Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
Solar Radiation and Insolation (p.85)
1. Describe the relationship between temperature
and the wavelength of electromagnetic energy
emitted from a body of matter.
THE HIGHER THE TEMPERATURE OF A BODY
OF MATTER THE SHORTER THE WAVELENGTH
2. Define INSOLATION:
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION – SUNLIGHT
3. What form of electromagnetic energy does the
sun radiate with the maximum intensity? (figure
6-1)
VISIBLE LIGHT
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
Effects of Earth’s Atmosphere on Insolation
(p.86)
4. What happens to some of the insolation before it
reaches the Earth’s surface?
ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHERE, REFLECTED BACK
TO OUTER SPACE.
Absorption of Ultraviolet and Infrared
5. What molecule in Earth’s upper atmosphere
absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation?
OZONE (03)
6. What has recently been happening to the amount
of ozone in the atmosphere?
DECAYING BECAUSE OF CFC’S –
CHLOROFLOUROCARBONS.
7. What health problems can occur if too much
ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by a human
SKIN CANCER
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
8. What molecules in the atmosphere absorb long
wave radiation? WATER VAPOR & CARBON
DIOXIDE.
Reflection and Scattering
9. What does incident mean? INCOMING
10. What do clouds do to incoming radiation?
ABSORB, OR REFLECT BACK TO OUTER SPACE
11.
What do aerosols cause?
DESTRUCTION OF OZONE.
Balance of Energy from Insolation and Earth’s
Surface Radiation (p.87)
12. Over large periods of time what is generally
the amount of energy the Earth absorbs and
emits?
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT
ABSORPTION = RE-RADIATION
(EMITTED)
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
Factors Affecting Absorption and Reflection of
Insolation
13. How does the angle of insolation (angle of
incidence or altitude of the sun) affect the
THE HIGHER
THE SUN IS IN THE SKY, THE
HIGHER THE ANGLE OF
INCIDENCE  THE MORE
INSOLATION ABSORBED.
amount of energy absorbed?
MORE DIRECT RAYS  MORE
ABSORPTION
Surface characteristics
14. Describe how texture and color affect
absorption of insolation.
ROUGHER SURFACES AND DARKER SURFACES
ABSORB MORE THAN SMOOTH AND LIGHT.
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
Changes of State and Transpiration
PROCESS BY
WHICH PLANTS RELEASE WATER
VAPOR TO THE AIR.
15.
Define transpiration:
Land and Water Heating
16. Why does water heat up slower than land?
a. HIGH
SPECIFIC HEAT OF H2O
b. MORE LIGHT TRANSMITTS
THROUGH WATER THAN LAND
c. WATER CONVECTS, LAND
DOESN’T
d. WATER REFLECTS MORE
ENERGY THAN LAND
The Greenhouse Effect (p.88)
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
17.
Earth’s surface radiation consists mostly of
LONG INFRA-RED RADIATION
18.
What molecules absorb long wave radiation?
19.
These molecules are called
20.
How does carbon dioxide (CO2) get into the
CO2 & H20 & methane
GREENHOUSE GASES
BURNING OF FOSSIL
FUELS (COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS)
atmosphere?
21.
If the Earth’s global temperature increases
ICE CAPS &
GLACIERS WOULD MELT
why would sea level rise?
Answer questions 1-10 on pp.88 & 89
Variation of Insolation (p.89)
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
22. In what two ways does insolation vary?
INTENSITY & DURATION (LENGTH
OF TIME)
Variation in Intensity of Insolation
23. What angle of incidence produces the
maximum intensity of insolation? 90º
Effect of Earth’s Shape (p.90)
24. If the Earth were flat and perpendicular to
the sun, how would the angle of incidence and the
intensity of insolation change with location on
the Earth’s surface?
SAME!
IT WOULD BE THE
Effect of Latitude
25. On what dates is the intensity of insolation
greatest at the equator?
3/21 & 9/23
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
26. On June 21st, where is the intensity of
insolation the greatest?
CANCER (23½ºN)
27.
TROPIC OF
On December 21st, where is the intensity of
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN (23.5ºS)
insolation the greatest?
Effect of Seasonal Changes (p.91)
28. Why does the angle of incidence change for
VARIES WITH
SEASONS AS EARTH REVOLVES.
any given latitude?
Effect of Time of Day
29. Describe how the angle of incidence changes
INCREASES TIL
SOLAR NOON, DECREASES TIL
SUNSET.
throughout the day.
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
The sun rises in the AM, and falls in
the PM.
Variation in Duration of Insolation (p.92)
30. When is the duration of insolation the
LONGEST  6/21
SHORTEST  12/21
longest? Shortest?
