ORIGINAL Tables for Infrastructure Paper: Complete Descriptions
Table 1 . Highly Visible Business Principles
UN Global Compact Principles (launched 2000)
(www.unglobalcompact.org)
Launched in 2000, the UN Global Compact Principles focus on the areas of human rights, labor, the
environment and anti-corruption. Companies declare their membership, voluntarily commit to respect and
implement the principles and follow-up with a communications on progress.
Caux Roundtable Principles for Business
(http://www.cauxroundtable.org/principles.html)
The Caux Roundtable Principles for Business are intended to serve as a measurable standard for
responsible business worldwide. It is a statement of aspirations developed by an international network of
business leaders that envision capitalism with principles.
CERES Principles
(http://www.ceres.org/)
The CERES principles for environmentally sound business practice “is a ten-point code of corporate
environmental conduct to be publicly endorsed by companies as an environmental mission statement or
ethic.” The principles are intended for businesses within any industry sector and were developed in 1989
by Ceres, a network of businesses, organizations and investors that address sustainability.
Equator Principles (financial industry)
(http://www.equator-principles.com/)
The Equator Principles serve as a benchmark for the financial industry to determine, assess and manage
social and environmental issues in project financing. Spearheaded by the International Finance
Corporation, institutions adopt these principles that can be applied globally and across all industries to
ensure that financed projects are socially responsible and have solid environmental management practices.
Global Sullivan Principles
(http://www.thesullivanfoundation.org/gsp/)
The Global Sullivan Principles is a voluntary code of conduct intended to “be a catalyst and compass for
corporate responsibility and accountability.” They encourage businesses of all sizes and sectors to be
responsible to employees and communities while pursuing business objectives.
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
(http://www.oecd.org/department/0,2688,en_2649_34889_1_1_1_1_1,00.html)
The Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational
Enterprises is a set of recommendations for voluntary principles and standards of ethical business conduct
for multinational enterprises operating in or adhering to OECD.
Principles for Responsible Investing (launched April 2006)
(http://www.unpri.org/)
The Principles for Responsible Investing is a UN based framework to help investors integrate social,
environmental and governance performance in investment decisions. They were developed in 2005 and
launched April 2006.
Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME)
(http://unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/8.1/PRME.pdf)
The Principles for Responsible Management Education ask management educators to incorporate a set of
six principles that recognize the roles and responsibilities of businesses in creating a socially and
ecologically sustainable world through the practice of responsible corporate citizenship into their
management education curricula.
Private Voluntary Organization (PVO) Standards (2006) (for NGOs, Interaction)
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(http://www.interaction.org/pvostandards/index.html)
The Private Voluntary (PVO) Standards is a set of principles to enhance the professional, ethical and
responsible conduct of private voluntary organization members. These principles are a pre-requisite for
membership with InterAction, the largest coalition of U.S. based international nongovernmental
organizations engaged in humanitarian efforts.
Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises
(http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/norm/sources/mne.htm)
The Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises is a set of voluntary
principles intended to foster desirable behavior of enterprises with regard to labor and social policy issues.
Under the domain of the ILO, the objective is to influence multinationals, governments, employers’ and
workers’ organizations to adopt social policies.
International Non-Governmental Organizations Accountability Charter
(http://www.ingoaccountabilitycharter.org/read-thecharter.phphttp://www.ingoaccountabilitycharter.org/read-the-charter.php)
In 2006 eleven leading International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs), including ActionAid
International, Amnesty International, CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation, Consumers
International, Greenpeace International, Oxfam International, International Save the Children Alliance,
Survival International, International Federation Terre des Hommes, Transparency International and the
World YWCA, publicly declard adoption of the Charter to galvanize support around the issues of civil
society legitimacy, accountability and transparency.
