Physical Science Spring 2015 Final Study Guide
Name: _____________________
Your final will cover Chapter 3, 4, 5, 6, 16, and 25
Chapter 3 Objectives
3.3 - Explain the difference between speed and velocity.
a. Know the definitions
1. Speed = how fast you are going, the distance an object travels per
unit of time
Velocity = speed and direction of a moving object
b. Explain what happens if 2 objects have the same speed but different velocities.
2. Traveling different directions, have different starting/stopping
points
3.4 - Describe how acceleration, time and velocity are related.
a. Define acceleration.
3. Acceleration = change in velocity over time
b. When does acceleration occur?
4. Any time velocity changes (Slowing down, speeding up, changing
directions)
3.6 - Write equations for the displacement and velocity of an object over time.
a. Know velocity equation (add to equation notecard if necessary)
5. Velocity = displacement/time
b. Know acceleration equation (add to equation notecard if necessary)
6. Acceleration = change in velocity/time
3.7 - Recognize and draw graphs of an objects displacement and velocity verses time.
Slope = Velocity
Slope = Acceleration
a. What does the slope of a distance vs. time graph represent?
7. Velocity
b. What does the slope of a velocity vs. time graph represent?
8. Acceleration
3.11 - Describe the effects of air resistance on falling objects.
9. Opposes the movement of object
Caused by the interaction between an object and the air molecules it
comes into contact with
The bigger the object the more air resistance
The faster the object the more air resistance
Without air resistance all objects fall at the same acceleration
Chapter 4 Objectives
4.2 - Explain how inertia and mass are related.
10. Inertia = Tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion
Object at rest wants to stay at rest
Object in motion wants to stay in motion
More inertia = more mass
A more massive object has a greater tendency to resist changes in its
state of motion
4.5 - Solve calculation problems using Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
11. F = ma
4.9 - Distinguish between mass and weight.
12. Mass = How much matter you are made of; Does not change
depending location
Weight = the relationship between mass and gravity, Changes
depending on location
4.14 - Identify, for each action-reaction pair, the body on which the reaction force acts and determine
the magnitude and direction of the reaction force.
13.
4.17 - Recognize when momentum is conserved, using Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws.
14. The law of conservation of momentum states that if a group of
objects exerts forces only on each other, their total momentum
doesn’t change.
The momentum of an object doesn’t change unless its mass, velocity,
or both change.
Momentum can be transferred from one object to another.
Chapter 5 Objectives
5.2: Calculate kinetic energy.
a. Know the equation (add to equation notecard if necessary).
2
15. KE = ½ mv
KE = Joules, mass = g/kg, v = m/s
b. Relationship among the factors of KE
16. As mass increases, KE increase
As mass decreases, KE decrease
As velocity increases, KE increase exponentially
As velocity decreases, KE decrease exponentially
5.4: Calculate gravitational potential energy.
a. Know the equation (add to equation notecard if necessary)
17. GPE = mgh or weight x height
GPE = Joules, mg = weight (Newtons)
b. Relationship among the factors of PE
18. As mass increases, GPE increase
As mass decreases, GPE decrease
As height increases, GPE increase
As height decreases, GPE decrease
5.5: Describe how energy can be transformed from one form to another.
19. Chemical Potential Energy, Thermal, Kinetic, Electrical, GPE
a. Describe the energy transformation on a playground swing
20. Potential  kinetic  thermal
Kinetic = moving
Potential = height above the ground
PE highest at the peak of the path
b. Explain how energy changes forms as it comes the Sun to your lunch.
21. Radiant/SOLAR/thermal  light, heat, chemical potential 
mechanical (potential & KINETIC)
5.6: Explain how the mechanical energy of system is the sum of the potential and the kinetic energies.
a. Know definition
22. Mechanical energy = sum of potential and kinetic energies
b. As you ride a bike down a hill, you apply the brakes to slow down. If the ME was 5000 J at
the top of the hill, and your PE is 3000 J at the bottom of the hill, how much energy was
converted to kinetic and thermal/heat as your coasted down the hill?
23. 5000 – 3000 = 2000 J = KE
5.7: Discuss the law of conservation of energy.
24. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it simply changes forms.
a. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed in normal processes, what happens to the total
(mechanical energy) of a roller coaster throughout a summer day?
25. Total energy remains UNCHANGED
Chapter 6 Objectives
6.5: Relate power to work, and solve problems involving acceleration, force, distance and time.
a. Write out the equations for velocity, acceleration, force, work, and power.
