CHAPTER 2 Solutions for Exercises E2.1 (a) R2, R3, and R4 are in parallel. Furthermore R1 is in series with the combination of the other resistors. Thus we have: 1 Req R1 3 1 / R2 1 / R3 1 / R4 (b) R3 and R4 are in parallel. Furthermore, R2 is in series with the combination of R3, and R4. Finally R1 is in parallel with the combination of the other resistors. Thus we have: 1 Req 5 1 / R1 1 /[R2 1 /(1 / R3 1 / R4 )] (c) R1 and R2 are in parallel. Furthermore, R3, and R4 are in parallel. Finally, the two parallel combinations are in series. 1 1 Req 52.1 1 / R1 1 / R2 1 / R3 1 / R4 (d) R1 and R2 are in series. Furthermore, R3 is in parallel with the series combination of R1 and R2. 1 Req 1.5 k 1 / R3 1 /(R1 R2 ) E2.2 (a) First we combine R2, R3, and R4 in parallel. Then R1 is in series with the parallel combination. Req 1 9.231 1 / R2 1 / R3 1 / R4 v eq Req i1 9.600 V i1 20 V 20 1.04 A R1 Req 10 9.231 i2 v eq / R2 0.480 A i4 v eq / R4 0.240 A 1 i3 v eq / R3 0.320 A (b) R1, and R2 are in series. Furthermore, R3, and R4 are in series. Finally, the two series combinations are in parallel. Req 1 R1 R2 20 v eq 2 Req 20 V Req 2 R3 R4 20 Req i1 v eq / Req 1 1 A 1 / Req 1 1 10 1 / Req 2 i2 veq / Req 2 1 A (c) R3, and R4 are in series. The combination of R3 and R4 is in parallel with R2. Finally the combination of R2, R3, and R4 is in series with R1. Req 1 R3 R4 40 Req 2 v 2 i1Req 2 20 V E2.3 (a) v 1 v s 1 20 1 / Req 1 1 / R2 i1 vs 1A R1 Req 2 i2 v 2 / R2 0.5 A i3 v 2 / Req 1 0.5 A R1 R2 10 V . v 2 v s 20 V . R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4 Similarly, we find v 3 30 V and v 4 60 V . 2 (b) First combine R2 and R3 in parallel: Req 1 (1 / R2 1 R3 ) 2.917 . Then we have v 1 v s v2 vs E2.4 Req R1 Req R4 R1 6.05 V . Similarly, we find R1 Req R4 5.88 V and v 4 8.07 V . (a) First combine R1 and R2 in series: Req = R1 + R2 = 30 . Then we have Req R3 15 30 i1 is 1 A and i3 is 2 A. R3 Req 15 30 R3 Req 15 30 (b) The current division principle applies to two resistances in parallel. Therefore, to determine i1, first combine R2 and R3 in parallel: Req = Req 5 1/(1/R2 + 1/R3) = 5 . Then we have i1 is 1A. R1 Req 10 5 Similarly, i2 = 1 A and i3 = 1 A. E2.5 Write KVL for the loop consisting of v1, vy , and v2. The result is -v1 - vy + v2 = 0 from which we obtain vy = v2 - v1. Similarly we obtain vz = v3 - v1. E2.6 Node 1: E2.7 Using determinants we can solve for the unknown voltages as follows: 6 0.2 v1 v3 v1 v2 v v1 v2 v2 v3 ia 0 Node 2: 2 R1 R2 R2 R3 R4 v v v2 v3 v1 ib 0 Node 3: 3 3 R5 R4 R1 v1 1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.5 3 0.2 10.32 V 0.35 0.04 0.7 6 0.2 1 0.7 1.2 v2 6.129 V 0.7 0.2 0.35 0.04 0.2 0.5 Many other methods exist for solving linear equations. 3 E2.8 First write KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2: v 1 10 v 1 v 1 v 2 0 2 5 10 v 10 v 2 v 2 v 1 Node 2: 2 0 10 5 10 Node 1: Then simplify the equations to obtain: 8v 1 v 2 50 and v 1 4v 2 10 Solving, we find v1 = 6.77 V and v2 = 4.19 V. E2.9 (a) Writing the node equations we obtain: v1 v3 v1 v1 v2 0 20 5 10 v v3 v v1 10 2 0 Node 2: 2 10 5 v v1 v3 v3 v2 0 Node 3: 3 20 10 5 Node 1: (b) Simplifying the equations we obtain: 0.35v 1 0.10v 2 0.05v 3 0 0.10v 1 0.30v 2 0.20v 3 10 0.05v1 0.20v2 0.35v3 0 (c) Solving yields v1 = -27.27 V, v2 = -72.73 V, and v3 = -45.45 