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Table 2. Major Business-Related Standards Setting, Accreditation, and Certification Organizations
Major Focus on Standards Setting
ISO Strategic Advisory Group on Corporate Social Responsibility of ISO
(Developing a corporate responsibility standards, due 2008)
(http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/830949/3934883/3935096/home.html) (See
also, www.iso.org)
The ISO Strategic Advisory Group on Corporate Social Responsibility was established in 2004 to develop
an international standard that provides guidelines for social responsibility (SR) to add value to existing
inter-governmental agreements. It is expected to launch the ISO 2600 in 2009, of which the organization is
currently developing with the Swedish Standards Institute and the Brazilian Association of Technical
Standards.
Corporate Governance Quotient, Institutional Shareholder Services
(http://www.issproxy.com/esg/cgq.html)
First introduced in 2002, Institutional Shareholder Service’s Corporate Governance Quotient (CGQ®)
measures the strengths, deficiencies and overall quality of a company's corporate governance practices and
board of directors. CGQ provides corporate governance rankings on more than 8,000 companies across 31
countries, with underlying data points for up to 63 individual corporate governance variables.
Fair Trade Labeling Organizations
(http://www.fairtrade.net/)
Fair-trade Labeling Organizations International (FLO) serves as the hub for 20 labeling initiatives and
producer networks representing Fair-trade Certified Producer Organizations. The organization develops
Fair-trade Standards and provides business support to producers, utilizing an independent organization for
certification and auditing.
Forest Stewardship Council
(http://www.fscus.org/)
The Forest Stewardship Council is a membership-based international non-profit that sets forth responsible
forestry principles, criteria and standards that span economic, social and environmental concerns. “The
FSC standards represent the world’s strongest system for guiding forest management toward sustainable
outcomes.”
Greenhouse Gas Protocol
(http://www.ghgprotocol.org/)
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is the most widely used international accounting tool for
government and business leaders to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions. The GHG
Protocol Initiative, a partnership between the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council
for Sustainable Development, is working with businesses, governments, and environmental groups around
the world to build a new generation of credible and effective programs for tackling climate change.
International Fair Trade Association
(http://www.ifat.org/)
The International Fair Trade Association (IFAT) is the global network of Fair Trade Organizations. Our
mission is to improve the livelihoods and well being of disadvantaged producers by linking and promoting
Fair Trade Organizations, and speaking out for greater justice in world trade.
LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19)
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System™ is the
nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green
buildings. LEED gives building owners and operators the tools they need to have an immediate and
measurable impact on their buildings’ performance. LEED promotes a whole-building approach to
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sustainability by recognizing performance in five key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable
site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.
Transparency International
(http://www.transparency.org/)
Transparency International works to combat corruption through a global network of 90 locally established
organizations. It works towards public policy change and has developed indices that measure the perception
and presence of corruption.
Major Focus on Reporting
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
(www.globalreporting.org)
The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a corporate reporting framework unique to each industry. It was
launched by CERES and has become the “de-facto international standard for corporate reporting on
environmental, social an economic performance.”
Major Focus on Certification
Fair Labor Organization
(http://www.fairlabor.org/)
The Fair Labor Organization provides oversight of the implementation of the Fair Labor Association’s
Workplace Standards. It works with non-profit organizations and universities to promote adherence to
international labor standards and issues reports for the public.
Transfair
(http://www.transfairusa.org/)
TransFair is the only independent, third-party certifier of Fair Trade products in the United States. It is one
of 20 members of Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO).
Rugmark International
(http://www.rugmark.net/)
Rugmark Foundation is an international non-profit that works to end child labor in the handmade carpet
industry in South Asia. It helps prevent this practice through child-labor-free certification and developing
an educational and well-being support infrastructure for children in the trade.
Marine Stewardship Council
(http://www.msc.org/html/content_458.htm)
The Marine Stewardship Council is an independent, global, non-profit organisation whose role is to
recognise, via a certification programme, well-managed fisheries and to harness consumer preference for
seafood products bearing the MSC label of approval.
Major Focus on Accreditation
Social Accountability International (SAI)
(http://www.sa-intl.org/)
Social Accountability International (SAI) “works to promote human rights for workers by interacting with
companies, NGOs, workers and trade unions, government agencies and certification bodies around the
world.” Activity is organized by the network of agencies accredited for SA8000 auditing which is a system
to manage workplace conditions throughout the global supply chains.
