Investigation and Evaluation of Structural Color
of TiO2 Coating on Stainless Steel
J. H. Lee1*, Y. H. Jun2
1
Department of Materials Engineering, K University, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
2
Electronic Materials Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
+
Corresponding author. Tel: +82-2-xxx-xxx; Fax: +82-2-xxx-xxx
E-mail address: jhlee@xxxx.ac.kr
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited on the stainless steel substrates by RF magnetron
sputtering. In order to prevent film delamination and cracking caused by thermal mismatch between the
stainless steel and TiO2 thin film, Ti thin film was initially deposited on the stainless steel as buffer layer.
The experimental results have indicated that optical characteristic in the visible region were strongly
influenced by the thickness of TiO2 thin film. In order to estimate and compare with the experimental
results, the simulation program, the Essential Macleod Program was adopted. Based on the simulation
results, 4 different colors such as dark goldenrod, medium orchid, medium blue and dark green were
fabricated with various deposition time respectively. The color of the multilayer film indicating (L*, a*,
b*)=(52.93, -40.69, 7.69) deposited for 209 nm thickness was visually observed as dark green color with
the maximum peak of 31.54 % spectral reflectance at a wavelength of 510 nm, corresponding to the
simulation results . It was found that the simulated results are relatively well matched with the
experimental ones.
Keywords : TiO2, Optical properties, Films, Reflectance
1. Introduction
Ceramic coatings are very attractive to protect metals from corrosion because they possess good
thermal and electrical properties, and also more resistant to oxidation, corrosion, erosion and wear than
metals in high temperature environments. Among many ceramic materials, TiO2 is perhaps one of the
most widely studied oxides because it exhibits high chemical and mechanical stability [1].
Shen et al. [2] synthesized the 316 L stainless steel by uniform TiO2 nano-particulate coatings and
claimed that the TiO2 coatings exhibited very good corrosion resistance by acting as a protective barrier
on the steel surface. Additionally TiO2 coated surface can show a wide range of functionality with a
colorful appearance because of its high refractive index and the optical transmittance in the visible range
[3-5].
So far a number of experimental researches have been successfully conducted in the area of the
structural and optical properties of TiO2 films, influenced by deposition conditions such as substrate
temperature, working pressure, and oxygen partial pressure [6,7]. However, not many works have been
undertaken to estimate the optical properties with simulation program in advance.
The overall objective of this study is to understand and evaluate the phenomenon of coloring on TiO2
thin films. In order to estimate and compare with the experimental results, the simulation program, the
Essential Macleod Program (EMP) [8], was adopted. For this purpose, TiO2 thin films were deposited on
stainless steel substrates by RF magnetron sputtering method and optical characteristics in terms of
different film thickness were systematically investigated.
2. Experimental
2.1 Films Preparation
The cut stainless steel sheets(304SS, 10 × 10 × 0.2 ㎣) were ultrasonically cleaned with acetone,
absolute ethyl alcohol, and de-ionized water for 30 minutes. Before deposition of TiO2 thin film, Ti thin
film was initially deposited on the stainless steel substrates using DC magnetron sputtering method to
reduce the thermal stress caused by thermal expansion mismatch between the stainless steel and TiO 2
film. It was known that the thermal expansion coefficients of the stainless, Ti and TiO 2 thin films are
16.0×10-6 /℃, 8.6×10-6 /℃ and 7.14×10-6 /℃ respectively [9,10]. The film thickness of Ti was 200 nm.
Following that, TiO2 thin films were deposited on Ti thin film using RF magnetron sputtering method.
All the films were deposited under the following parameters: 50 sccm in Ar flow rate, 12 mTorr in
working pressure, 100 Watt in RF sputtering power for TiO2 target and 120 Watt in DC sputtering power
for Ti target at room temperature. These deposition conditions were remained constant while deposition
time was varied. The deposition rate of TiO2 thin film was 2.9 nm/min..
2.2 Simulation
For optical characterization, the Essential Macleod Program (EMP) was adopted and the calculated
results were compared with measured optical properties. EMP is a comprehensive software package for
the design, analysis, manufacture and trouble shooting of thin film optical coatings [8,11]. The EMP
simulation method was processed through the following steps; First, construction parameters such as
refractive index and extinction coefficient of Ti and TiO2, which were calculated by using ellipsometry
measurement, were input. Second, simulation with variable parameters such as wavelength ranges (380 -
780 nm) and number of layers [304SS|Ti|TiO2|Air] was designed. Finally, analysis of each layer effect
with a variable thickness of Ti and TiO2 thin films from 10nm to 300nm respectively was performed for
optical properties whether it is appropriated for optimal simulation with system modification.
