CURRICULUM VITAE Kei Numazaki BIOGRAPHY Date of Birth: Place of Birth: Citizenship: Marital Status: May 18, 1954 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Japanese Wife (Asako) and three sons (Eu, Ryo and Ken) EDUCATION Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine Degree - M.D. April, 1974 - March, 1980 Sapporo Medical University, Graduate School of Medicine, Degree - Ph.D. April, 1980 - January, 1985 PROFESSIONAL March, 1980 January, 1985 QUALIFICATIONS Medical license of Japanese National Board Degree of Registered Pediatrician by Japan Pediatric Society Degree of Specialist for Infectious Diseases by Japanese Association of Infectious Diseases Degree of Infection Control Doctor by Japanese Association of Infectious Diseases Degree of Senior Specialist for Infectious Diseases by Japanese Association of Infectious Diseases Degree of Senior Registered Pediatrician by Japan Pediatric Society Degree of Senior Specialist for Chemotherapy by Japanese Society of Chemotherapy 1 June 26, 1881 April 30, 1986 June 20, 1997 January 1, 2001 March 1, 2007 April 1, 2009 January 1, 2010 APPOINTS Senior Instructor Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Sapporo Medical University and Staff Pediatrician Hokkaido Children's Hospital & Medical Center February 1985 - August 1986 Postdoctoral Fellow September 1986 - September 1989 McGill UniversityMontreal Children's Hospital Research Institute and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital Senior Instructor Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Sapporo Medical University October 1989 - July 1993 Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Sapporo Medical University August 1993 – June 2004 Adjunct Professor McGill AIDS Centre Faculty of Medicine McGill University September 1994 – November 2004 Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Sapporo Medical University July 2004 – November 2004 Head December 2004 – March2008 Measles Laboratory Department of Virology III National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo Chief December 2004 – March2008 WHO Global Specialized & Regional Reference Measles Laboratory 2 Professor and Chair April 2008 - present Departments of Pediatrics and Infection Control International University of Heath and Welfare Hospital Division of International Infectious Diseases Graduate School of Health and Welfare International University of Heath and Welfare MEMBERSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES New York Academy of Science American Society for Microbiology(ASM)Country Ambassador to Japan Society for Leukocyte Biology International Society for Infectious Diseases Societas Paediatrica Japonica Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases Society of Japanese Virologists Japanese Society for Clinical Pathologists Japanese Society for Clinical Virologists Japanese Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Japanese Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases Japanese Society of Environmental Infections The President of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research Asian Society for Pediatric Research (ASPR) EDITORIAL BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases(JIID) Aperito Journal of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Journal of Infectious Diseases 3 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS (PUBLISHED IN ENGLISH ONLY) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Numazaki, K., Miyake, H., Kasuya, M.: Toxic effects of methylmercury on the liver in explant tissue culture; Jap. J. Ind. Health (Sangyo Igaku), 21: 86-87, 1979. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Yamanaka, T., Umetsu, M., Nakao, T.: Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Japanese infants with pneumonia. Pediatrics International, 25: 249-253, 1983. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Yamanaka, T., Nakao T.: Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Japanese infants with pneumonia. In: de la Maza, L.M., Peterson, E.M., ed. Medical Virology II, Proceedings of the 1982 International Symposium on Medical Virology, p. 406, New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., 1983. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Yamanaka, T., Umetsu, M., Nakao, T.: Pneumonia due to Chlamydia trachomatis in Japanese infants. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 143: 413- 420, 1984. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Nakata, S., Yamanaka, T., Nakao, T.: Prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in Japanese persons determined by microimmunofluorescence using reticulate bodies as single antigen. Ped. Infect. Dis., 3: 105-109, 1984. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Yamanaka, T., Moroboshi, T., Nakao, T. :Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Japanese children. In: de la Maza L.M., Peterson, E.M., ed. Medical Virology III, Proceedings of the 1983 International Symposium on Medical Virology, p. 376, New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., 1984. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Moroboshi, T, Tachi, N., Aoki, K., Nakao, T.: An application of fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in children. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 145: 57-63, 1985. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Moroboshi, T., Kudoh, T., Yamanaka, T., Nakao, T.: Comparison of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme linked fluorescence immunoassay for detection of antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis . J. Clin. Pathol., 38: 345-350, 1985. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Yamanaka, T., Moroboshi, T., Aoki, K., Nakao, T.: Detection of IgM antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme linked fluorescence immunoassay. J. Clin. Pathol., 38: 733-739, 1985. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Kogawa, K., Umetsu, M., Motoya, H., Nakao, T.: Chronic respiratory disease in premature infants caused by Chlamydia trachomatis . J. Clin. Pathol., 39: 84-88, 1986. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Kogawa, K., Umetsu, M., Motoya, H.,Nakao, T.: Relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and elevated serum immunoglobulin M levels in premature infants. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 5: 573-575, 1986. 4 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Wainberg, M.A.: Effect of co-incubation with cytomegalovirus on growth of interleukin 2-dependent lymphocytes. Microb. Pathog., 4: 137-144, 1988. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Wong, I., Wainberg, M.A.: Viral infection of human fetal islets of Langerhans: Replication of human cytomegalovirus in cultured human fetal pancreatic islets. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 90: 52-57, 1988. Numazaki, K., DeStephano, L., Goldman, H., Wong, I., Wainberg, M.A.: Effect of cytomegalovirus on lectin-driven mitogenesis of human thymic and peripheral blood lymphocytes. In Vivo, 2: 133-138, 1988. Wainberg, M.A., Numazaki, K., DeStephano, L., Wong, I., Goldman, H.: Infection of human thymic epithelial cells by human cytomegalovirus and other viruses: effect on secretion of interleukin 1-like activity. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 72: 415-421, 1988. Wainberg, M.A., Dascal, A., Blain, N., Fitz-Gibbon, L., Boulerice, F., Numazaki, K., Tremblay, M.: The effect of cyclosporine A on infection of susceptible cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Blood, 72: 1904-1910, 1988. Aoki, K., Sato, C., Hashimoto, N., Chiba, S., Numazaki, K.: Clinical and etiological studies of chlamydial conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Jap. J. Ophthalmol., 32: 444-449, 1988. Chiba, S., Chiba, Y., Numazaki, K., Mito, K., Suga, K., Moroboshi, T., Kogawa, K.: Pulmonary infections with respiratory syncytial virus and Chlamydia trachomatis in early infancy. Acta Paediatr. Jpn., 30: 225-230, 1988. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Wong, I., Wainberg, M.A.: Replication of measles virus in cultured human thymic epithelial cells. J. Med.Virol., 27: 52-58, 1989. Numazaki, K., Wainberg, M.A., McDonald, J.: Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 140: 615-622, 1989. Numazaki, K., DeStephano, L., Wong, I., Goldman, H., Spira, B., Wainberg, M.A.: Replication of cytomegalovirus in human thymic epithelial cells. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 178: 89-98, 1989. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Wong., Wainberg, M.A.: Infection of cultured human fetal pancreatic islet cells by rubella virus. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 91: 446-451, 1989. Numazaki, K., Bai, X-Q., Goldman, H., Wong, I., Spira, B., Wainberg, M.A.: Infection of cultured human thymic epithelial cells by human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 51: 185-195, 1989. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Wong, I., Wainberg, M.A.: Maturation of human fetal and infantile thymic cells in tissue culture. In Vivo, 3: 101-108, 1989. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Bai, X-Q., Wong, I., Wainberg, M.A.: Effects of infection by HIV-1, cytomegalovirus, and measles virus on 5 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. cultured human thymic epithelial cells. Microbiol. Immunol., 33: 733-745, 1989. Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Seemayer, T.A., Wong, I., Wainberg, M.A.: Infection by human cytomegalovirus and rubella virus of cultured human fetal islets of Langerhans. In Vivo, 4: 49-54, 1990. Tremblay, M., Numazaki, K., Goldman, H., Wainberg, M.A.: Infection of human thymic lymphocytes by HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Synd., 3: 356-360, 1990. Wainberg, M.A., Rooke, R., Tremblay, M., Numazaki, K.: Modern strategies for the therapy and prevention of HIV-1-associated disease. Infection and Immunity in Childhood, 2: 39-51, 1990. Tremblay, M., Numazaki, K., Li, X., Gornitsky, M., Hiscott, J., Wainberg, M.A.: Resistance to infection by HIV-1 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected patients is probably mediated by neutralizing antibodies. J. Immunol., 145: 2896-2901, 1990. Numazaki, K., Nagata, N., Chiba, S.: Evaluation of the shell vial pre-CPE method using monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus infection in the field of pediatrics. In Vivo, 6: 513-516, 1992. Numazaki, K., Nagata, N., Sato, T., Chiba, S.: Replication of human cytomegalovirus in the cells of the U937 monocytoid cell line. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 181: 323-331, 1992. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Umetsu, M.: Detection of IgM antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci from Japanese infants and children with pneumonia. In Vivo, 6: 601-604, 1992. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Diagnostic value of rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by using amplified enzyme immunoassay in infants with respiratory infections. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 7: 233-234, 1993. Nagata, N., Yoshida, K., Shimada, M., Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Fujinaga, K.: Detection of human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene-specific mRNA reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Sapporo Med. J., 62: 193-201, 1993. Numazaki, K., Nagata, N., Hotsubo, T., Chiba, S.: Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infection. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Japan-Russia North East Asia Medical Exchange, pp. 134-136, Japan Russia Medical Exchange Foundation, Tokyo, 1993. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Niida, Y., Komatsu, M., Hashimoto, N.: Evaluation of diagnostic assays for neonatal and infantile chlamydial infections. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 170: 123-129, 1993. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Natural course and trial of treatment for infantile liver dysfunction associated with cytomegalovirus infections. In Vivo, 7: 477-80, 1993. 6 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Numazaki, K., Nagata, N., Sato, T., Chiba, S.: Effect of glycyrrhizin, cyclosporin A, and tumor necrosis factor on infection of U-937 and MRC-5 cells by human cytomegalovirus. J. Leukocyte Biol., 55: 24-28, 1994. Numazaki, K., Umetsu, M., Chiba, S.: Effect of glycyrrhizin in children with liver dysfunction associated with cytomegalovirus infection. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 172:147-153,1994 . Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H., Nagata, N., Chiba, S.: Analysis of human cytomegalovirus-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infants with liver dysfunction by flow cytometry and the polymerase chain reaction. J. Leukocyte Biol., 56: 187-191, 1994. Yoto, Y., Kudoh, T., Asanuma, H., Numazaki, K., Tsutsumi, Y., Nakata, S., Chiba, S.: Transient disturbance of consciousness and hepatic dysfunction associated with human parvovirus B19 infection. Lancet, 344: 624-625, 1994. Numazaki, K., Suzuki, K., Chiba, S.: Replication of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in human monocytic cell line U-937. J. Med. Microbiol., 42: 191-195, 1995. Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H., Chiba, S.: Latent infection and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus. Serodiagn. Immunother. Infect. Dis., 7: 70-74, 1995. Asanuma, H., Numazaki, K., Nagata, N., Chiba, S.: Cytokine response and polymerase chain reaction study of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in infants with human cytomegalovirus infection. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 12: 153-158, 1995. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Serum gammapneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 15: 174-175, 1996. Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H., Chiba, S.: Human cytomegalovirus infection of leukocyte populations. J. Infect. Dis., 173: 503-504, 1996. Numazaki, K., Suzuki, K., Isobe, K., Nakada, H., Niida, Y., Chiba, S.: Typing of Chlamydia trachomatis from Japanese infants with pneumonia by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 28: 209, 1996. Asanuma, H., Numazaki, K., Nagata, N., Hotsubo, T., Horino, K., Chiba, S.: Role of milk whey in the transmission of human cytomegalovirus infection by breast milk. Microbiol. Immunol., 40: 201-204, 1996. Numazaki, K., Kusaka, T., Chiba, S.: Perinatal complications are associated with seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy. Clin. Infect. Dis., 23: 208-209, 1996. Numazaki, K., Ikebe, T., Chiba, S.: Detection of serum antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae by ELISA. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 14: 179-183, 1996. 7 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: PCR detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in serum as test for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J. Clin. Microbiol., 34: 1871-1872, 1996. Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H., Hotsubo, T., Chiba, S.: Anti-human cytomegalovirus effects of breast milk. J. Infect. Dis., 174: 444-445, 1996. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Kawasaki disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. J. Infect. Chemother., 2: 264-265, 1996. Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H., Chiba, S.: Relationship between cytokines and human cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk. J. Infect. Chemother., 3: 58-61, 1997. Numazaki, K., Niida, Y., Chiba, S.: Antigen detection of Chlamydia trachomatis from the endocervix is not enough for screening of perinatal complications. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 176: 951-952, 1997. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Chiba, S.: Role of cytomegalovirus in Ménétrier disease in children. J. Pediatr., 130: 681-682, 1997. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Aoki, K., Suzuki, K., Ohno, S.: Detection of serum antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with endogenous uveitis and acute conjunctivitis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 25: 928-929, 1997. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Yanai, S., Umetsu, M,, Motoya, H., Chiba, S, Sekine, T.: Adoptive immunotherapy for interstitial pneumonia associated with cytomegalovirus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 25: 1246-1247, 1997. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Cytomegalovirus infection and restenosis. Stroke, 28: 1088-1090, 1997 Numazaki, K.: Human cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 18: 91-98, 1997. Numazaki, K.: Cytomegalovirus as a pulmonary pathogen. Chest, 112: 860-861, 1997. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Cytomegalovirus infection and GuillainBarré syndrome. Neurology, 49: 1472-1473, 1997. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Detection of serum antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae from Japanese children by ELISA. In: Proceedings of The Joint Auspices of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Symposium on Chlamydial Infections, p. 27, Life Science Medica Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 1997. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Current aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in infants. Clin. Diagn. Virol., 8: 169181, 1997. Sasajima, T., Hotsubo, T., Tomita, H., Numazaki, K., Nakata, S., Tsutsumi, H., Chiba, S.: Precocious puberty during a treatment of prolonged hypothyroidism in a boy with Down syndrome: a case report. Clin. Pediatr. Endocrinol., 6 (Supplement 9): 125-128, 1997. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Chiba, S., Aoki, K.: Reduction of trachoma in absence of a disease-control programme. Lancet, 350: 447-448, 1997. 8 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and coronary heart disease: Role of C. pneumoniae in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis must be determined. Brit. Med. J., 315: 1538-1539, 1997. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Akashi, E., Kusaka, T., Chiba, S.: Seropositivity to Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy and perinatal complications. J. Infect. Chemother., 4: 28-31, 1998. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Chiba, S., Suzuki, K., Hashimoto, N.: Unclassified serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from Japanese infants. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 4: 519-523, 1998. Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H., Ikehata, M., Chiba, S.: Detection of cytokines and cytomegalovirus DNA in serum as test for congenital infection. Early Hum. Dev., 52: 43-48, 1998. Numazaki, K.: Serological tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infections Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11: 228-229, 1998. Numazaki, K. : CMV infection of the central nervous system. International Medical Journal (IMJ), 5: 251-253, 1998. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Aoki, K., Suzuki, K., Ohno, S.: Human herpesvirus 8 variants. Lancet, 351: 679-680, 1998. Niida, Y., Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Umetsu, M., Motoya, H., Chiba, S.: Two full-term infants with Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in the early neonatal period. Eur. J. Pediatr., 157: 950-951, 1998. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Asanuma, H., Chiba, S.: Simultaneous infection of immunocompetent individuals with multiple cytomegalovirus strains. Lancet, 352: 1710, 1998. Numazaki, K.: Glycyrrhizin therapy for liver dysfunction associated with cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent children. Antimicrobics and Infectious Diseases Newsletter, 17: 70-71, 1998. Numazaki, K. : Current problems of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Japan. International Medical Journal (IMJ), 6: 69-74, 1999. Numazaki, K. : Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and its miscellaneous clinical manifestations. International Medical Journal (IMJ), 6: 143-145, 1999. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Aoki, K.: Evaluation of serological tests for screening of chlamydial eye diseases. In Vivo, 13: 235-238, 1999. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S., Ueno H.: Infected dog and cat bites. N. Engl. J. Med., 340: 1841-1842, 1999. Numazaki, K., Asanuma, H.: Inhibitory effect of povidone-iodine for the antigen expression of human cytomegalovirus. In Vivo, 13: 239- 242, 1999. Asanuma, H., Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Analysis of immune cells in a patient with post-transfusion hepatitis caused by human cytomegalovirus. In Vivo, 13: 339-342, 1999. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Infant-feeding patterns and HIV-1 transmission. Lancet, 354: 1903, 1999. 9 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. Numazaki, K., Fujikawa, T., Chiba, S.: Maternal IgM at mid-trimester and preterm delivery. Lancet, 354: 2000, 1999. Numazaki, K.: Currently identified serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in Japan. In: Numazaki, K., Yamazaki, T., Hagiwara, T., Kuo, C-C., eds. Symposium on Chlamydial Infections, Proceedings of The Second Joint Auspices of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, pp. 23-26, Life Science Medica Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 1999. Numazaki, K., Sakamoto, Y., Umetsu, M., Agatsuma, Y., Yamanaka, T., Kogasaka, R., Hiraki, M., Kuniya, Y., Miura, J., Ukae, S., Ueda, D., Sato, T., Chiba, S.: Therapeutic effect of clarithromycin for respiratory tract infections in children caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae . Int. J. Antimicrob. Ag., 13: 219-222, 2000. Ikehata, M., Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in endocervical specimens derived from pregnant Japanese women. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 27: 35-41, 2000. Numazaki, K.: Oculogenital transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. International Medical Journal (IMJ), 7: 61-62, 2000. Numazaki, K., Chiba, S.: Letter to the editor. Int. J. Antimicrob. Ag., 15: 241, 2000. Numazaki, K., Niida, Y.: Two cases of intrauterine Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Antimicrobics and Infectious Diseases Newsletter, 18: 6-8, 2000. Numazaki, K., Fujikawa, T., Chiba, S.: Relationship between seropositivity of husbands and primary cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. J. Infect. Chemother., 6: 104-106, 2000. Numazaki, K., Ueno, H., Yokoo, K., Muramatsu, Y., Chiba, S., Morita, C. : Detection of serum antibodies to Bartonella henselae and Coxiella burnetii from Japanese children and pregnant women. Microbes Infect., 2: 1431-1434, 2000. Numazaki, K., Ikehata, M., Chiba, S.: Subtyping of cytomegalovirus strains obtained from immunocompetent children. In Vivo, 14: 2000 745-746. Numazaki, K., Fujikawa, T., Chiba S.: Mother-to-child HCV transmission. Lancet, 357: 142, 2001. Numazaki, K., Fujikawa, T., Chiba, S.: Group B streptococci for neonatal disease. Lancet, 357: 394-395, 2001. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Asanuma H. Transmission of cytomegalovirus. Lancet, 357: 1799-1800, 2001. Numazaki K, Ikehata M, Chiba S. Chlamydia trachomatis and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA, 285: 1703-1706, 2001. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Ueno H. Bartonella henselae in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet, 357: 1974-1975, 2001. Numazaki K, Itoh N. Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced acute retinal necrosis. Ann. Neurol., 50: 273-274, 2001. 10 100. Numazaki K, Chiba S. Comment on Sriram correspondence. Neurology, Post-Publication Peer Review, 5 May 2001. 101. Numazaki K, Chiba S. Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in the central nervous system of patients with MS. Neurology, 57: 746, 2001. 102. Numazaki K. Reply to Parratt et al. Neurology, Post-Publication Peer Review, 20 December 2001. 103. Numazaki K, Fujikawa T. Prevalence of serum antibodies to cytomegalovirus in pregnant women in Sapporo, Japan. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 6: 147-148, 2002. 104. Numazaki K, Fujikawa T, Asanuma H. Immunological evaluation and clinical aspects of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Congenital Anomalies, 42: 181-186, 2002. 105. Numazaki K.: Retrospective diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and cortical maldevelopment. Neurology, Correspondence for Zucca et al., 61 (5) 710-712, 5 November 2003. 106. Numazaki K, Umetsu M, Adachi N. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and its genotypical characterization in children of Hokkaido, Japan. In Vivo, 17: 421-424, 2003. 107. Fujikawa T, Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Tsutsumi H. Human cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy and detection of specific T cells by intracellular cytokine staining. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 7: 215-221, 2003. 108. Numazaki K, Fujikawa T. Intracranial calcification with congenital rubella syndrome in a mother with serologic immunity. J. Child. Neurol., 18: 296-297, 2003. 109. Fujikawa T, Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Kudo R, Tsutsumi H. Frequency of human cytomegalovirus-specific T cells during pregnancy determined by intracellular cytokine staining. J. Med. Virol., 71: 527-531,2003. 110. Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Niida Y. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early neonatal period. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2003, 3: 2 (1-5). 111. Numazaki K. Prevalence of Bartonella infection among patients with fever. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2: 390-391, 2003. 112. Numazaki K. Glycyrrhizin therapy for viral infections. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2: 392-393, 2003. 113. Numazaki K. Immunological evaluation of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and infected women during pregnancy. Current Trends in Immunology, 5: 45-54, 2003. 114. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Umetsu M, Tanaka T, Yoshimura H, Kuniya Y, Miura J, Adachi N, Ukae S, Mori T, Ueda D, Hotsubo T, Sato T. Etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese children. In Vivo, 18: 67-72, 2004. 115. Numazaki K, Asanuma H. Liver dysfunction due to cytomegalovirus associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 26: 86-87, 2004. 116. Numazaki K.: Retrospective diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and cortical maldevelopment. Neurology, 62: 1453-1454, 2004. 11 117. Numazaki K, Fujikawa T.: Chronological changes of incidence and prognosis of children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Sapporo, Japan. BMC Infectious Diseases, 4: 22 (1-5), 2004. 118. Numazaki K. Current problems of perinatal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. J. Immune Based Ther. Vaccines, 2: 4 (1-7), 2004. 119. Numazaki K. Bartonella henselae and Coxiella burnetii infection and The Kawasaki disease. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt., 8: 11-12, 2004. 120. Numazaki K. Adoptive immunotherapy for cytomegalovirus infection. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt., 8: 55-56, 2004. 121. Numazaki K, Kubo S. Infantile Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in siblings. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 26: 159-161, 2004. 122. Numazaki K. Chlamydia trachomatis serovars of endemic trachoma had been predominantly existed in Japan? J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 8: 67-69, 2004. 123. Tanaka K, Numazaki K, Tsutsumi H.: Human cytomegalovirus genetic variability in strains isolated from Japanese children during 1983-2003. J Med Virol 2005, 76: 356-360. 124. Numazaki K. Human cytomegalovirus infections in premature infants by breastfeeding. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2005, 4: 867-872. 125. Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Niida Y. Respiratory tract infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in early neonatal period. In: Kishimoto, T., Yamazaki, T., Kuo, C-C., eds. Symposium on Chlamydial Infections, Proceedings of The Third Joint Auspices of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, pp. 16-21, Life Science Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 2005. 126. Tanaka K, Yamada H, Minami M, Kataoka S, Numazaki K, Minakami H, Tsutsumi H. Screening for vaginal shedding of cytomegalovirus in healthy pregnant women using real-time PCR: Correlation of CMV in the vagina and adverse outcome of pregnancy. J Med Virol. 2006,78:757-759. 127. Koizumi Y, Ndembi N, Miyashita M, Lwembe R, Kageyama S, Mbanya D, Kapture L, Numazaki K, Fujiyama Y, Ichimura H. Emergence of ART resistance-associated primary mutations among drug-naïve HIV-1-individuals in rural western Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006, 43: 15-22. 128. Numazaki K. Current concepts of management for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Trends in Developmental Biology 2007, 2:1-11. 