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Table 3: Major Corporate Responsibility Consulting Organizations (both for-profit and NGO)
AccountAbility
(http://www.accountability.org.uk/)
Accountability is a non-profit organization that consults and mentors businesses, nonprofits and
governments in the development of their approach to accountability and performance. Central to
Accountability’s work are implementation tools, such as the AA100 Series, a principle-based standard that
is the basis for improving the sustainability performance of organizations.
SustainAbility
(http://www.sustainability.com/)
Established in 1987, Sustainability consults businesses in all aspects of corporate responsibility and
sustainable development with a focus in the following core areas: sustainability strategy and
implementation, stakeholder engagement, risk management, innovation, transparency, reporting and
accountability. It lends a focused expertise in six strategic sectors that present the greatest opportunity for
sustainable solutions and future value—chemicals, finance & capital markets, healthcare, energy, food &
beverage and knowledge economy.
The Corporate Citizenship Company
(http://www.corporate-citizenship.co.uk/)
The Corporate Citizenship Company offers research, consultancy and publications to help business succeed
as good citizens. Areas of focus include: benchmarking, social and economic impact assessment,
international issue management, community program evaluation, reporting and news briefing.
Deloitte & Touche, Corporate Governance and Accountability
(http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/section_node/0,1042,sid%253D5601,00.html)
Corporate Governance and Accountability are two business issues covered by Deloitte. This practice area
helps business respond to new regulatory and stock market requirements for corporate governance reform.
PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers)
(www.pwc.com/sustainability)
Pricewaterhouse Coopers “Sustainable Business Solutions” consulting practice helps clients create a
sustainable business by offering services in the following five areas: CSR strategy design and deployment,
reporting and assurance of non-financial information, climate change and emissions trading, transaction
support for environmental health and safety and reputation issues, and supply chain risk management.
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors
(http://www.innovestgroup.com/)
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors is an asset management, screening services and consulting firm for
investors. It strives to integrate sustainability and finance by identifying non-traditional sources of risk and
value potential for investors.
Institute for Global Ethics
(www.globalethics.org)
The Institute for Global Ethics is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting ethical action in a global
context through its educational and consulting services for corporations, non-profits, individuals,
foundations and governments. The group has direct affiliates in the UK and Canada and also Center for
Corporate Ethics and the Center for Moral Courage.
SmithOBrien
(www.smithobrien.com)
SmithOBrien helps companies build and sustain values-centered organizations by consulting businesses on
establishing the business case; integrating core values into systems, practice and the culture; and corporate
learning programs for boards of directors, global mangers and employees.
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Sustainable Value Partners
(www.sustainablevaluepartners.com)
Sustainable Value Partners consults businesses to create new value through sustainability and Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR). Its services include helping businesses integrate sustainability into the
organization, accelerating the integration through executive education, enhancing stakeholder engagement
and expanding reach into new markets
Utopies (1993, sustainable development)
(www.utopies.com)
Utopies is the first French consulting firm that has focused on promoting sustainable development since its
inception in 1993. It works with companies, business associations, and NGOs through analysis of key
issues surrounding stakeholder expectations, developing and integrating a sustainable development strategy
and reporting performance.
Verité
(http://verite.org/)
Verité is an independent, non-profit that works towards improvement of the conditions in global supply
chains and workplaces worldwide through its monitoring, training, research and consulting services.
Established in 1995, it operates through a global network and partners with corporations, NGOs,
governments, and international institutions.
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Table 4. Prominent Business Membership Organizations with Sustainability and Responsibility
Orientation
Prominent Business Membership Organizations
Association of Sustainability Practitioners
(http://www.asp-online.org/)
The Association of Sustainability Practitioners is a membership community and open forum for
practitioners. Members benefit from personal and professional development and clients are able to access a
one stop shop for professionals in the field of sustainability and social justice.
Business Alliance for Local Living Economies (BALLE)
(http://www.livingeconomies.org/)
BALLE’S mission is to catalyze, strengthen, and connect local business networks dedicated to building
strong Local Living Economies with the definition that a Living Economy ensures that economic
power resides locally, sustaining healthy community life and natural life as well as long-term
economic viability.
