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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Appendix S1: List of species and their distributional, migratory and taxonomic classification.
English common name, scientific name, order membership, migratory distance class, breeding range extent (number
of 10°-degree longitudinal sectors of the arctic tundra in which each species is known to breed) and winter range
´endemism/cosmopolitanism´ for each of the 208 bird species breeding in the arctic tundra biome.
Migration distance classification 1 is based on 3 distance classes: 1-resident and short distance migrant, 2- medium
distance migrant and 3- long distance migrant. Migration distance classification 2 is based on 6 distance classes: 1)
resident; remain within the tundra biome year-round, 2) intra-arctic; move away from the breeding habitat during the
non-breeding season but mostly remain within Arctic latitudes, 3) short; migrate south of the Arctic and spend the winter
as far south as the tropic of Cancer, 4) medium; spend the winter as far south as the equator, 5) long; spend the winter
south of the equator and 6) exclusively long; spend the winter exclusively south of the tropic of Capricorn.
Species with winter range ´endemism´ are classified as A- confined to the Atlantic Ocean system or as P- confined to
the Pacific Ocean system during non-breeding season for pelagic and coastal species and E- confined to the Eurasian
continents or as A- confined to the American continents during non-breeding season for terrestrial species. Species with
´cosmopolitan´ winter ranges are classified as A + P for pelagic and coastal species and E + A for terrestrial species.
Obligate high arctic breeding species are marked with an asterix.
Species
Mig.class Arctic
1 2
sectors
Winter
range
Pelagic Anseriformes
King eider Somateria spectabilis
Spectacled eider Somateria fischeri
Steller's eider Polysticta stelleri
Common scoter Melanitta nigra
Common eider Somateria mollissima
Long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis
Surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata
Velvet scoter Melanitta fusca
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
31
6
12
21
23
34
6
10
A+P
P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
16
12
4
16
8
4
4
3
8
24
5
30
23
18
E
E
E+A
E
E
E+A
E
E
A
A
E+A
A
E+A
E+A
E
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
8
6
6
P
A+P
A
A+P
Terrestrial Anseriformes
Baikal teal Anas formosa
Bean goose Anser fabalis
Canada goose Branta canadensis
Greylag goose Anser anser
Lesser white-fronted Goose Anser erythropus
Common mallard Anas platyrhynchos
Pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus
*Red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis
Ross's goose Anser rossii
Snow goose Anser caerulescens
White-fronted goose Anser albifrons
American wigeon Anas americana
Northern pintail Anas acuta
Green-winged teal Anas crecca
European wigeon Anas penelope
Coastal Anseriformes
Emperor goose Anser canagicus
Harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus
Barnacle goose Branta leucopsis
Barrow's goldeneye Bucephala islandica
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82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
Brent goose Branta bernicla
Common goldeneye Bucephala clangula
Common merganser Mergus merganser
Greater scaup Aythya marila
Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator
Tufted duck Aythya fuligula
Tundra swan Cygnus columbianus
Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus
Lesser scaup Aythya affinis
Northern shoveler Anas clypeata
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
17
11
10
25
30
6
25
5
3
6
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
4
22
18
4
3
10
11
3
3
3
4
9
8
2
2
2
3
3
13
5
4
10
18
5
34
23
3
3
9
26
26
34
34
33
34
20
P
A+P
A+P
P
P
A
A+P
P
P
P
P
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
A+P
P
A
A+P
A+P
A
A+P
A+P
P
A
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
34
15
29
12
15
12
10
13
E+A
E+A
E+A
E+A
E
E
A
E+A
Pelagic Ciconiiformes
Ancient murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus
Black guillemot Cepphus grylle
Brunnichs guillemot Uria lomvia
Cassins' auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus
Crested auklet Aethia cristatella
Dovekie Alle alle
Common murre Uria aalge
Horned puffin Fratercula corniculata
Tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata
Whiskered auklet Aethia pygmaea
Pigeon guillemot Cepphus columba
Atlantic puffin Fratercula artica
Razorbill Alca torda
Rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata
Kittlitz's murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris
Least auklet Aethia pusilla
Marbled murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus
Parakeet auklet Aethia psittacula
Northern fulmar Fulmar glacialis
Pelagic cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus
European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis
Ross's gull Rhodosthetia rosea
*Ivory gull Pagophila eburnean
Northern gannet Sula bassana
Red-throated diver Gavia stellata
Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla
Aleutian tern Sterna aleutica
Great skua Stercorarius skua
Common tern Sterna hirundo
Pomarine skua Stercorarius pomarinus
*Grey phalarope Phalaropus fulicaria
Red-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus
Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea
Long-tailed skua Stercorarius longicaudus
Parasitic skua Stercorarius parasiticus
Sabine's gull Xema sabini
Terrestrial Ciconiiformes
Gyr falcon Falco rusticolus
Golden eagle Aquila chrysactos
Rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus
Northern harrier Circus cyaneus
Eurasian dotterel Eudromias morinellus
Eurasian golden plover Pluvialis apricaria
Long-billed dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus
Merlin Falco columbarius
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177
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Eurasian kestrel Falco tinnunculus
Common snipe Gallinago gallinago
Spotted redshank Tringa erythropus
Pacific golden plover Pluvialis fulva
Ruff Philomachus pugnax
Lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola
Buff-breasted sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
4
14
15
13
16
