PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
QUESTIONS FOR THE SEMI-FINAL EXAMINATION
2010
1. Pharmacopoeias, pharmacopoeial quality. Ph. Eur. Monographs.
2. Distinction of inorganic and organic compounds. Preliminary investigations: burning test;
dissolution test. Identification reactions of inorganic ions in Ph. Eur. (arsenic; bromide;
phosphate; iodide; calcium).
3. Distinction of inorganic and organic compounds. Preliminary investigations: burning test;
dissolution test. Identification reactions of functional groups in Ph. Eur. (aromatic primary
amines; barbiturates; salicylates; xanthines).
4. Theory and practice of the limit tests in Ph. Eur. Detection of impurities by chemical
reactions (heavy metals; iron; chlorides).
5. Theory and practice of the limit tests in Ph. Eur. Detection of impurities by chemical
reactions (arsenic; ammonium; potassium; sulphates).
6. UV and VIS spectrophotometry in the pharmaceutical analysis. Principles (chromophor;
auxochrom groups; shifts in spectrum; pH-dependence), LBB-low, quantitative measurement
of a single component.
7. UV and VIS spectrophotometry in the pharmaceutical analysis. Application for two or
multi-component drug mixtures (based on examples from the practice).
8. Physico-chemical properties determining the fate of drugs in the body. Bonding types and
energies of drug-receptor interactions. The role of 3D structure.
9. Microspeciation of drug and biomolecules.
10. The role of lipophilicity in the transport of drugs. Definition and method of determination
of logP value.
11. General anaesthetics, classification. Inhalation anaesthetics: structures of main
representatives; chemical properties; mechanism of action.
12. Sedato-hypnotics, classification. Representatives of barbituric acid derivatives. Structure,
chemical and physical characteristics, structure-activity relationships. Analysis.
13. Main groups of major analgetics. Morphine and its semi-synthetic derivatives. Examples
for agonist and antagonist compounds. Structure, chemical, physical and pharmacological
characteristics. Analytical determinations.
14. Minor analgetics, classification. Salicylates. Structures, chemical properties, reactions.
Mechanism of action.
15. Minor analgetics, classification. Pyrazolone-derivatives and paracetamol. Structures,
chemical properties, reactions. Mechanism of action.
16. Psychopharmacones, classification. Tricyclic neuroleptics, general structure of
phenothiazines and thioxanthenes, major representatives. Structure, chemical and physical
characteristics, relationship with the activity. Some examples for atypical neuroleptic agent.
17. Psychopharmacones, classification. Types of benzodiazepine derivatives (lactam; nonlactam and tricyclic compounds). Structure, chemical, physical and pharmacological
characteristics. Analysis.
18. Structure of acetylcholine, the role of its functional groups and 3D structure in the
receptor binding. Direct and indirect parasympathomimetics. Structures, chemical properties
and structure-activity relationships.
19. Natural and synthetic parasympatholytic drugs. Structures, chemical properties. Analysis
of atropine and homatropine-methylbromide.
20. Phenyl-alkylamine sympathomimetics. Structures, chemical properties and structureactivity relationships. Some representatives of ß2 agonist bronchodilators. The analysis of
adrenaline and ephedrine.
21. Theory and practice of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Normal and reverse phase
systems; stationary phases; eluents. RF and RM values and factors influencing them. The
application of TLC for identification and quality control of drugs. System suitability test in
TLC.
22. Theory and practice of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Parameters used
for the characterization of the chromatographic system. Application of HPLC for purity
control and quantitative determination of drugs. Main aspects of system suitability
investigations.
23. Determination of protonation macro- and microconstants. Direct potentiometric titration;
difference titration (Δml method); UV/pH titration.
24. NMR. Spin, precession, Larmor frequency, relaxations, FID, chemical shift, multiplicity,
and couplings. The NMR spectrometer.
25. Theory of non-aqueous titrations. Classification and properties of solvents used for nonaqueous titrations. Non-aqueous titrations in Ph. Eur.
26. Determination of organic bases by non-aqueous titration. (Examples from the practice).
27. Determination of organic acids by non-aqueous titration. (Examples from the practice).
28. Validation of analytical methods. Main parameters of system suitability investigations.
Practice of method validation (titrimetry, spectroscopy).
29. Local anaesthetics. Main representatives, structure, properties. Relationship between the
basicity and the local anaesthetic activity. Analysis of benzocaine, procaine and lidocaine.
30. Cardiac glycosides. Structures, properties of compounds used in the therapy (digoxin,
digitoxin, deslanoside). mechanism of action. Identification reactions.
31. Cardiocvascular drugs. Antiarrhythmic agents. I-IV. classes with examples. Structures,
properties, the general formula of ß-blockers, examples for cardio-selective drugs.
32. Cardiovascular agents. Antianginal drugs. Nitrites and nitrates. 1,4-dihydropyridines.
General formula, chemical properties. Structure-activity relationships.
33. Cardiovascular agents. Antihypertensive agents: classification. ACE-inhibitors, structures,
chemical properties, receptor binging, structure activity relationships.
34. Diuretics. Xanthine derivatives and sulfonamide-type diuretics. Structures, properties,
mechanism of action, analysis.
35. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Classification based on acidic functional groups,
examples for drugs used in the therapy. Mechanism of action, chemical criteria of the
biological activity. Identification reaction of indomethacine and phenylbuthazone in Ph. Eur.
36. Main representatives of corticosteroids. Structures, chemical properties, analysis.
37. Classification of sexual hormones. Representatives of female sex hormones (estrogens and
androgenes). Structures, chemical properties, structure-activity relationships.
38. Lipid soluble vitamins. Structure and properties of vitamin A; D; E and K. Their
physiological role.
39. Water soluble vitamins. The vitamin B family; and vitamin C. Structures and chemical
properties. Analysis of thiamine and ascorbic acid in Ph. Eur.
40. Antibacterial sulfonamides. Main representatives used in the therapy. Chemical
properties, mechanism of action. Structure-activity relationships.
41. Classification of antibacterial drugs. China-alkaloids: structure, stereochemistry, chemical
properties.
42. Classification of antibacterial drugs. Fluoroquinolones: general structure, chemical
properties, mechanism of action. Main representatives used in the therapy.