US Chamber of Commerce Business Civic Leadership Center
(http://www.uschamber.com/bclc/default.htm?n=tb)
The Business Civic Leadership Center is a non-profit affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. It is the
U.S. Chamber’s “resource and voice for businesses and their social and philanthropic interest,” through the
following three programs: business disaster assistance and recovery, corporate community investment and
global corporate citizenship.
Business for Social Responsibility (BSR)
(http://www.bsr.org/)
Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) is “a leading global resource for the business community and
thought leaders around the world.” It is a non-profit business association that serves 250 member
companies and other global enterprises through advisory services, convenings and research.
Business in the Community
(http://www.bitc.org.uk/index.html)
Business in the Community is a membership organization of 700 of the UK’s top companies “committed to
improving their positive impact on society.” Through the activity of community involvement, BSR helps
companies to “provide inspiring leadership, measure and report on progress and engage employees.”
Canadian Business for Social Responsibility
(http://www.cbsr.bc.ca/)
Canadian Business for Social Responsibility (CBSR) is a “business-led, non-profit CSR consultancy and
peer-to-peer learning organizations that provides its members with consulting and customized advisory
services.”
Caux Round Table
(http://www.cauxroundtable.org/)
The Caux Round Table (CRT) is “an international network of principled business leaders working to
promote moral capitalism.” The organization promotes the implementation of its “Principles for Business”
which integrate business ethics into decision-making.
Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College
(http://www.bcccc.net/)
The Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College is a membership based research organization for
global corporations. Through special membership services, executive education, convenings, research and
customized benchmarking, the Center helps businesses “define, plan and operationalize corporate
citizenship.”
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CERES
(http://www.ceres.org/)
Ceres is a U.S. membership coalition of investors, environmental and public interest organizations.
Founded in 1990, it works with companies to address sustainability challenges with special expertise in
environment issues.
CSR Europe (1995)
(http://www.csreurope.org/)
CSR Europe is a network of CSR professionals based on sharing CSR solutions since 1995. It is “the
leading European business network for corporate social responsibility with over 60 leading multinational
corporations as members.”
Fondacion Empresa y Sociedad
(http://www.empresaysociedad.org/feys/es)
Fundacion Empresa y Sociedad was founded in 1995 as a membership based business network based in
Spain. It works to help companies integrate community involvement into its business strategy.
Ethics Resource Center
(http://www.ethics.org/)
The Ethics Resource Center conducts independent research “to advance high ethical standards and practices
in public and private institutions.” Founded in 1922, it works with all types of organizations to implement
ethics and compliance programs.
GEMI (Global Environmental Management Initiative)
(www.gemi.org)
The Global Environmental Management Initiative works with business to improve environmental, health &
safety performance, shareholder value and corporate citizenship. It provides a forum for over 40 member
companies to improve performance and also through research, benchmark surveys, management tools such
as the GEMI Metrics Navigator and conferences.
Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change
(http://www.iigcc.org/)
The Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC) is a forum for collaboration between pension
funds and other institutional investors on issues related to climate change. IIGCC seeks to: promote better
understanding of the implications of climate change amongst our members and other institutional investors,
and encourage companies and markets in which IIGCC members invest to address any material risks and
opportunities to their businesses associated with climate change and a shift to a lower carbon economy.
International Business Leaders Forum
(www.iblf.net)
The International Business Leaders Forum works with businesses, governments and civil society to
enhance companies’ potential contribution to sustainable development. It consults companies in finding
“business solutions to development challenges” through its programs, business standards, cultivation of
partnerships and networks.
New Economics Foundation
(www.neweconomics.org)
New Economics Foundation (NEF) is an independent “think-and-do tank.” It works in partnership on
economic, social and environmental issues through “practical pilot projects and tools for change, in-depth
research, campaigning, policy discussion and raising awareness through the media and publications.”
Institute for Philanthropy (UK)
(http://www.instituteforphilanthropy.org.uk/BC115/About_Us.aspx)
The Institute for Philanthropy is a UK based non-profit that utilizes networks and workshops to promote
philanthropy in the UK and internationally.
