PP 7020 Child & Adolescent Development Fall 2007 INSTRUCTOR: David J. Van Dyke, Ph.D. PHONE: 312.777.7699 EMAIL: dvandyke@argosyu.edu FAX: ALT PHONE: REQUIRED TEXTS: Title Author(s) Copyright Publisher ISBN Edition Childhood and society Erikson, E.H. (1950). Norton & Co. 039331068X Title Author(s) Copyright Publisher ISBN Edition The Harvard lectures Freud, A. (1992). International Universities Press, Inc. 0823623106 Title Theoretical foundations and biological bases of development in adolescence. Author(s) Lerner, R.M. & Lerner, J.V. Copyright (1999). Publisher Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815332904 Edition Title Author(s) Copyright Publisher ISBN Edition The language and thought of the child Piaget, Jean (1959) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 0415267501 3rd Edition Title The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky. Vol. 5.. (SELECTED READINGS) Author(s) Vygotsky, L.S. Copyright (1998) Publisher Plenum Press ISBN 0306457075 Edition This Course Requires the Purchase of a Course Packet: YES NO 2 PP 7020 Child & Adolescent Development Fall 2007 Wednesdays 9:30am-12:15pm David J. Van Dyke, Ph.D. Office phone: (312) 777-7699 Office hours: by appointment Email: dvandyke@argosy.edu Teaching Assistant: It is the Policy of the Illinois School of Professional Psychology/Chicago Campus to make reasonable accommodations for qualified students with disabilities, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). If you are a student with a disability and need accommodations to complete your course requirements, please contact the instructor within the first week of class to discuss your request. All information regarding the disability will be held in confidence by the professor. If the student does not choose to disclose that s/he has a disability requiring assistance, then the student is taking full responsibility for any related consequences that may occur. Last minute special requests will be subject to the same late assignment policy as other students. Course Objectives The general purpose of this course is to facilitate an understanding of the relationship between physical maturation, emotional development and healthy adaptation or psychopathology as manifested from birth through adolescence. 1. become familiar with the central issues and primary theoretical perspectives of child and adolescent development. 2. consider how biological, cognitive, social-cultural (e.g., peers, family) and emotional aspects of development influence psychological functioning. 3. begin developing a framework for observing and evaluating healthy and maladaptive functioning. 4. establish an organizational framework to conceptualize clinical material as it is integrated with developmental research and theory. 5. write well-organized, conceptually integrated behavioral observations and clinical assessments that present a clear understanding of each adolescent’s or child’s psychological development. 6. Apply knowledge about adolescent development into clinical conceptualization and practice. 3 Course Overview PART I: A Framework Sept. 5 Genetic-Environment Interface Sept. 12 Developmental Contextual Model PART II: The Theorists Sept. 19 Sept. 26 Oct. 3 Oct. 10 Oct. 17 Oct. 24 Mechanistic/Continuity Theories Mechanistic/Continuity Theories con’t Organismic/Discontinuity Theories (Stage) Stage Theories con’t Stage Theories con’t Stage Theories con’t PART III: Content Areas Oct. 31 Biological Changes Nov. 7 Language Development Nov. 14 Development of the Self Nov. 21 Family Context Nov. 28 Socio-Cultural Issues Dec. 5 Behavioral & Emotional Problems Final Course Readings Required Erikson, E.H. (1950). Childhood and society. Norton & Co. Freud, A. (1992). The Harvard lectures. International Universities Press, Inc. ISBN: 0823623106 Lerner, R.M. & Lerner, J.V. (1999). Theoretical foundations and biological bases of development in adolescence. Garland Publishing. ISBN: 0815332904 Piaget, Jean (1959). The language and thought of the child. 3rd Edition. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN: 0415267501 Vygotsky, L.S. (1998). The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky. Vol. 5. Plenum Press. ISBN: 0306457075 (SELECTED READINGS) Recommended Fraiburg, S. (1996). The magic years. Scribner. Furstenberg, Elder, Cook, et al. (1998). Managing to make it. Greenspan, S. & Thorndike-Greenspan, N. (2003). The clinical interview of the child, 3rd edition. American Psychiatric Press. Haley, J. (1997). Leaving home: The therapy of disturbed young people (2nd Ed.). Brunner/Mazel. Hughes, J. N. (1991). The clinical child interview. Guilford Publications. ISBN: 0898622409 4 Lerner, R.M. & Lerner, L. V. (1999). Foundations and biological bases of development in adolescence. Garland Publishing. ISBN:0815332904 Nathanielsz, P. (2002). The Prenatal Prescription. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN: 0060957050 Thomas, R. M. (1997). Comparing theories of child development, 4th edition. Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN:053435579X Thompson, M. & Kindlon, D. (2000). Raising Cain: Protecting the emotional life of boys. Ballantine Books. Selekman, M.D. (1993). Pathways to change. Guilford Press. Vargas & Koss-Chioino (1992). Working with culture. Wolf, E.S. (2002). Treating the self: Elements of clinical self psychology. Guilford Press. When you complete this course you will be able to conduct a thorough child observation (with some possible experience interviewing a child, parent and/or teacher). In addition, you will be able to conceptualize and integrate a broad range of theoretical and developmental considerations to produce an informed assessment of a child with respect to his or her overall contexts, developmental strengths, limitations, and adjustments. Course Requirements and Expectations 1. Attendance: Attendance at each class is mandatory. Please inform the instructor in advance if you must miss a class under special circumstances. Students who miss two or more classes will lose one letter grade. 2. Class Participation: You are responsible to be familiar with and knowledgeable about the readings assigned each week – be prepared to discuss, make observations and ask questions. 3. Abstracts: (50 pts.) Students will be assigned two articles to abstract (1 – 2 pages). Abstracts will have the citation at the top of the page and include the student’s name. Abstracts will be an overview of the major theses and points of the article. Students will have 5 minutes to present the content of the abstracts to the class and lead a discussion about the article. 4. Discussion Questions (50 points): Students will be asked to answer question(s) for various readings. They can turn in the answers at any point in the semester. 5. Assignments: Papers will be due by 9:30 a.m. on the class date specified. All papers shall be in APA format (including cover page, citations, and references). A. Mid-term (175 points): 1) Child Observation and 2) Rite of Passage Ritual 1. Sections are observation and theoretical/developmental discussion (75 pts). DUE --- October 24 a) You will observe a child (between 3 and 12). It is important that you observe a child that is not known to you, both because of ethical considerations and the impact prior impressions may have on your ability to formulate your developmental conclusions. Also, be sure you do not observe children who are being considered for diagnostic 5 referrals since you will not be providing feedback to parents or teachers about your impressions of the behavioral observation. You will provide an observation and behavioral description. You need to observe the children in a non-clinical setting, such as at school, park or home. The advantage to observing children in school is that you are able to consider their interactions with peers and their participation (or lack thereof!) in group activities. I would recommend around an hour observation. Make sure you receive permission to observe in school from the principal/teacher. b) Provide a developmental discussion/interpretation of the child’s development which integrates developmental theories presented in lectures and readings from weeks 1 – 7. Demonstrate your critical thinking of how the theories and child support each other, are divergent and help a person understand children in a larger context (that of developmental time). Your discussion must include an analysis of relevant contextual factors (i.e., ethnicity, class, gender, religious belief, environment). Since we are focusing on Developmental Contextual model, context plays a significant role in the overall development of each person. 2. Rites of Passage Ritual (100 pts) – Due Nov. 21 Using current and relevant literature, each student will develop a ritual for adolescents. This ritual will make EITHER the entrance into adolescence OR the entrance into adulthood. This must be a unique ritual that addresses the developmental needs of the adolescent during this transitional period. There are three sections of this paper: review of literature, rites of passage ritual detailed, critical thinking demonstrating how the ritual meets developmental and transitional needs of adolescent (e.g., reducing risk factors, increasing resiliency/protective factors, etc.) ***I have found it helpful (read mandatory) for authors and readers to have headings that guide the reader through the paper. This provides organization and structure and helps both author and reader to transition from one idea to another. APA style headings based on the number of heading levels you have, etc. It is also expected that you have numerous (minimum 10+) references supporting your writing. B. Final (225 points) DUE – December 5. Students