Effects of latitude and season
31. Compare the number of daylight hours of
northern areas to southern areas on the summer
NORTHERN AREAS
HAVE MORE SUNLIGHT THAN THE
SOUTHERN AREAS
solstice (June 21st).
Relationship of Surface Temperatures to
Insolation
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
32.
Surface temperature depends on the
BALANCE BETWEEN
ENERGY IN (ABSORBED
RADIATION) AND ENERGY OUT
(SURFACE RE-RADIATION)
balance of what?
33.
How does the intensity of insolation affect
HIGHER
INTENSITY  HIGHER TEMP’S
surface temperatures?
34.
How does the duration of insolation affect
LONGER
DURATIONS  HIGHER TEMP’S
surface temperatures?
Times of Yearly Maximum and Minimum
Temperatures
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
35. When does the maximum surface
temperature usually occur for mid-latitudes in
the Northern Hemisphere?
EARLY AUGUST
END OF JULY,
36. Why doesn’t’ the maximum surface
temperature occur on the day of maximum
insolation?BECAUSE
THE EARTH
ISN’T RE-RADIATING TOO MUCH
ENERGY INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
YET
Time of Daily Maximum and Minimum
Temperatures
37.
When is the hottest part of the day?
~2PM
38.
When is the maximum intensity of
insolation? SOLAR NOON
Answer questions 11 -31 on pp.93 -95.
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
Heat Budget and Climate Change (p.95)
39. Define heat budget:
RESULT OF THE BALANCE BETWEEN
THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY
RECEIVED AND THE ENERGY LOST.
Ice Ages and Long, Warm periods on Earth
40. During what geologic time period did the last
ice age occur? PLEISTOCENE  10kya
El Nińo and Nińa Events (p.96)
41. What happens during an El Nińo event?
FLOODING, DROUGHT, & HEAT
WAVES
Global Warming (p.97)
42. What has happened to the global average
temperature of Earth since 1860?
THE TEMPERATURE HAS INCREASED!
Causes of Heat Budget Shifts (p.98)
Changes in Solar Energy
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
43. Describe the relationship between the
number of sunspots and the Sun’s energy output.
MORE SUNSPOTS  MORE ENERGY
OUT
Changes in the Earth’s Orbit and Axis Tilt
44. Over what kind of time period does the tilt
of the Earth’s axis and the eccentricity of
Earth’s orbit change?
THOUSANDS OF YEARS. (27kys)
Volcanic Eruptions and Climate Changes
45. How could the eruption of Pinatubo affect
ASH BLOCKS
SUNLIGHT  REDUCING TEMP.
global temperatures?
Human Causes
46.
Does deforestation cause the global
temperatures to rise or fall?
RISE
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
47.
How does urbanization, contribute to the
greenhouse effect?
WITHOUT THE TREES TO TAKE IN
THE CARBON DIOXIDE, THERE
WILL BE MORE CO2 IN THE AIR.
Answer questions 32 – 38 on p.99
Seasons (p.99)
48. Describe the seasonal variation in
temperature of locations near the equator.
NOT MUCH VARIATION.
Direct Causes of the Seasons
49. What causes the shift in the angle of
incidence?
TILT OF EARTH’S AXIS
Astronomical Causes of the Seasons (p.100)
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
50. What are the three astronomical causes of
the seasons
a. EARTH’S
REVOLUTION
b. EARTH’S TILT
c. PARALLELISM OF EARTH’S AXIS
Tilt of Earth’s Axis
51. What would happen to the seasons if Earth
were tilted more than 23.5º?
SUMMER WOULD BE HOTTER, AND
WINTER WOULD BE COLDER.
Parallelism of Earth’s Axis
52.
To what star does the north end of Earth’s
axis always point?
POLARIS
Revolution of the Earth around the Sun
53.
Which end of the Earth’s axis is tilted
N. POLE
INCLINED TOWARD SUN @ 23.5º
toward the sun on June 21st?
Name: _____________________
Topic 6 – Insolation & the Seasons
54.
Which end of the Earth’s axis is tilted
S. POLE
INCLINED TOWARD THE SUN @
23.5º
toward the sun on December 21st?
55.
How is the axis of rotation inclined to the
sun on March 21st and September 23rd?
NONE. IT’S NOT TILTED TOWARD,
NOR AWAY FROM THE SUN.
Small Seasonal Effect of Earth’s Elliptical Orbit
(p.101)
56. Compare the seasonal variation on the
Northern Hemisphere to the Southern
SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERES SEASONAL SWING
IS GREATER THAN THE
NORTHERN HEMISPERES SWING.
Hemisphere.