МОРАЛЬ И ЭТИКА……………………………………….
CONCLUSIONS: 1. Morality - a public institution performing functions of regulation of
human behavior. It defines the behavior of a person in all aspects of his life. The basis of
morality are the categories of good and evil, justice, honesty, compassion, and many others.
Morality and ethics - are synonymous, the Greek and Roman versions of concepts that reflect the
same phenomenon. Morality is different from other institutions of public life. It regulates human
behavior than coercion, and through public opinion.
2. Morality consists of two components - a theoretical ideal foundation called «proper» and the
practical part, put those ideals into practice, called «that exists». In practice, the «being» as a
rule, differs considerably from the «proper». This is vividly shows the life of Russian society.
3. Religion - one of the many social superstructure, developing the teaching of morals and are
not able to either historically or in fact qualify for what that special "spirituality" or merit in
formulating moral rules of society.
4. The moral of the society needs because a person in my life is the good in theory, compassion,
empathy, etc., but in practice, showing their own selfish desires. Public opinion, the moral
restrains these inclinations, allowing human community.
5.Meditsina, healing for centuries been based on adhering to high moral principles. In the late
twentieth century, there was a situation in which became widely implemented under the
provisions of the translation of moral legal basis. This situation has greatly changed the concept
of medical ethics, medicine and medical law and led to biomedical ethics.
ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ ЭТИКИ, ДЕОНТОЛОГИИ,
БИОЭМЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ЭТИКИ И МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ПРАВА
CONCLUSIONS. 1. Before Christ, for thousands of years medical professionals do their
duty, based on the ethical position, developed on the basis of medical practice inherent in the
principles of humanity.
2. In the second half of the twentieth century, there was a revision of the ethics of
medicine, there was a lot of quality in the new doctrine, called biomedical ethics. In this teaching
ethical principles of medicine have expanded. Developed ethical and legal position on important
biomedical problems - the latest reproductive technologies, tissue and organ transplantation,
medical experiments. A number of issues of biomedical ethics is translated in our terms, that is
an attempt to bring enforcement actions «being» of medical ethics to its «proper». One gets the
medical law, legally regulate many issues of healing, the patient's rights, the rights of the healthy
and the sick child, the mentally ill, and a number of other issues.
3. Medical law - area of the law that creates the theoretical problems of biomedical ethics.
Abroad these activities take up a significant number of research institutes and centers.
4. Medical law has application area. This special deal for overseas companies and ethics
committees at various levels. In Russia, it is not clear who exactly is involved in this issue
(something ethical committees).
5. In most countries, developed and adopted various regional guidance documents aimed at
the implementation of the provisions of modern biomedical ethics in these regions. At the same
time, the UN, World Medical Association, many governments and parliamentary associations
such as the Council of Europe for the legal documents in biomedical ethics, mandatory for
countries to ratify them, and recommended to the global community as a whole. This documents
such as «The Council of Europe», «Fundamentals of the concept of patients' rights in Europe»,
different «Declaration» and the «Declaration» WMA and others.
6. Russia has acceded to many regulations of the European Community for Bioethics and
started to recognize the UNESCO documents, WMA and other international organizations.
Therefore,
knowledge of physicians and citizens of these documents is essential for improving legal
education and the actual provisions of bioethics.
7. Invasion of law in the field of medical ethics - a new and not yet fully interpreted the
phenomenon of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, which may require a
rethinking of the concept of morality.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МОДЕЛИ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯ ВРАЧА И БОЛЬНОГО
CONCLUSIONS. 1. Model of relationship between doctor and patient, called
«paternalistic» is still in the country and until now and has many positive aspects.
1. The so-called «engineering» model of medical communication with the patient has a
number of negative aspects and can not be recommended as an alternative to a paternalistic.
3. The contract model also has some disadvantages it is not a perfect in physician-patient
relationship.
4. The model of «informed consent» is now offered as an alternative paternalistic,
apparently, has a number of positive aspects, however, it can not be recommended as the only
possible one, because it contains within itself the possibility of negative effects on the patient ..
5. Especially such a threat is expressed in cases of informing patients about the diseases
that are dangerous to their lives. Medical practice is full of observations serious injury such
"truth" of your mind sick person, with tragic results in some cases. Consequently, this action
violates fundamental principles of medical ethics, «do good» and «do no harm». Therefore, in
such situations, preferably away from the informed consent and use holy «white lie».