129. Numazaki K. Current problems of measles control in Japan and western pacific region. Vaccine 2007, 25: 3101-3104. 130. Homma K, Numazaki K. The steam humidifier hand burn in infants. Int Med J 2007, 6: (1). 131. Goto T, Kimura H, Numazaki K, Akiyama M, Kato M, Noda M, Nozaki Y, Tanaka-Taya K, Taniguchi K, Yamagata T, Nishio O, Oogane T, Momoi MY, Okabe N. A case of menigoenchephalitis associated with human 12 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. G1P [8] rotavirus infection in a Japanese child. Scand J Infect Dis J 2007, 39: 1067-1081. Asanuma H, Numazaki k. Intrauterine dual infection with cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia trachomatis. Eur J Gen Med 2007, 4: 199-200. Kageyama S, Maniar JK, Saple DG, Numazaki K, Kurimura T, Ichimura H. HIV-2 amino acid substituions in Gag and Env proteins occurring simultaneously with viral load upsurge in a drug-naïve patient. J Infect Chemother 2008, 14: 151-155. Hosaka N, Ndembi N, Ishizaki A, Kageyama S, Numazaki K, Ichimura H. Rapid detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M by a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Virol Methods 2009, 157: 195-199. Hasegawa T, Asaeda A , Hamaguchi Y, Numazaki K. Development of rapid diagnostic reagent for measles. Hybridoma 2009, 28: 241-149. Kishimoto T, Ando S, Numazaki K, Ouchi K, Yamazaki T, and Chikara Nakahama C. Assay of Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific IgM antibodies by ELISA method―reduction of non-specific reaction and resetting of serological criteria by measuring IgM antibodies―. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009, 62: 260-264. Yamamoto D, Kawaguchiya M, Ghosh S, Ichikawa M, Numazaki K, Kobayashi N. Detection and full genomic analysis of G6P[9] human rotavirus in Japan..Virus Genes 2011, 43: 215-223. Numazaki K. A study on the clinical application of a rapid diagnostic reagent for measles. Eur J Gen Med 2012, 9: 39-44. Numazaki K, Inoue A, Wang W-w. Prevalence of serum antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases in students of a Japanese university of health and welfare and its advisory standard of vaccination for clinical training Eur J Basic Med Sci 2013, 3 (3): 50-55. Numazaki K, and Ichikawa M. Clinical and virological characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis and prevalence of strains in Tochigi, Japan. In Vivo 2014, 28(6): 1141-1147. Numazaki K. Detection of adenovirus from pharyngeal mucosa by immunochromatography kit. In: Ohno, S., Aoki, K., T., Uchio, E., eds. Proceedings of The International Workshop on Adenovirus, The First Annual Meeting of Japanese Adenovirus Study Group, (in press). 13 PRESENTATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Numazaki K, Chiba S, Yamanaka T, Umetsu M, Nakao T. Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonitis in Japanese infants. In: 4th Asian Congress of Pediatrics: 1982 Sep 20-24: Seoul, South Korea. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Yamanaka T, Nakao T. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from Japanese infants with pneumonia. In: 1982 International Symposium on Medical Virology: 1982 Dec 2-4: Anaheim, California, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Moroboshi T, Yamanaka T, Nakao T. An application of fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in children. In: XII World Congress of Pathology: 1983 Oct 10-14: Tokyo, Japan. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Yamanaka T, Moroboshi T, Nakao T. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Japanese children. In: 1983 International Symposium on Medical Virology: 1983 Oct 19-21: Anaheim, California, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Yamanaka T, Umetsu M, Nakao T. Pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in Japanese infants. In: 17th International Congress of Pediatrics: 1983 Nov 7-12: Manila, Philippine. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Moroboshi T, Kamada M, Nakao T. Detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay. In: International Congress for Infectious Diseases: 1985 Apr 20-24: Cairo, Egypt. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Moroboshi T, Kogawa K, Motoya H, Nakao T. Relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and elevated serum IgM levels in premature infants. In: IX International Congress of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases: 1986 Jul 20-26: Munich, West Germany. Numazaki K, Goldman H, Wong I, Wainberg MA. Replication of cytomegalovirus in human thymic epithelial cells. In: VII International Congress of Virology: 1987 Aug 9-14: Edmonton, Canada. DeStephano L, Goldman H, Numazaki K, Wong I, Wainberg MA. Diminution of IL-1 production by cultured thymic epithelial cells following viral infection. In: VII International Congress of Virology: 1987 Aug 9-14: Edmonton, Canada. Numazaki K, Goldman H, Wong I, Wainberg MA. Infection of cultured human thymic epithelial cells by HIV-1. In: 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy: 1988 Oct 23-26: Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Goldman H, Bai X-Q, Wong I, Wainberg MA. Infection of 14 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 human fetal brain macrophages and mixed neural cells in tissue culture by HIV-1. In: V International Congress on AIDS: 1989 Jun 4-9: Montreal, Canada. Bai X-Q, Numazaki K, Lyras A, Wainberg MA, Mills E. Impairment of human neutrophil (PMN) function in vitro by HIV-1 and gp 160. In: V International Congress on AIDS: 1989 Jun 4-9: Montreal, Canada. Numazaki K, Goldman H, Bai X-Q, Wong I, Wainberg MA. Infection of human fetal brain macrophages in tissue culture by HIV-1. In: 19th International Congress of Pediatrics: 1989 Jul 23-28: Paris, France. Aoki K, Sato C, Hashimoto N, Chiba S, Numazaki K. Clinical and etiological studies of chlamydial conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. In: 7th International symposium on human chlamydial infection: 1990 Jun 24-29: Harrison Hot Springs, Canada. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Umetsu M. Detection of IgM antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci from Japanese infants and children with pneumonia. In: 91st General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1991 May 5-9: Dallas, Texas, U.S.A. Numazaki K. The epidemiology of chlamydial infection in Japanese children. In: Invited Special Lecture, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev: 1991 December 3: Beer Sheva, Israel. Numazaki K. Current diagnostic problems for the treatment of clinical specimens. In: Invited Special Lecture, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev: 1991 December 4: Beer Sheva, Israel. Nagata N, Numazaki K, Chiba S. Detection of human cytomegalovirus mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In: International Congress for Infectious Diseases: 1992 Jun 7-11: Nairobi, Kenya. Numazaki K, Ukae S, Nagata N, Chiba S. Effect of glycyrrhizin in children associated with cytomegalovirus infection. In: 1993 International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: 1993 May 10-14: Tokyo, Japan. Numazaki K, Nagata N, Sato T, Chiba S. Effect of glycyrrhizin, cyclosporin A, and tumor necrosis alpha on infection of susceptible cells by human cytomegalovirus. In: 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1993 May 16-20: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. Chiba S, Numazaki K. Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infection. In: The First International Symposium on the Methods and Processes of Japan-Russia North East Asia Medical Exchange: 1993 Jun 9-11: Niigata, Japan. 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Asanuma H, Numazaki K, Nagata N, Mikami M, Chiba S. PCR study and cytokine response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infants with human cytomegalovirus infection. In: 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1994 May 23-27: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Suzuki K, Chiba S. Replication of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae in human monocytic cell line U-937. In: Tenth International Conference on AIDS/ International Conference on STD: 1994 Aug 7-12: Yokohama, Japan. Suzuki K, Numazaki K, Aoki K, Isobe K, Ohno S, Chiba S. Chlamydial conjunctivitis associated with sexually transmitted diseases. In: Tenth International Conference on AIDS/ International Conference on STD: 1994 Aug 7-12: Yokohama, Japan. Numazaki K, Suzuki K, Chiba S. Effects of infection by Chlamydiae of human monocytic cell line U-937. In: 30th National Meeting, Society for Leukocyte Biology: 1994 Sep 21-24: Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. (Numazaki K, Suzuki K, Chiba S. Effects of infection by Chlamydiae on human monocytic cell line U-937. J Leukoc Biol 1994, supplement, 31.) Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Nagata N, Chiba S. Studies of human cytomegalovirus infection in breast milk. In: 95th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1995 May 21-25: Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Numazaki K. Current aspects of congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infection. In: AIDS Seminar Series, Salle Bernard M. Bloomfield Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research: 1995 May 25: Montreal, Canada. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Suzuki K, Ohno S, Aoki K. Typing of Chlamydia trachomatis from Japanese patients with infantile pneumonia and adult conjunctivitis. In: 12th World Congress of Sexology: 1995 Aug 12-16: Yokohama, Japan. Numazaki K, Chiba S. Detection of serum antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae from Japanese children with by ELISA. In: Joint Auspices of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Symposium on Chlamydial Infections: 1996 Mar 18-19: Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Chiba S. Inhibitory effect cytokines in breast milk for reactivation of human cytomegalovirus infection. In: Ninth International Conference on Antiviral Research: 1996 May 19-24: Urabandai, Fukushima, Japan. (Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Chiba S. Inhibitory effect cytokines in breast milk for reactivation of human cytomegalovirus infection. Antiviral Res 1996, 30: A50) Numazaki K, Kusaka T, Chiba S, Akashi E. Chlamydia trachomatis infections during pregnancy and perinatal complications. In: 7th 16 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 International Congress for Infectious Diseases: 1996 Jun 10-13: Hong Kong. Asanuma H, Numazaki K, Chiba S. Reaction of immune cells with post-transfusion hepatic dysfunction cased by human cytomegalovirus infection. In: Xth International Congress of Virology: 1996 Augt 11-16: Jerusalem, Israel. Numazaki K, Ikehata M, Chiba S. Detection of serum antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae from Japanese infants and children. In: XIVth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria: 1996 Nov 17-22: Nagasaki, Japan. Numazaki K, Asanuma H, Ikehata M, Chiba S. Detection of cytokines and human cytomegalovirus DNA in serum as test for congenital infection. In: 97th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1997 May 4-8: Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.A. Numazaki K. Current aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections in infants. In: AIDS Seminar Series, Salle Bernard M. Bloomfield Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research: 1997 May 8: Montreal, Canada. Numazaki K, Ikehata M, Chiba S. Detection of serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis from Japanese patients with trachoma and acute conjunctivitis. In: 8th International Congress for Infectious Diseases: 1998 May 15-18: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Ikehata M, Chiba S. Therapeutic effect of glycyrrhizin on cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent children. In: 98th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1998 May 17-21: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. Ikehata M, Numazaki K, Chiba S. Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in endocervical specimens derived from normal pregnant women. In: 98th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1998 May 17-21: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Ikehata M. Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in specimens derived from Japanese infants and pregnant women. In: 9th International Symposium on Human Chlamydial infection: 1998 Jun 21-26: Napa Valley, California, U.S.A. Numazaki K, Ikehata M, Asanuma H, Chiba S. Subtyping of cytomegalovirus strains obtained from immunocompetent children. In: 99th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 1999 May 30-Jun 3: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Numazaki K. Currently identified serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis in Japan. In: The Second Joint Auspices of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Symposium on Chlamydial Infections: 1999 Jun 26-27: Sapporo, Japan. Numazaki K. Detection of serum antibodies to Bartonella henselae and 17 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Coxiella burnetii from Japanese children and pregnant women. In: 100th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology: 2000 May 21-25: Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Numazaki K. Pathogenesis and infectivity of adenovirus in children. In: Symposium on Ocular Infection, Adenovirus Infection, The 37th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association for Ocular Infection: 2000 July 6-8: Kanazawa, Japan. Numazaki K. Detection of adenovirus from pharyngeal mucosa by immunochromatography kit. In: International Workshop on Adenovirus, The First Annual Meeting of Japanese Adenovirus Study Group: 2000 July 10-11, Yokohama, Japan. Numazaki K, Fujikawa T, Asanuma H, Chiba S. Primary Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy and detection of virus-specific intercellular cytokine expression. In: Eight International Antiviral Symposium and Workshop: 2000 November 19-21: Kagoshima, Japan. Numazaki K. Etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections in children of Hokkaido. Air Seminar between Sapporo Medical University and the University of Calgary. December 4, 2001, Sapporo. Numazaki K. Studies on etiological agents of lower respiratory infections in Japanese children. 41st Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Illinois, December 16-19, 2001. Numazaki K, Niida Y. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early neonatal period. 10 th International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection, Antalya, Turkey, June 16-21, 2002. Numazaki K. Respiratory tract infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in early neonatal period. The Third Symposium on Chlamydial Infections, Joint Auspices of Japan Society for Chlamydia Research and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, September 23, 2002. Numazaki K, Fujikawa T. Clinical and immunological evaluation of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. The 6th World Congress of Perinatal Medicine, Osaka, September 13-16, 2003. ( Numazaki K, Fujikawa T. Clinical and immunological evaluation of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Perinat Med 2003, 31 Suppl. 1, 242.) Numazaki K. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early neonatal period. The 6th World Congress of Perinatal Medicine, Osaka, September 13-16, 2003. (Numazaki K, Chlamydia trachomatis infection in early neonatal period. J Perinat Med 2003, 31 Suppl. 1, 243.) Aoki K, Akanuma M, Ohguchi T, Ohno S, Ishiko H, Numazaki K. Genetic and serological diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis. World 18 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Health Organization Prevention of Blindness & Deafness, Trachoma Scientific Workshop, Geneva, Switzerland, March 18, 2005. Numazaki K. Current problems of measles control in Japan and western pacific region. Fifth World Congress on Vaccines, Immunization & Immunotherapy. Montreal, Quebec, November 6-9, 2006. Numazaki K. Vero/SLAM cell line. WHO/WPRO Hands-on Training/ Workshop on the Laboratory Diagnosis of Measles Virus Infection. 2006, March 13-18, Hong Kong. Numazaki K. Current problems of measles control in Japan and WPR. The Fourth WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network Meeting. Expanded Programme on Immunization. Geneva, August 28-30, 2006. Numazaki K. Current problems of measles control in Japan. In: AIDS Seminar Series, Salle Bernard M. Bloomfield Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research: 2006 November 7: Montreal, Canada. Numazaki K. Current problems of measles circulation in Japan and Western Pacific Region. The Fifth WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network Meeting. Expanded Programme on Immunization. Geneva, Switzerland, September 26-28, 2007. Numazaki K. Current strategies of measles elimination in western pacific region. 5th World Congress of the World Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bangkok, Thailand, November 15-18, 2007. Numazaki K. Development and clinical evaluation of rapid diagnostic test reagents for measles. XV International Congress of Virology, Sapporo, Japan, September 11-16, 2011. Yamamoto D, Kawaguchiya M, Ghosh S, Ichikawa M, Numazaki K, Kobayashi N. Full-genome analysis of rare G6P[9] human Rota virus detected in Japan.XV International Congress of Virology, Sapporo, Japan, September 11-16, 2011. 19