26. Velocity = d/t
Acceleration = v/t
Force = ma
Work = Force x distance
Power = work/time
m/s
2
m/s
N
Joules
Watts
6.7: Calculate the mechanical advantage of a machine.
a. Define mechanical advantage.
27. The amount by which a machine multiplies an effort force
b. What equation is used to calculate MA?
28. MA = output/input
6.8: Calculate the efficiency of a machine.
a. Define efficiency.
29. Measure of how much work put into the machine is transferred
into output work by machine
b. What role do lubricants play in efficiency of a machine?
30. make machines more efficient by reducing friction
6.9: Describe and identify examples of the six types of simple machines.
a. What are the 2 families of simple machines?
31. Lever = lever, pulley, wheel & axle
Inclined plane = wedge, inclined plane, screw
b. What is the difference between input (effort) force and output (load) force?
32. Input/effort = force YOU add to the machine
Output/load = force applied by the machine
6.10: Explain how the different types of simple machines make work easier.
a. How does a 1st class lever make work easier?
33. By multiplying the force and changing the direction
b. How does a 2nd class lever make work easier?
34. Always multiplies the force
c. How does a 3rd class lever make work easier?
35. Doesn’t multiply force but does increase distance over which force
is applied
d. How does a fixed pulley make work easier?
36. Doesn’t multiple force, but changes direction
e. How does a moveable pulley make work easier?
37. the wheel free to move, Multiples force
f.
How is the IMA for a block & tackle pulley determined?
38. Count the number of ropes supporting the weight
g. How does an inclined plan make work easier?
39 . Increases distance which allows you to reduce the amount of force
required to do work
h. What is the IMA for a inclined plane determined?
40. IMA = length of slope (input distance) divided by height of slope
(output distance)
Chapter 16 Objectives
16.1 - Discuss properties and uses of fossil fuels.
41. Properties: Fossil fuels = the remains of once living organisms,
hydrocarbons
Natural gas, petroleum, coal
Uses: Energy production, heat
NON renewable
16.3 - Describe how the chemical energy in fossil fuels is converted into electrical energy.
(Outline the steps of energy transformation.)
42. Chemical energy in the bonds is burned to produce steam,
Steam (thermal energy) spins a turbine (kinetic energy),
Turbine is connected to a generator (electricity)
Generator connected to power lines
16.5 - Explain how a nuclear reactor converts nuclear energy to thermal energy.
43. Uranium isotopes undergo fission, splits the nucleus, releases
neutrons and energy, reacts with water to produce steam (thermal
energy)
Steam (thermal energy) spins a turbine (kinetic energy),
Turbine is connected to a generator (electricity)
Generator connected to power lines
16.6 - Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy to produce electricity.
44. Advantages = no pollution, efficient
Disadvantages = cost, radioactive waste, fear
16.7 - Discuss nuclear fusion as a possible energy source.
45. Fusion = 2 or more nuclei combine to form 1 larger nucleus
Advantages = no pollution, uses hydrogen (very abundant), water is a
waste product
Disadvantages = requires very high temperatures, hard to control, uses
more than energy
Chapter 25 Objectives
25.2 - Explain what radioactivity is.
46. Nuclear decay that occurs when the strong force is not strong enough
to hold the nucleus together
Nucleus decays and emits alpha, beta, or gamma particles
Transmutation – a new element is formed
25.4 - Discuss the discovery of radioactivity.
a. Explain Henri Becquerel’s role
47. 1896 (photographic paper) by Henri Becquerel (Uranium)
b. Explain Marie & Pierre Curie’s role
48. Curies = Polonium and Radium
25.5 - Compare and contrast alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
49. Alpha = 2 protons & 2 neutrons (mass = 4), electric charge of
+2, represented by He or fish symbol, least penetrating
Beta = high speed electron (no mass, -1), released as a neutron
decays into a proton and an electron, product is going to have an
atomic number 1 greater than the original nuclei, more
penetrating than alpha
Gamma = most penetrating, electromagnetic wave that carries
energy but no mass or charge
a. Know symbols for each type



50.
25.7 - Describe the process of radioactive dating.
51. Carbon-14 – used to date once living organisms (bones, fossils)
25.11 - Discuss how humans most often come in contact with radiation, its sources, and how the
levels can vary from person to person.
52. Microwaves, X-rays/Medical uses, Sun, Tanning beds, Earth’s crust,
Natural radioactive isotopes in your body, Atmosphere, Cell Phones,
Industry
Levels are determined by where you live or where you work