6. Medal of informed consent should be used during the examination and treatment of the
patient, explain the nature of the disease, prognosis, and other issues.
7. Currently, most of the issues of doctor-patient transferred to the legal framework and the
role of the ethos of medicine in their decision was not very clear.
ЯТРОГЕНИИ ИЛИ ПЕРВЫМ ДОЛГОМ НЕ ПОВРЕДИ
CONCLUSIONS. 1. Medical specialties and activities pose a possibility of applying either
accidentally or intentionally harm the patient.
2. Disease or condition occurring in patients as a result of defective medical practice, are
called iatrogenic (yatropatogeny).
3. Iatrogenic can occur when doctors are absolutely the right things («problem doctor»),
with its error (negligent doctor or mistreatment) and his evil intent (the wine doctor).
4. For iatrogenic actions doctor has a moral, administrative, or legal liability.
5. Prevent iatrogenic promotes professional development and the art of healing
МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ И ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ КОМИТЕТЫ
CONCLUSIONS: 1. Any medical experiment can present a potential threat to the health
and even the life of the patient.
2. In connection with this a medical experiment, both for the purpose of treatment, and with
a scientific purpose, the patient must be obtained informed consent expressed in writing.
3. Currently the need for advisory form expressed in the Helsinki Declaration of the World
Medical Association, and legislated in the Council of Europe.
4. All the doctors and researchers need to know the contents of these documents and to
adhere strictly to its provisions, in order to avoid liability for unlawful acts of ignorance.
5. In the ethical oversight of medical experiments should play an important role ethics
committees at various levels.
6. The Russian medical ethics committees in the early stages of development. There is no
precise legislation governing mandatory or optional organizing committees. No research institute
or center, which would be developed by relevant documents on the committees, and the PMA
and the PBA are separated and do not have authority in these matters.
7. There is no clarity as to whether, to what type - regulatory and sanctioning or advisory
committees include Russian ethical committees.
8. What remains unclear achieving "independence" now existing in Russia ethics
committees, as all their members work in the public or institutional settings where established
committees and receive their salaries from them the same, and, therefore, depend on government
or institutional structures.
9. Uncertain status of committees under RAS, RAMS and MZsotsrazvitiya (national,
regional, departmental, local?). They did not become public authorities for their key ethical
issues of health - issues transplantation, euthanasia, genetic and reproductive technologies, etc.
10. Not determine the status of the regional and local ethics committees in Russia and there
are no clear provisions on their credentials and objectives.
ВРАЧЕБНАЯ ТАЙНА ИЛИ О КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНОСТИ В РАБОТЕ ВРАЧА
CONCLUSIONS. 1. Or maintaining the confidentiality of all information about the patient
and the disease - one of the most important areas of modern biomedical ethics and medical law.
All information about the patient - about the diagnosis, various facts of life, weather, etc. are
confidential (make medical secrecy) and can not be transferred to anyone without the permission
of the patient, except that stated in the law.
2. The need to maintain confidentiality for centuries was the moral duty of a physician. At present, this need
is enshrined in Russian law (Article 13, (статья 13. Федерального закона об охране здоровья граждан,
принятого Госдумой в 2011 году).
3. Medical confidentiality is one of the sides of the patient's privacy. Breach of
confidentiality in some cases can cause serious moral injury to the patient person.
4. Although this problem and is called "medical secret", it must comply with all the
provisions of health workers and all other persons who, for one reason or another, have access to
information about the patient.
4. No statutory disclosure confidentiality involves disciplinary, administrative or criminal
liability.
ЭЙТАНАЗИЯ И ЯТРОТАНАЗИЯ
CONCLUSIONS. 1. Euthanasia - one of the most pressing issues of biomedical ethics,
questions of solutions which actively discussed around the world.
2. Currently, many of the issues are solved problems euthanasia within health law, law.
3. In his state of law any citizen should adhere to accepted laws. Consequently, all of our doctors have to stick
article 45 Федерального закона об охране здоровья граждан РФ, принятого Госдумой в 2011 году.
4. If necessary, the decision to terminate resuscitative efforts should strictly observe the
provisions of the above "Instructions" to determine brain death. "
5. Even if the law allowed in our country, euthanasia, the physician has no moral right to
have an active euthanasia. The doctors like Kevorkian to be morally reprehensible and criminal
penalties.