2.3 Characterizations
The film thicknesses were measured using a surface profiler meter (α-step, TENCOR P-2). To
examine the surface morphologies of TiO2 thin films Scanning probe microscope (SPM, Nanoscope
Ⅲa) was used. The refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k were evaluated by ellipsometry
measurement using ellipsometer (Elli-SE) in the visible range from 380 to 780 nm with a step width of 5
nm. The color and lightness of the TiO2 thin films were estimated using a spectrophotometer (CM-
3600d) with a light source of D65 according to the 1931 norm of the Commission International de
l’Eclairage(CIE). The angle of incidence was 8°. Color properties for the TiO2 thin film can be described
using the L*a*b* scale: L* attributes the lightness, a* axis points the red (positive) to green (negative) and
b* points the yellow (positive) to blue (negative). And white point is positioned on the center (a*, b*) = (0,
0). The quantity of color is measured using the chromaticity
a *2  b*2
[12]. The spectral reflectance
was calculated with the same apparatus.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Simulation
EMP was adopted in order to analysis optical properties of [304SS|Ti|TiO 2|air] multi-layers in advance.
To extract an accurate analysis from EMP simulation, the refractive index and the extinction coefficient
are necessary. Fig. 1 shows the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k of each film as a function
of the wavelength in the visible range, which were obtained by the ellipsometry measurement. The
measured value of TiO2 thin film were n = 2.1053 and k = 0.0086, which were slightly different from the
theoretical value of n = 2.2789 and k = 0.0002 at a wavelength of 633 nm [8]. The difference between
the refractive index and extinction coefficient in simulation and experiment can be explained in terms of
the oxygen vacancy and packing density. TiO2 thin films have a known character that they are apt to lose
oxygen in some conditions and exhibit suboxides [13].
TiO2 → TiO2-x + O2↑
(1)
As oxygen gas was not flowed into the chamber during TiO2 deposition, TiO2 thin films showed a bit
of oxygen vacancy. It was known that a large number of vacancies and voids can be incorporated into
thin films during the deposition processes so that the films are generally porous. The presence of excess
vacancies and voids greatly influences the physical properties [14-16].
Ti thin film showed the experimental value of n = 2.97118, k = 2.58534 and the theoretical value of n
= 2.93792, k = 3.59569. The difference between extinction coefficients might be due to the change of the
density in Ti thin film.
Fig. 2 shows the investigation on the trace of CIE 1931 chromaticity with different film thickness of
TiO2 thin films. As shown in Fig. 2, the value of CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram was sensitively
changed from orange color (0.45, 0.37) for 40 nm thickness to dark-violet color (0.36, 0.23) for 170 nm
thickness by increasing the thickness of TiO2 thin film. On the other hand, the values of chromaticity x,
y were elliptically shifted (x = 0.34 - 0.48, y = 0.19 - 0.47) over 170 nm thickness of TiO2 thin film and
the colors were also changed rotationally. However, Ti thin film was not shown any optical changes with
a variable thickness in the simulation program.
Clearly to distinguish from other colors of the experimental result, different 4 colors such as gold,
purple, blue and green were selected. Fig. 3 represents the simulated total hemispherical reflectance in
terms of the thickness of TiO2 thin films. It is seen that the reflectance was strongly influenced by the
thickness of TiO2 thin film while general parameters such as refractive index and packing density are
remained constant. In addition, the maximum peak intensities of TiO2 thin films show around 32 %
spectral reflectance in the visible range of 380 - 780 nm at normal incidence. The peak position
determines the color of the multilayer film. As shown in Fig. 3(d), green color visually observed from
simulation demonstrated the maximum peak of 31.90 % at a wavelength of 510 nm, which is
corresponded to green color that has wavelength range of 500 ~ 570 nm in the visible spectrum.
Moreover, blue color observed from simulation program showed the maximum peak of 31.49 % at a
wavelength of 470 nm, which is good agreement with blue color pattern indicating wavelength range of
450 - 500 nm.
3.2 Optical Characteristics
The photographs of TiO2 thin films deposited on the stainless steel prepared by RF magnetron
sputtering displayed in Fig. 4. The TiO2 thin films exhibited different 4 colors such as (a) dark goldenrod,
(b) medium orchid, (c) medium blue and (d) dark green, which were fabricated with various deposition
times for 120, 174, 189 and 209 nm respectively. The observed colors in Fig. 4 can be expressed with
the maximum reflectance curve in the visual wavelength range since the peak position determines the
color of the multilayer film. Fig. 5 represented the spectral reflectance with different thickness of TiO2
thin films. From Fig. 5(d), the prominent peak intensity was observed near the wavelength of 510 nm
corresponding to green color.
However, the maximum reflectance of around 27 - 30 % across the entire wavelength range in Fig. 5
seems slightly smaller than the simulated value showing around 32 % spectral reflectance at normal
incidence. Fig. 6 demonstrates gold and green patterns for TiO2 thin film to compare the simulated
spectral reflectance with the experimental one. In Fig. 6(d), the maximum peak positioned at a
wavelength of 510 nm was 31.54 %, corresponded well to the simulated value of 31.90 % respectively.
This result was well-matched as compared with the one shown in Fig. 7(d). Another feature seen in Fig.
6(a), gold color pattern slightly decreased about 3.26 % at the maximum peak.
