist Aspirations
National Rivalries
Understandings and Alliances
Global War
The Guns of August
Mutual Butchery
Total War: The Home Front
Conflict in East Asia and the Pacific
Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia
The End of the War
Revolution in Russia
U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers
After the War
Challenges to European Preeminence
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
30. An Age of Anxiety
Chronology
Probing Cultural Frontiers
Postwar Pessimism
Revolutions in Physics and Psychology
Experimentation in Art and Architecture
Global Depression
The Great Depression
Despair and Government Action
Economic Experimentation
Challenges to the Liberal Order
Communism in Russia

The Fascist Alternative
Italian Fascism
German National Socialism
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
31. Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Chronology
Asian Paths to Autonomy
India’s Quest for Home Rule
China’s Search for Order
Imperial and Imperialist Japan
Africa Under Colonial Domination
Africa and the Great War
The Colonial Economy
African Nationalism
Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism
The Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression
The Evolution of Economic Imperialism
Conflicts with a “Good Neighbor”
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
32. New Conflagrations: World War II
Chronology
Origins of World War II
Japan’s War in China
Italian and German Aggression
Total War: The World under Fire
Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe
The German Invasion of the Soviet Union
Battles in Asia and the Pacific
Defeat of the Axis Powers
Life during Wartime
Occupation, Collaboration, and Resistance
The Holocaust
Women and the War
Neither Peace nor War
Postwar Settlements and Cold War
Global Reconstruction and the United Nations
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
33. The Cold War and Decolonization
Chronology
The Formation of a Bipolar World
The Cold War in Europe
Cold War Societies
Confrontations in Korea and Cuba
Decolonization and the Global Cold War
India’s Partitioned Independence
Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam

The People’s Republic of China
Arab National States, the Problem of Palestine, and Islamic Resurgence
African Nationalism and Independence
Neoimperialism in Latin America
From Dissent to Dissolution in the Cold War
Defiance and Intervention in Europe and Beyond
The End of the Cold War
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
34. A World without Borders
Chronology
The Global Economy
Economic Globalization
Economic Growth in Asia
Trading Blocs
Cross-Cultural Exchanges and
Global Communications
Consumption and Cultural Interaction
The Age of Access
Global Problems
Population Pressures and
Environmental Degradation
Economic Inequities and Labor Servitude
Global Diseases
Global Terrorism
Coping with Global Problems:
International Organizations
Crossing Boundaries
Women’s Traditions and Feminist Challenges
Migration
Summary
Study Terms
For Further Reading
Bringing It All Together