will write a case study on a film that they have checked with the instructor. The film must have a child or adolescent as one of the central characters (e.g., Mi vida loca, What’s eating gilbert grape?, Eve’s Bayou, Mermaids, Girl Interrupted). The paper is required to have four sections: Paragraph about a presenting problem (create one, but be able to support it), Theoretical conceptualization (which must include: biology, sexual 6 development/identity, cognition, emotions, self-concept, etc.), Contextual issues (family life cycle stage, peer relationships, school, work, etc.), and an intervention section. You should discuss how the each developmental issue (and their interactions) must to be addressed in your clinical work. The paper is to be between 10-20 pages and APA style (margins, reference, headers, etc.). You will be expected to support all of your assertions with the use citations from this course (and other locations). I expect a minimum of 18 citations necessary to adequately accomplish this task. Course Weekly Reading Sept. 5 – Genetic-Environment Interface Lerner: pp. 1 – 52; 172 – 200 (Petersen, Muuss, & Baltes chapters) Sept. 12 – Contextual Developmental Approach (Bronfenbrenner) Lerner: pp. 71-82; 201 – 206; 308 – 330 (Life course as developmental theory; Relatvie plasticity; Dialectics, developmental contextualism) Sept. 19 – Mechanistic: Behavioralist Lerner: pp. 53 – 60 (theories of adolescent development) Sept. 26 – Mechanistic Theories: Social Learning Lerner: pp. 84 – 92 (stormy decade) Oct. 3 – Organismic Theories: Freud Lerner: pp. 115 – 120 A Freud: Erikson: 23-186 Oct. 10– Stage theories: Erikson Erikson: 187 – 274 Piaget: 1 - 128 Oct. 17 – Stage theories: Piaget Piaget: 129 - 286 Piaget & Inhelder (1954) – on reserve in library Fischer (1980) – on reserve in library Oct. 24 – Stage theories: Vygotsky Vygotsky: Mid-Term PART 1 Due ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 7 Oct. 31 – Biological Changes Lerner: p. 207 – 280; 93 – 114 Nov. 7 – Language Development Vygotsky Nov. 14 – The Developing Self Plummer (1995) Lerner: pp. 61 – 70 Thomas Chp. 16 – Kohlberg’s Moral Development Thomas Chp. 17 – An integrated theory of moral development Erikson: 275 Nov. 21 – Family Context Lerner: pp. 281 - 307 Silverberg & Steinberg (1990) Mid-Term PART 2 Due Nov. 28 – Socio-Cultural Issues Lerner: pp. 331 – 336 Steinberg, Fegley, & Dornbusch (1993) Dec. 5 – Interventions: Delinquency, School problems & Emotional Problems Erikson: 403 - 424 Patterson (1993) Jessor, van den Bos, van der Ryn, Costa, & Turbin (1995) Dobkin, Tremblay, Masse & Vitaro (1995) FINAL DUE Abstracts Week 2 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). The ecology of the family as a context for human development. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742. Bronfenbrenner, Urie; Ceci, Stephen J. (1994). Nature-Nurture Reconceptualized in Developmental Perspective: A Bioecological Model, Psychological Review, 101 (4), pp. 568-586 Plomin, R. & Colledge, E. (2001). Genetics and Psychology: Beyond heritability. European Psychologist, 6, 229-240. Scarr, S. (1983). How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2 (2), 204-228. Week 3 Plomin, W. & Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 1-16. 8 Plomin, R., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M. & Howe, G. W. (1994). Nature and nurture: Genetic contributions to measures of the family environment. Developmental Psychology, 30, 32-43. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19. Week 4 Skinner, B. F. (1985) Cognitive science and behaviorism. British Journal of Psychology, 76, 291-301. Skinner, B. F. (1987). Whatever Happened to Psychology as the Science of Behavior?..; Source: American Psychologist. Vol. 42 (8) August 1987, pp. 780-786 Skinner, B. F. (1989). The Origins of Cognitive Thought; Source: American Psychologist. Vol. 44 (1) January 1989, pp. 13-18. Skinner, B. F. (1990). Can psychology be a science of mind? American Psychologist, Nov90, Vol. 45 Issue 11, p1206 - 1211. Week 5 Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., & Caprara, G. V. (1996). Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning.Child Development, Vol 67(3), Jun 1996. pp. 1206-1222. Week 6 *Fonagy, P. & Moran, G.S. (1990). Studies on the Efficacy of Child Psychoanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Vol. 58 (6) December 1990, pp. 684-695 *Bronfenbrenner, U. (1960). Freudian theories of identification and their derivatives. Child Development, 31, 15-40. Mahler, M. S. (1979). Symbiosis and individuation: the psychological birth of the human infant. Selected papers of Margaret Mahler, vol. 2. New York: Aronson. Mahler, M.S. (1979). Mother-child interaction during separation and individuation. Selected papers of Margaret Mahler, vol. 2. New York: Aronson. Kernberg, O. (2001). Object relations, affects, and drives: Toward a new synthesis. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 21, 604-619. Week 7 – Erikson *Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. Chapter 7: Eight Ages of Man Week 8 – Piaget and Vygotsky Bodrova, E. & Leong, D.J. (1998). Scaffolding emergent writing in the zone of proximal development. Literacy teaching and learning, 3, 1-18. Vygotsky, L.S. (1930). Tool and symbol in child development. In Lev S. Vygotsky’s, Mind and Society. Wells, G. (1999). The zone of proximal development and its implications for learning and teaching. Dialogic inquiry: Towards a sociocultural practice and theory of education. New York: Cambridge University Press. *Piaget, Jean (2000) Piaget's theory. In: Lee, Kang (Ed); Childhood cognitive development: The essential readings. Malden, MA, US: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 33-47. 9 *Piaget, J., Gellerier, G., & Langer, J. (1988) Extracts from Piaget's theory. In: Richardson, Ken (Ed); Sheldon, Sue (Ed); 1988. Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 3-18. *Chomsky, N. (1980). On cognitive structures and their development: A reply to Piaget, In M. Piattelli-Palmarim (Ed.), Language and learning: The debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Week 9 – Biological/Pubertal Transitions *Buchanan, Eccles, & Becker (1992). Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones: Evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 62-107 *Zahn-Waxler (1996). Environment, biology, and culture: Implications for adolescent development. Developmental Psychology, 32, 571-573. Mead (1930) Caspi, Lynam, Moffit & Silva (1993). Unraveling girls’ delinquency: Biological, dispositional, and contextual contributions to adolescent misbehavior. Developmental Psychology, 29, 19-30. *Quadrel, Fischoff, & Davis (1993). Adolescent (in)vulnerability. American Psychologist, 48, 102-116. Caspi & Moffitt (1991). Individual differences are accentuated during periods of social change: The sample case of girls at puberty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 157-168. Ge, Conger & Elder (2001) The relation between puberty and psychological distress in adolescent boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 49-70. Week 11 – The Self Vygotsky (1999). New translation of Vygotsky’s ‘Consciousness as a problem in the psychology of behavior.’ In Undiscovered Vygotsky: Studies on the pre-history of cultural-historical psychology. European studies in the history of science ideals, Vol. 8, pp. 251-281. Harter & Monsour (1992). Developmental analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. Developmental Psychology, 28, 251-260. *Kinney (1993). From “nerds” to “normals”: Adolescent identity recovery within a changing social system. Sociology of Education, 66, 21-40. ~Plummer (1995). Patterns of racial identity development of African American adolescent males and females. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 168-180. – Everyone reads this *Archer (1989). Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process, domain, and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 117-138. Waterman (1988). Identity status theory and Erikson’s theory: Communalities and differences. Developmental Review, 8, 185-208. Friedlander (1999). Ethnic identity development of internationally adopted children and adolescents: Implications for family therapist. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 25, 43-62. 10 Savin-Williams (1998). The disclosure to families of same-sex attractions by lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 49-68. Mead & Strauss (1964) The Self and The Organism Week 12 – Family Context *Winnicott, D.W. (2003). Mirror-role of mother and family in child development. In J. Raphael-Leff (Ed.), Parent-infant psychodynamics: Wild things, mirrors and ghosts. London: Whurr Publishers. Pp. 18-24. Brown, Mounts, Lamborn, & Steinberg (1993). Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence. Child Development, 64, 467-482. Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1-19. *Silverberg & Steinberg (1990). Psychological well-being of parents at mid-life: The impact of early adolescent children. Developmental Psychology, 26, 658-666. Bartle, Anderson & Sabatelli (1989). A model of parenting style, adolescent individuation and adolescent self-esteem: Preliminary findings. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 283298. Paikoff & Brooks-Gunn (1991). Do parent-child relationship change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110, 47-66. Cooney & Mortimer (1999) Week 13 – Socio-Cultural Context Mounts & Steinberg (1995). An ecological analysis of peer influence on adolescent grade point average and drug use. Developmental Psychology, 31, 915-922. Jarvinen & Nicholls (1996) *Whitbeck, Yoder, Hoyt, & Conger (1996) *Capaldi, Crosby & Stoolmiller (1996). Predicting the timing of first sexual intercourse for atrisk adolescent males. Child Development, 67, 344-359. Upchurch, Aneshensel, Sucoff, & Levy-Storms (1999). Neighborhood and family contexts of adolescent sexual activity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 920-933. Week 14 – Interventions McHolland, J.D. (1985) Gjerde & Westenberg (1998). Dysphoric adolescents as young adults: A prospective study of the psychological sequelae of depressed mood in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 377-402. *Klein, M. (1971). The psycho-analytic play technique: Its history and significance. In M. Klein, P. Heimann, et al (Eds.), New directions in psycho-analysis: The significance of infant conflict in the pattern of adult behavior. Oxford, England: Tavistock. Griff, M.D. (1983) Family Play Therapy Cunningham & Henggeler (1999) Quinn, & Van Dyke (2004) 11 Program Outcomes: The Doctoral program in Clinical Psychology at Argosy University Chicago Campus is an APA accredited program (APA, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, 202-336-5500). This program is designed to educate and train students so that they may eventually be able to function effectively as clinical psychologists. To ensure that students are prepared adequately, the curriculum provides for the meaningful integration of theory, training and practice. The Clinical Psychology program at Argosy University Chicago Campus emphasizes the development of attitudes, knowledge, and skills essential in the formation of professional psychologists who are committed to the ethical provision of quality services. Specific objectives of the program include the following: Goal 1: Prepare professional psychologists to accurately, effectively, and ethically select, administer, score, interpret, and communicate findings of appropriate assessment methods informed by accepted psychometric standards and sensitive to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 1a: Accurately and ethically administer and score various psychodiagnostic instruments. o Objective 1b: Accurately interpret and synthesize assessment data in the context of diversity factors, referral questions, and specific objectives of the assessment, and organize and communicate results in writing and orally. o Objective 1c: Examine psychometric properties of psychological assessment instruments, and use that knowledge to evaluate, select, administer, and interpret psychological tests and measures appropriate for the client, the referral question, and the objectives of the assessment. Goal 2: Prepare professional psychologists to select, implement, and evaluate psychological interventions consistent with current ethical, evidence-based, and professional standards, within a theoretical framework, and with sensitivity to the interpersonal processes of the therapeutic relationship and the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2a: Synthesize the foundations of clinical psychology, including psychopathology, human development, diagnosis, diversity, ethics, and various therapeutic models in clinical applications. o Objective 2b: Select, plan, and implement ethical and evidence-based interventions with sensitivity to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2c: Demonstrate knowledge, skills, and attitudes to effectively implement and participate in psychological consultation and supervision. Objective 2d: Demonstrate personal development and self-reflective capacity, including growth of interpersonal skills, and therapeutic relationships. Goal 3: Prepare professional psychologists to analyze the complexity and multidimensionality of human diversity, and demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to understand diverse worldviews and the potential meaning of social, cultural, and individual differences for professional psychological services. 12 Goal 4: Prepare professional psychologists to examine the historical context and the current body of knowledge of biological, cognitive, affective, developmental, and social bases of human functioning. Goal 5: Prepare professional psychologists to critically evaluate the current and evolving body of scholarly literature in psychology to inform professional practice. The Master’s Program in Clinical Psychology has been designed to educate and train students to enter a professional career as MA level practitioners. Argosy University/Chicago Campus provides students an educational program with all the necessary theoretical and clinical elements that will allow them to be effective members of a mental health team. The program introduces students to basic clinical skills that integrate individual and group theoretical foundations of applied psychology into appropriate client interactions and intervention skills. In addition, the Program