6. In some cases, passive euthanasia is seen a certain amount of charity. At discharge,
"hopeless" patients from hospital at the request of the patient or his relatives at home to provide
him with all necessary medical measures to maintain their lives and alleviate suffering.
7. The doctors on cryonics people should be punishable as for murder.
8. We must not forget that the most important medical credo has always been an extension
of life, and not to pander to death.
АБОРТ И РЕПРОДУКТИВНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
CONCLUSIONS: 1. Set of individual, household, social, cultural and other factors make
today a woman to resort to abortion - abortion.
2. Decision on abortion is the inalienable right of women autonomy. She and she alone
must decide the matter within a reasonable period of time.
3. State interference in the question of abortion for improving the demography or other
reasons should not be considered relevant to moral values declared by ethos of medicine, ethics
in general and human rights bill.
4. Modern reproductive technologies bill produce lots of moral issues affecting
fundamental ethical values.
5. IVF in its various versions is a positive solution to the many psychological and social
problems associated with infertility, sterility, religious beliefs, social situations, etc. and, in this
regard, should be considered a highly moral act.
6. Religious leaders have no right to interfere in matters of abortion and reproductive
technologies. Religion in Russia remains a private matter, and the opinion of its figures can only
be considered as a personal opinion. Everyone can and should decide individually whether to
take into account this opinion or not.
7. In making a decision about abortion or reproductive technology procedures, women's
rights are above all others, especially above religious ones. Only the woman (hersef), should
determine the acceptability or non acceptability of abortion and reproductive technology
procedures.
8. Law documents on abortion and high technologies do not always coincide with the
ethical provisions and complicating, thus, the solution to this problem.
GЕNЕТICS AND BIOMЕDICAL ETHICS
CONCLUSIONS. 1.Decoded human genome should be put at the service of the good of all
mankind. The position of UNESCO" The human genome underlies the fundamental unity of all
members of the human race, as well as recognition of their inherent dignity and diversity. The
human genome is accessible to the mankind" should be taken as a base.
2. All attempts to lay claim to a particular section of the decoded genome should be
considered illegal and are not to be satisfied.
3. Genetic screening to eliminate severe hereditary diseases, in case if it is performed on
the basis of informed consent, brings benefits to the individual and to society, and, in this
context, does not contradict the biomedical ethics.
4. Work on human cloning is impossible to stop restrictive practices, so a sensible
international agreement on a framework of research in this direction.
5. Risk of transgenic foods and organisms have not been confirmed by a single concrete
fact - and hence, from the point of view of science, it is not. But their safety is not proven. The
only way to prove one or the other - to give the opportunity to develop transgenics, spending
strictly scientific observations.
7. Genetic certification carries a lot of positive both for the individual and for society. At
the same time, it holds great potential for abuse of domestic, industrial and otherwise. In this
regard, genetic certification to be conducted exclusively by the wishes or voluntary consent.
8. Any use of the available information in the genetic passport should be under the strict
control of the ethics committee.
9. As done in the current Russian conditions fetal therapy are many unresolved ethical
issues. Fetal therapy can be conducted only with the strict implementation of all provisions of the
VMA performers, Russian law on transplantation and the Convention of the Council of Europe.
ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯ ОРГАНОВ И ТКАНЕЙ ЧЕЛОВЕКА
CONCLUSIONS. 1. Organ and Tissue Transplantation - modern, highly effective methods
of healing, generating in its execution are many ethical and legal problems.
2. Currently, many of the ethical problems associated with obtaining organs and tissues
from living or deceased persons may be solved (formally, at least) through the medical law - due
to their detailed regulation in the legislation.
3. Not solved in Russia remains extremely sharp ethical priorities of organ transplantation,
payment procedures, and the creation of a single federal service transplantation, the legal
framework for overcoming "of regional egoism."
4. In removing the ethical issues of transplantation has great potential new medical
technology - artificial cultivation of organs and tissues suitable for transplantation.
5. One of the promising methods in ethical and legal problems of transplantation is
xenotransplantation.
6. Extremely promising area of treatment of many diseases is the use of embryonic stem
cells. So far, this issue is not resolved because of the prohibition of working with human
embryos.
7. The use of adult stem cells does not meet the ethical objections, continues to be widely
taught in the world, although the success of treatment of disease while more than modest.