L*a*b* values for TiO2 thin film are shown in Table 1. Table 1 indicated that the simulated lightness
values were higher than experimental ones. Generally it was known that the color reproduction on
display system is not equal to original images [17]. Therefore, all of the experimental results were
visually observed darker than simulated one. TiO2 thin film with 209 nm thickness was visually
observed as dark-green while the film with 189 nm thickness was shown as dark goldenrod. Distribution
of chromaticity indices indicating the chromaticity value of 41.41 in Fig. 7(d) was almost the same as
the simulated value of 42.73 in Fig. 7(d´). Normally green color pattern has wide wavelength range from
500 to 570 nm on the CIE 1931 chromaticity so that human eyes are more sensitive to green than other
colors [12]. For this reason, the experimental green color which has a* = -40.69 and b* = 7.69 was
corresponded well with simulated a* = -42.45 and b* = 4.91.
The golden color of the sample observed in the simulated images from the display changed into dark-
goldenrod in the measured L*a*b* scale. This difference also can be explained by color gamut on the
display and the sensitivity of the eye [18]. As seen in Fig. 7(a), the experimentally measured
chromaticity value of 36.78 is smaller than the simulated value of 50.78. This is attributed to the fact that
yellow color pattern has narrow wavelength range of 570 - 590 nm so that its chromaticity could be
deduced by the influence of the lightness value [19].
4. Conclusions
The present study showed that optical simulations provide numerous important implications on the
performance for the experimental optical characteristics of TiO2 thin films such as the spectral
reflectance, color and chromaticity. Different 4 colors such as dark goldenrod, medium orchid, medium
blue and dark green were fabricated based on the simulation results. The maximum peak positioned at a
wavelength of 510 nm was 31.54 % in the experimentally measured spectral reflectance, which is a good
agreement with the simulated value of 31.90 % for green color pattern corresponding wavelength range
from 500 - 570 nm. The maximum peak which determines the color was positioned at a wavelength of
510 nm, corresponding to the experimental chromaticity value of (a*, b*) = (-40.69, 7.69) and simulated
value of (a*, b*) = (-42.45, 4.91). The optical properties with experimental result were relatively well
matched with simulated one. It can be concluded that the experimental optical properties of thin film
were extracted the required information from the simulation results in advance.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a grant from 'Center for Nanostructured Materials Technology' under
'21st Century Frontier R&D Programs' of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Korea.
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Table caption
Table 1
A comparison of color images between experimental and simulated TiO 2 thin film visually observed
according to the L*a*b* scale.
Tables
Table 1
Simulation
Measurement
dark
Medium
Medium
Dark
goldenrod
orchid
blue
green
Color
Gold
Purple
Blue
Green
L*
77.99
48.23
51.90
69.15
50.28
35.98
42.02
52.93
a*
4.92
34.53
-27.14
-42.45
17.06
36.36
-24.75
-40.69
b*
50.54
-46.06
-35.40
4.91
32.58
-33.46
-23.76
7.69
Chromaticity
50.78
57.56
44.61
42.73
36.78
49.41
34.31
41.41
Figure captions
Fig. 1. (a) The refractive index n and (b) extinction coefficient k with TiO2 and Ti thin film in the visible
ranges using the ellipsometry
Fig. 2. The thickness effects of TiO2 thin film on CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram in the Essential
Macleod Program.
Fig. 3. Comparison of simulated spectral reflectance with different thickness of TiO2 thin films;
(a) 124nm, (b) 172nm, (c) 187nm and (d) 207nm
Fig. 4. Coloring of the TiO2 thin films with different deposition time prepared by RF magnetron
sputtering; (a) 120 nm, (b) 174 nm, (c) 189 nm and (d) 209 nm
Fig. 5. Wavelength distribution with different deposition time of experimental TiO2 thin films;
(a)120 nm, (b) 174 nm, (c) 189 nm and (d) 209 nm
Fig. 6. Comparison of spectral reflectance for TiO2 thin films; (a) experimental and (a´) simulated gold
color pattern and (d) experimental and (d´) simulated green color pattern.
Fig. 7. Distribution of chromaticity indices, a* and b*, for experimental (a)-(d) and simulated (a′)-(d′) in
TiO2 thin films.
Figures
(a)
Refractive Index
3.5
(d)
(c)
3.0
2.5
(a)
2.0
(b)
1.5
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
(b)
Extinction Coefficient
4
(c)
3
(d)
2
1
(b)
(a)
0
-1
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 1.
700
0.9
520
530
540
0.8
510
550
0.7
560
570
CIE y
0.6
0.5
500
580
130 140
590
120
110
150
600
100
90
130 140
80
620
40
120
70
650700
110
150
100 160
60
90
80
40
50 70 170
60
160
50
170
0.4
0.3
490
0.2
0.1
480
470
450 360
0.0
-0.1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
CIE x
Fig. 2.
Reflectance (%)
60
40
(b') (c') (d')
(a')
20
0
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 3.
700
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 4.
Reflectance (%)
60
40
(b) (c)
(a)
(d)
20
0
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 5.
700
40
Reflectance (%)
(a')
(d')
30
(a )
(d)
20
10
0
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 6.
100
Yellow
(a')
(a)
b* (D65)
50
0
Green
(d)
(d')
(c)
(c')
-50
-100
-100
White
Red
(b)
(b')
Blue
-50
0
a* (D65)
Fig. 7.
50
100