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World Economic Forum
(http://www.weforum.org/)
The World Economic Forum is “an independent international organization committed to improving the
state of the world by engaging leaders in partnerships to shape global, regional and industry agendas.”
Members include “the foremost” 1,000 global enterprises that rank among the top companies within their
industry.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(www.wbcsd.org)
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) “is a CEO-led, global association of
some 200 companies dealing exclusively with business and sustainable development issues. Members share
knowledge and best practices and the organization advocates businesses positions in a variety of forums.
World Council for Corporate Governance
(http://www.wcfcg.net/index.htm)
The World Council for Corporate Governance is an international network that promotes good governance
globally. It was established in 2001 as an independent non-profit and achieves its vision through dialogue,
convenings and technical support.
Prominent Industry-Specific Initiatives
Building Partnerships for Water and Sanitation
(http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/bpd/web/w/www_1_en.aspx)
BPD Water and Sanitation is an international cross-sector learning network focused on improving access to
safe water and effective sanitation in poor communities.
Global Alliance
(http://www.theglobalalliance.org/)
The Global Alliance aims to support non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) of a non-commercial nature
seeking to: improve the state of the natural environment; enncourage the observance of human rights;
improve welfare of the disadvantaged; and improve quality of life in 3rd world countries.
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)
(http://www.gainhealth.org/gain/ch/EN-EN/index.cfm)
GAIN’s mission is to reduce malnutrition through the use of food fortification and other strategies aimed at
improving the health and nutrition of populations at risk. GAIN has a key alliance-building function,
bringing together both public and private partners around common objectives, and provides financial
support and technical expertise. A distinctive and essential feature of GAIN’s approach is its work with the
private sector, applying innovative business models to make markets work sustainably for the benefit of
those suffering from malnutrition.
Microcredit Summit Campaign
(http://www.microcreditsummit.org/)
The Microcredit Summit Campaign is working to ensure that 175 million of the world's poorest families,
especially the women of those families, are receiving credit for self-employment and other financial and
business services by the end of 2015.
Responsible Care
(http://www.responsiblecare.org/page.asp?p=6341&l=1)
Responsible Care is the chemical industry’s global voluntary initiative under which companies, through
their national associations, work together to continuously improve their health, safety and environmental
performance, and to communicate with stakeholders about their products and processes.
Responsible Forestry
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(http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests/our_solutions/responsible_forestry/gftn/in
dex.cfm)
By facilitating trade links between companies committed to achieving and supporting responsible forestry,
the GFTN creates market conditions that help conserve the world's forests while providing economic and
social benefits for the businesses and people that depend on them.
Other Notable Business-Related Corporate Responsibility Institutions
Carbon Disclosure Project
(http://www.cdproject.net/)
The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) is an independent not-for-profit organization aiming to create a
lasting relationship between shareholders and corporations regarding the implications for shareholder value
and commercial operations presented by climate change. Its goal is to facilitate a dialogue, supported by
quality information, from which a rational response to climate change will emerge.
Dubai Ethics Resource Center
(www.dubai-ethics.ae)
The Dubai Ethics Resource Center works to help business in Dubai “develop global business standards of
integrity.” It provides members and stakeholders with research and consulting services, standard
certification and advisory work.
Green Reporting Forum (Japan, awards, no website available)
The Green Reporting Forum organizes the “Green Reporting Award” jointly with Toyo Keizai Inc. The
objective of the award is to improve awareness among Japanese businesses for information disclosure on
environmental activities.
International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (1996)
(http://www.ictsd.org/)
The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) was established in 1996 “to
contribute to better understanding of development and environmental concerns in the context of
international trade.” It has a wide network of multi-sector partners and provides reporting and facilitation
services at the intersection of trade and sustainable development.
Responsible Business Initiative
(www.rbipk.org)
The Responsible Business Initiative furthers the CSR agenda in Pakistan. The organization works with
international and local businesses to build stakeholder dialogues, develop systems and initiatives, assess
performance, and set goals towards responsible business that is culturally sensitive and appropriate.