МИЛОСЕРДИЕ ДЛЯ БЕДСТВУЮЩИХ
CONCLUSIONS: 1. Charity for needy - one of the most important areas of modern
biomedical ethics.
2. In military operations, as well as in time of peace, doctors are required to provide the
best possible assistance to the victims, regardless of gender, race, nationality, religion, political
affiliation or other non-medical criteria.
3. With disasters doctor may face the need to resolve the hardest ethical problem - help in
the first place is not the hardest hit, and those who have saved a real chance. For hopeless
patients the doctor may be forced to resort to the tactics of passive euthanasia. Such tactics
recommended by the World Medical Association.
4. Doctors working in prisons, not only should not take part, but also present in any actions
of others, in the course of which may be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman and
degrading treatment of human.
5. Doctors in prison must also work in full compliance with the Hippocratic Oath. Effort
should be made to ensure the maximum possible medical care for all detainees.
6. Doctors should make reasonable efforts to provide appropriate medical care for older
people and the elderly, and to prevent ill-treatment of others.
7. Physicians who agreed to watch starving people, thus, agree to the establishment of
relations between them "doctor-patient relationship." Accordingly, the physician must comply
with all rules adopted in relation to the sick (respect for individual autonomy, and the principle
of informed consent, confidentiality, etc.).
8. Physician, under no circumstances may not take part in the death penalty, even if the
court makes a decision on the execution of death by drug administration. Medical practice does
not imply functions executioner. A doctor can only participate in the death, a condemned.
НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИИ И БИОМЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ЭТИКА
CONCLUSIONS. 1. The last half century were the years of development and
implementation in practice (innovation) Nanotechnology in almost all areas of life, including
medicine.
2. The introduction of nanotechnology in medicine can bring immeasurable benefits for the
sick. At the same time, this process gives rise to numerous biomedical problems.
3. One such problem is the cryopreservation of seriously ill people with the promise of
unscrupulous businessmen from medicine revival in the future, particularly with the help of
nanotechnology. Essentially cryopreservation - premeditated murder with health.
4. Undoubted problem of valuable medical and nanotechnology will be on universal
accessibility. It will hardly be possible to avoid such things as regionarny selfish, inequitable
distribution of resources, the influence of the nobility, the thickness of the purse, and many other
aspects of ethics and morality of the capitalist society of today's Russia.
5. Require a lot of rendering problems prolong life with the help of nanotechnology. Hardly
life extension for a longer period may be considered moral in many ways (overpopulation of
Earth, generational change, problems struldbryugerstva etc.).
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2. Decision on abortion is the inalienable right of women autonomy. She and she alone
must decide the matter within a reasonable period of time.
3. State interference in the question of abortion for improving the demography or other
reasons should not be considered relevant to moral values declared by ethos of medicine, ethics
in general and human rights bill.
4. Modern reproductive technologies bill produce lots of moral issues affecting
fundamental ethical values.
5. IVF in its various versions is a positive solution to the many psychological and social
problems associated with infertility, sterility, religious beliefs, social situations, etc. and, in this
regard, should be considered a highly moral act.
6. Religious leaders have no right to interfere in matters of abortion and reproductive
technologies. Religion in Russia remains a private matter, and the opinion of its figures can only
be considered as a personal opinion. Everyone can and should decide individually whether to
take into account this opinion or not.
7. In making a decision about abortion or reproductive technology procedures, women's
rights are above all others, especially above religious ones. Only the woman (hersef), should
determine the acceptability or non acceptability of abortion and reproductive technology
procedures.
8. Law documents on abortion and high technologies do not always coincide with the
ethical provisions and complicating, thus, the solution to this problem.
GЕNЕТICS AND BIOMЕDICAL ETHICS
CONCLUSIONS. 1.Decoded human genome should be put at the service of the good of all
mankind. The position of UNESCO" The human genome underlies the fundamental unity of all
members of the human race, as well as recognition of their inherent dignity and diversity. The
human genome is accessible to the mankind" should be taken as a base.
2. All attempts to lay claim to a particular section of the decoded genome should be
considered illegal and are not to be satisfied.
3. Genetic screening to eliminate severe hereditary diseases, in case if it is performed on
the basis of informed consent, brings benefits to the individual and to society, and, in this
context, does not contradict the biomedical ethics.