V. (d) Finally, ix (v 1 v 3 ) 20 0.909 A. E2.10 The equation for the supernode enclosing the 15-V source is: v3 v2 v3 v1 v1 v2 R3 R1 R2 R4 This equation can be readily shown to be equivalent to Equation 2.34 in the book. (Keep in mind that v3 = -15 V.) 4 E2.11 Write KVL from the reference to node 1 then through the 10 V source to node 2 then back to the reference node: v 1 10 v 2 0 Then write KCL equations. First for a supernode enclosing the 10-V source we have: v1 v1 v3 v2 v3 1 R1 R2 R3 Node 3: v3 v3 v1 v3 v2 0 R4 R2 R3 Reference node: v1 v3 1 R1 R4 An independent set consists of the KVL equation and any two of the KCL equations. E2.12 (a) Select the reference node at the left-hand end of the voltage source as shown at right. Then write a KCL equation at node 1. v 1 v 1 10 1 0 R1 R2 Substituting values for the resistances and solving, we find v1 = 3.33 V. 10 v 1 Then we have ia 1.333 A. R2 (b) Select the reference node and assign node voltages as shown. Then write KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2. 5 v 1 25 v 1 v 1 v 2 0 R2 R4 R3 v 2 25 v 2 v 1 v 2 0 R1 R3 R5 Substituting values for the resistances and solving, we find v1 = 13.79 V v v2 -0.259 A. and v 2 = 18.97 V. Then we have ib 1 R3 E2.13 (a) Select the reference node and node voltage as shown. Then write a KCL equation at node 1, resulting in v 1 v 1 10 2ix 0 5 5 Then use ix (10 v 1 ) / 5 to substitute and solve. We find v1 = 7.5 V. 10 v 1 Then we have ix 0.5 A. 5 (b) Choose the reference node and node voltages shown: Then write KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2: v 1 v 1 2i y 3 0 5 2 v 2 v 2 2i y 3 5 10 6 Finally use i y v 2 / 5 to substitute and solve. This yields v 2 11.54 V and i y 2.31 A. E2.14 Refer to Figure 2.32b in the book. (a) Two mesh currents flow through R2: i1 flows downward and i4 flows upward. Thus the current flowing in R2 referenced upward is i4 - i1. (b) Similarly, mesh current i1 flows to the left through R4 and mesh current i2 flows to the right, so the total current referenced to the right is i2 - i1. (c) Mesh current i3 flows downward through R8 and mesh current i4 flows upward, so the total current referenced downward is i3 - i4. (d) Finally, the total current referenced upward through R8 is i4 - i3. E2.15 Refer to Figure 2.32b in the book. Following each mesh current we have R1i1 R2 (i1 i4 ) R4 (i1 i2 ) v A 0 R5i2 R4 (i2 i1 ) R6 (i2 i3 ) 0 R7i3 R6 (i3 i2 ) R8 (i3 i4 ) 0 R3i4 R2 (i4 i1 ) R8 (i4 i3 ) 0 E2.16 We choose the mesh currents as shown: Then the mesh equations are: 5i 1 10(i1 i2 ) 100 and 10(i2 i1 ) 7i2 3i2 0 Simplifying and solving these equations, we find that i1 10 A and i2 5 A. The net current flowing downward through the 10-Ω resistance is i1 i2 5 A. To solve by node voltages, we select the reference node and node voltage shown. (We do not need to assign a node voltage to the connection 7 between the 7-Ω resistance and the 3-Ω resistance because we can treat the series combination as a single 10-Ω resistance.) The node equation is (v 1 10) / 5 v 1 / 10 v 1 / 10 0 . Solving we find that v1 = 50 V. Thus we again find that the current through the 10-Ω resistance is i v 1 / 10 5 A. Combining resistances in series and parallel, we find that the resistance “seen” by the voltage source is 10 Ω. Thus the current through the source and 5-Ω