7
8
10
A
E+A
E
E
E
A
E
A
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
19
3
27
7
4
14
15
17
23
6
1
22
3
7
6
7
5
7
5
1
2
6
10
1
22
3
9
11
18
2
2
3
4
8
5
24
23
1
12
4
6
32
16
17
10
11
A+P
P
A
P
A+P
A
A
A+P
P
A+P
A+P
A
P
A
P
A+P
A
A+P
P
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
P
A+P
A+P
A
A
A
A
A+P
P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
A+P
Coastal Ciconiiformes
Bald eagle Haelietus leucocephalus
Red-faced cormorant Phalacrocorax urile
White-tailed eagle Haelietus albicilla
Black oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani
Glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus
Iceland gull Larus glaucoides
Great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
Great Northern diver Gavia immer
Arctic diver Gavia pacifica
Black-throated diver Gavia arctica
Yellow-billed diver Gavia adamsii
European oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus
Black turnstone Arenaria melanocephala
Purple sandpiper Calidris maritima
Rock sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis
American herring gull Larus smithonianus
Black-headed gull Larus ridibundus
Common gull Larus canus
Glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens
Great black-backed gull Larus marinus
Herring gull Larus argentatus
Mew gull Larus brachyrhynchus
Slaty-backed gull Larus schistisagus
Thayers gull Larus thayeri
*Vega gull Larus vegae
Steller's sea-eagle Halieetus pelagicus
Dunlin Calidris alpina
Western sandpiper Calidris mauri
Least sandpiper Calidris minutilla
Semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla
Temminck's stint Calidris temminckii
Spoon-billed sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus
Short-billed dowitcher Limnodromus griseus
Bar-tailed godwit Limosa limosa
Common redshank Tringa totanus
Heuglins gull Larus heuglini
Lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus
Ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula
*Black-bellied plover Pluvialis squatarola
Mongolian plover Charadrius mongolus
Semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus
Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos
Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia
Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres
Sanderling Calidris alba
Red knot Calidris canutus
Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea
Little stint Calidris minuta
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203
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205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
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215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
Red-necked stint Calidris ruficollis
Broad-billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus
Black-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus
Bristle-thighed curlew Numenius tahitiensis
Peregrin falcon Falco peregrinus
American golden-plover Pluvialis dominica
Sharp-tailed sandpiper Calidris acuminata
Baird's sandpiper Calidris bairdii
White-rumped sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis
Stilt sandpiper Calidris himantopus
Pectoral sandpiper Calidris melanotus
Hudsonian godwit Limosa haemastica
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
8
16
16
1
30
10
5
12
10
7
21
4
P
P
A+P
A+P
P
A+P
A+P
P
A+P
A
A+P
A+P
A+P
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2
1
9
3
7
3
15
19
7
22
6
8
21
A
A
A
E
E
E
E
E+A
E
E
E
A
E+A
E
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
30
1
5
33
32
11
7
11
5
10
5
28
6
14
4
33
7
34
8
11
8
2
5
11
10
1
7
E+A
A
E+A
E+A
E+A
A
E
E
A
E
A
E+A
E+A
E
E
E+A
A
E+A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Wetland Passeriformes
American dipper Cinclus mexicanus
Song sparrow Melospitza melodia
McKay's bunting Plectophenax hyperboreus
Meadow pipit Anthus pratensis
Rock pipit Anthus petrosus
Reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus
Common twite Carduelis flavirostris
Buff-bellied pipit Anthus rubescens
Red-throated pipit Anthus cervinus
Citrine wagtail Motacilla citriola
Pied wagtail Motacilla alba
Northern waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis
Collared sand martin Riparia riparia
Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava
Terrestrial Passeriformes
Common raven Corvus corax
Black-billed magpie Pica hudsonia
Winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes
Common redpoll Carduelis flammea
Hoary redpoll Carduelis hornemanni
American robin Turdus migratorius
Fieldfare Turdus pilaris
Red-winged thrush Turdus iliacus
Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica
Harri's sparrow Zonotrichia querula
Horned lark Eremophila alpestris
Northern shrike Lanius exibitor
Pechora pipit Anthus gustavi
Skylark Alauda arvensis
Lapland longspur Calcarius lapponicus
Smith's longspur Calcarius pictus
Snow bunting Plectophenax nivalis
Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis
American tree sparrow Spicella arborea
Fox sparrow Paserella iliaca
Golden-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla
Gray-crowned rosy-finch Leucosticte tephrocotis
White-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys
Gray-cheeked thrush Catharus minimus
Say's phoebe Sayornis saya
Orange-crowned warbler Vermivora celata
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261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
Wilson's warbler Wilsonia pusilla
Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia
Lincoln's sparrow Melospitza lincolnii
Rustic bunting Emberiza rustica
Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis
Little bunting Emberiza pusilla
Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe
Tree pipit Anthus trivialis
Arctic warbler Phylloscopus borealis
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
10
10
5
3
11
9
21
3
7
A
A
A
E
A
E
E
E
E
2 3
2 3
15
3
A
E
1 1
1 1
28
32
E+A
E+A
1 1
1 1
2 4
34
5
30
E+A
A
E+A
2 4
5
A
Terrestrial Gruiformes
Sandhill crane Grus canadensis
Siberian crane Grus leugogeranus
Terrestrial Galliformes
Willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus
Rock ptarmigan Lagopus mutus
Terrestrial Strigiformes
Snowy owl Nyctea scandiaca
Great horned owl Bubo virginianus
Short-eared owl Asio flammeus
Terrestrial Coraciiformes
Belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon
5