offers excellent preparation for those considering application to the Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology. Library All resources in Argosy University’s online collection are available through the Internet. The campus librarian will provide students with links, user IDs, and passwords. Library Resources: Argosy University’s core online collection features nearly 21,000 full-text journals and 23,000 electronic books and other content covering all academic subject areas including Business & Economics, Career & General Education, Computers, Engineering & Applied Science, Humanities, Science, Medicine & Allied Health, and Social & Behavior Sciences. Many titles are directly accessible through the Online Public Access Catalog at http://library.argosy.edu. Detailed descriptions of online resources are located at http://library.argosy.edu/misc/onlinedblist.html. In addition to online resources, Argosy University’s onsite collections contain a wealth of subject-specific research materials searchable in the Online Public Access Catalog. Catalog searching is easily limited to individual campus collections. Alternatively, students can search combined collections of all Argosy University Libraries. Students are encouraged to seek research and reference assistance from campus librarians. Information Literacy: Argosy University’s Information Literacy Tutorial was developed to teach students fundamental and transferable research skills. The tutorial consists of five modules where students learn to select sources appropriate for academic-level research, search periodical indexes and search engines, and evaluate and cite information. In the tutorial, students study concepts and practice them through interactions. At the conclusion of each module, they can test their comprehension and receive immediate feedback. Each module takes less than 20 minutes to complete. Please view the tutorial at http://library.argosy.edu/infolit/ 13 Academic Policies Academic Dishonesty/Plagiarism: In an effort to foster a spirit of honesty and integrity during the learning process, Argosy University requires that the submission of all course assignments represent the original work produced by that student. All sources must be documented through normal scholarly references/citations and all work must be submitted using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Edition (2001). Washington DC: American Psychological Association (APA) format. Please refer to Appendix A in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Edition for thesis and paper format. Students are encouraged to purchase this manual (required in some courses) and become familiar with its content as well as consult the Argosy University catalog for further information regarding academic dishonesty and plagiarism. Scholarly writing: The faculty at Argosy University is dedicated to providing a learning environment that supports scholarly and ethical writing, free from academic dishonesty and plagiarism. This includes the proper and appropriate referencing of all sources. You may be asked to submit your course assignments through “Turnitin,” (www.turnitin.com), an online resource established to help educators develop writing/research skills and detect potential cases of academic dishonesty. Turnitin compares submitted papers to billions of pages of content and provides a comparison report to your instructor. This comparison detects papers that share common information and duplicative language. Americans with Disabilities Act Policy It is the policy of Argosy University to make reasonable accommodations for qualified students with disabilities, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). If a student with disabilities needs accommodations, the student must notify the Director of Student Services. Procedures for documenting student disability and the development of reasonable accommodations will be provided to the student upon request. Students will be notified by the Director of Student Services when each request for accommodation is approved or denied in writing via a designated form. To receive accommodation in class, it is the student’s responsibility to present the form (at his or her discretion) to the instructor. In an effort to protect student privacy, the Department of Student Services will not discuss the accommodation needs of any student with instructors. Faculty may not make accommodations for individuals who have not been approved in this manner. The Argosy University Statement Regarding Diversity Argosy University prepares students to serve populations with diverse social, ethnic, economic, and educational experiences. Both the academic and training curricula are designed to provide an environment in which students can develop the skills and attitudes essential to working with people from a wide range of backgrounds. 14