resistance is (100 V)/(10 Ω) = 10 A. This current splits equally between the 10-Ω resistance and the series combination of 7 Ω and 3 Ω. E2.17 First, we assign the mesh currents as shown. Then we write KVL equations following each mesh current: 2(i1 i3 ) 5(i1 i2 ) 10 5i2 5(i2 i1 ) 10(i2 i3 ) 0 10i3 10(i3 i2 ) 2(i3 i1 ) 0 8 Simplifying and solving, we find that i1 = 2.194 A, i2 = 0.839 A, and i3 = 0.581 A. Thus the current in the 2-Ω resistance referenced to the right is i1 - i3 = 2.194 - 0.581 = 1.613 A. E2.18 Refer to Figure 2.37 in the book. In terms of the mesh currents the current directed to the right in the 5-A current source is i1, however by the definition of the current source, the current is 5 A directed to the left. Thus we conclude that i1 = -5 A. Then we write a KVL equation following i2, which results in 10(i2 i1 ) 5i2 100. E2.19 Refer to Figure 2.38 in the book. First, for the current source, we have i2 i1 1 Then we write a KVL equation going around the perimeter of the entire circuit: 5i1 10i2 20 10 0 E2.20 Simplifying and solving these equations we obtain i1 = -4/3 A andi2 = -1/3 A. (a) As usual, we select the mesh currents flowing clockwise around the meshes as shown. Then for the current source we have i2 = -1 A. This is because we defined the mesh current i2 as the current referenced downward through the current source. However, we know that the current through this source is 1 A flowing upward. Next we write a KVL equation around mesh 1: 10i1 10 5(i1 i2 ) 0. Solving we find that i1 = 1/3 A. Referring to Figure 2.29a in the book we see that the value of the current ia referenced downward through the 5 Ω resistance is to be found. In terms of the mesh currents we have ia i1 i2 4 / 3 A . 9 (b) As usual, we select the mesh currents flowing clockwise around the meshes as shown. Then we write a KVL equation for each mesh. 25 10(i1 i3 ) 10(i1 i2 ) 0 10(i2 i1 ) 20(i2 i3 ) 20i2 0 10(i3 i1 ) 5i3 20(i3 i2 ) 0 Simplifying and solving, we find i1 = 2.3276 A, i2 = 0.9483 A, and i3 = 1.2069 A. Finally, we have ib = i2 - i3 = -0.2586 A. E2.21 (a) KVL mesh 1: 10 5i1 5(i1 i2 ) 0 For the current source: i2 2ix However, ix and i1 are the same current, so we also have i1 = ix. Simplifying and solving, we find ix i1 0.5 A. (b) First for the current source, we have: i1 3 A Writing KVL around meshes 2 and 3, we have: 2(i2 i1 ) 2i y 5i2 0 10(i3 i1 ) 5i3 2i y 0 However i3 and iy are the same current: i y i3 . Simplifying and solving, we find that i3 i y 2.31 A. 10 E2.22 Under open-circuit conditions, 5 A circulates clockwise through the current source and the 10- resistance. The voltage across the 10- resistance is 50 V. No current flows through the 40- resistance so the open circuit voltage is Vt 50 V. With the output shorted, the 5 A divides between the two resistances in parallel. The short-circuit current is the current through the 40- 10 1 A. Then the Thévenin resistance is resistance, which is isc 5 10 40 Rt v oc / isc 50 . E2.23 Choose the reference node at the bottom of the circuit as shown: Notice that the node voltage is the open-circuit voltage. Then write a KCL equation: v oc 20 v oc 2 5 20 Solving we find that voc = 24 V which agrees with the value found in Example 2.15. E2.23 To zero the sources, the voltage sources become short circuits and the current sources become open circuits. The resulting circuits are : 11 (a) Rt 10 (c) Rt E2.25 1 10 1 14 1 / 5 1 / 20 1 6 1 (b) Rt 10 20 30 5 1 (1 / 5 1 / 20) (a) Zero sources to determine Thévenin resistance. Thus 1 Rt 9.375 . 