ID a protein that will improve the crop
ID a protein that will improve the crop
Isolate (clone) the gene of interest
Isolate (clone) the gene of interest
Remove introns from the gene
Remove introns from the gene
Remove the original promoter & terminator Remove the original promoter & terminator
sequences
sequences
Add the 35S promoter from cauliflower
mosaic virus
Add the 35S promoter from cauliflower
mosaic virus
Add NOS terminator
Add NOS terminator
The gene can now be transcribed in all
plant cells
The gene can now be transcribed in all
plant cells
Individual plant cells are transformed with
the gene—this is done via biological
means, electroporation, or a gene gun.
When this occurs it is called an “Event”
Individual plant cells are transformed with
the gene—this is done via biological
means, electroporation, or a gene gun.
When this occurs it is called an “Event”
A clump of undifferentiated cells, which
A clump of undifferentiated cells, which
have been removed from a parent cell, form have been removed from a parent cell, form
(called the callus)
(called the callus)
Selectable markers (such as antibiotic
Selectable markers (such as antibiotic
resistance or GFP) are also inserted into the resistance or GFP) are also inserted into the
plant cells.
plant cells.
Individual, transformed plant cells are
grown via plant tissue culturing
Individual, transformed plant cells are
grown via plant tissue culturing
Transformed cells are induced to grow
when plant hormones are added.
Transformed cells are induced to grow
when plant hormones are added.
Back-cross the genetically-modified plants
with high-yield plants.
50% of the offspring will have the
modified genes.
Repeat until all of the offspring have the
gene.
Back-cross the genetically-modified plants
with high-yield plants.
50% of the offspring will have the
modified genes.
Repeat until all of the offspring have the
gene.
The resulting plants are special. They may
be pest-resistant, pesticide-resistant,
hardier, larger, or just prettier.
The resulting plants are special. They may
be pest-resistant, pesticide-resistant,
hardier, larger, or just prettier.
How do you make a GMO?
How do you make a GMO?