1 / 15 1 / 25 Then find short-circuit current: I n isc 10 / 15 1 1.67 A 12 (b) We cannot find the Thévenin resistance by zeroing the sources because we have a controlled source. Thus we find the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current. v oc 2v x v oc 2 v oc 3v x 10 30 Solving we find Vt v oc 30 V. Now we find the short-circuit current: 2v x v x 0 vx 0 Therefore isc 2 A. Then we have Rt v oc / isc 15 . E2.26 First we transform the 2-A source and the 5-Ω resistance into a voltage source and a series resistance: 13 10 10 1.333 A. 15 From the original circuit, we have i1 i2 2, from which we find Then we have i2 i1 0.667 A. The other approach is to start from the original circuit and transform the 10-Ω resistance and the 10-V voltage source into a current source and parallel resistance: 1 3.333 . 1 / 5 1 / 10 The current flowing upward through this resistance is 1 A. Thus the voltage across Req referenced positive at the bottom is 3.333 V and i1 3.333 / 5 0.667 A. Then from the original circuit we Then we combine the resistances in parallel. Req have i2 2 i1 1.333 A, as before. E2.27 Refer to Figure 2.60b. We have i1 15 / 15 1 A. Refer to Figure 2.60c. Using the current division principle, we have 5 i2 2 0.667 A. (The minus sign is because of the reference 5 10 direction of i2.) Finally, by superposition we have iT i1 i2 0.333 A. E2.28 With only the first source active we have: Then we combine resistances in series and parallel: 1 Req 10 13.75 1 / 5 1 / 15 14 Thus, i1 20 / 13.75 1.455 A, and v 1 3.75i1 5.45 V. With only the second source active, we have: Then we combine resistances in series and parallel: 1 Req 2 15 18.33 1 / 5 1 / 10 Thus, is 10 / 18.33 0.546 A, and v 2 3.33is 1.818 V. Then we have i2 (v 2 ) / 10 0.1818 A Finally we have vT v 1 v 2 5.45 1.818 7.27 V and iT i1 i2 1.455 0.1818 1.27 A. E2.29 First, we replace the controlled source by an independent source denoted as I1. Then, we activate one source at a time and solve for vx. 10 1 I 10 20 1 / 30 1 /(20 10) 1 5I 1 vx 15 v x 30 vx 3 10 5 10 20 30 1 25 1 / 10 1 /(20 30) Adding the contributions from all three sources, we have v x 5I1 5 25 Then substituting I1 0.6v x , we have v x 5(0.6v x ) 5 25 which yields v x 5 V. Then, applying Ohm's law and KCL in the original circuit, we readily find that i y 0.5 A. Answers for Selected Problems P2.1* (a) Req 20 P2.4* Rx 5 . (b) Req 23 16 P2.10* Rab 10 P2.12* P2.16* Rab 9.6 P2.22* v1 3 V P2.25* v 140 V; i 1 A P2.26* i1 1 A P2.33* i2 0.5 A i1 1.5 A P4A 30 W delivering P2A 15 W absorbing P5 11.25 W absorbing P15 3.75 W absorbing P2.35* i1 2.5 A i2 0.8333 A P2.36* v1 5 V v2 7 V P2.37* i1 1 A i2 2 A P2.41* Rg 25 m P2.43* v 3.333 V v 2 0.5 V i2 0.5 A v 3 13 V 17 P2.47* v 1 14.29 V v 2 11.43 V i1 0.2857 A P2.48* v 1 6.667 V v 2 3.333 V is 3.333 A P2.55* v1 6 V v2 4 V ix 0.4 A P2.57* v 1 5.405 V v 2 7.297 V P2.61* i1 2.364 A i2 1.818 A P2.63* v 2 0.500 V P 6 W P2.71* i1 0.2857 A P 4.471 W P2.75* P2.77* Rt 50 P2.86* Rt 0 Pmax 80 W P2.89* iv 2 A ic 2 A P2.92* is 3.333 A P2.98* i x 0.4 A P2.102* R3 5932 i iv ic 4 A v1 6.000 V idetector 31.65 10 9 A 18