Social Accountability in Sustainable Agriculture (SASA)
(http://www.ifoam.org/organic_facts/justice/sasa.html)
Social Accountability in Sustainable Agriculture (SASA) is a collaborative project of the four main social
and environmental verification systems in sustainable agriculture. The organizations work together to
improve the social auditing process and share learning.
US Department of Commerce, Good Governance Program
(http://www.ita.doc.gov/goodgovernance/)
The Good Governance Program is part of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and promotes rule of law for
businesses outside of the United States. “It works to increase market access and ensure a level playing field
for U.S. companies in emerging markets by promoting: transparency through business ethics and anticorruption, accountability in corporate governance, fairness in commercial dispute resolution and
protection of intellectual property rights.”
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Table 5. Selected Major Responsible Investing Firms in the US
CalPERS
(http://www.calpers.ca.gov/)
The California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS) is “the largest public pension fund with
assets totaling $247.7 billion as of June 30, 2007” and has signed onto the Principles of Responsible
Investing.
Calvert
(http://www.calvert.com/)
Calvert is in the business of asset management since 1976. As a “leader in socially responsible investment”
it offers the largest array of socially responsible mutual funds.
Citizens Fund
(http://www.efund.com/common/about.htm )
Citizens Funds “is a leader in serving the socially responsible needs of retail investors and institutional
clients since 1982.” It offers investors eight mutual funds including the Citizens Global Equity Fund that
invests in both foreign and U.S. stocks.
Domini Social Funds
(http://www.domini.com/),
see also (http://www.domini.com/about-domini/index.htm))
Domini is an investment firm that specializes exclusively in responsible investing. It works in partnership
with Wellington Management to develop standards and portfolio construction.
Dreyfus
(http://www.dreyfus.com/content/dr/control?Content=/docs/index_dr.jsp)
The Dreyfus Corporation, established in 1951 is “one of the nation’s leading asset management and
distribution companies.” It offers various socially responsible investment options including the Dreyfus
Premier Third Century that is focused on enhancing American life and the Social Responsible Growth
Fund.
Green Century Funds
(http://www.greencentury.com/about/ )
Green Century Funds is a “family of environmentally responsible mutual funds founded and wholly owned
by non-profit advocacy groups.” It was founded in 1991 and administered by Green Century Capital
Management, Inc. (GCCM). ”
Parnassus
(http://www.parnassus.com/about-parnassus/default.aspx )
Parnassus is an investment management firm with a philosophy that grounds ethical business practice in
good investment decisions. It invests responsibly through socially responsible investing, investing in
community development financing and through shareholder advocacy.
Pax World Mutual Fund
(http://www.paxworld.com/index.htm )
Pax World has been in the business of socially responsible investing since 1971. The name “Pax World”
identifies its social responsibility funds.
Smith Barney
(https://www.smithbarney.com/prospect/global_resources.html )
Smith Barney, a division of Citigroup Global Capital Markets Inc., “is one of the world’s leading financial
institutions” that provides brokerage, investment banking and asset management services. Citigroup
supports the Equator Principles and Smith Barney has issued numerous reports on the topic.
Trillium
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(http://www.trilliuminvest.com/default.aspx)
Trillium has been focused on socially responsible investing since 1982. It takes an integrated approach that
includes screening, shareholder advocacy, proxy voting, community investing and involvement with public
policy.
Walden Asset Management
(http://www.waldenassetmgmt.com/index.html)
Walden Asset Management “has been a leader in socially responsive investing since 1975. Walden operates
as a division of Boston Trust & Investment Management Company and offers numerous products
Note:
In 2007, the Social Investment Forum’s website listed nearly 100 different “socially responsible mutual
funds” from these and other firms.
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Table 6. Stock Indexes with Responsibility Orientation
Domini 400 Social Index (http://www.kld.com/indexes/ds400index/index.html)
Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (http://www.sustainability-indexes.com/)
FTSE4Good Index Series (http://www.ftse.com/Indices/FTSE4Good_Index_Series/index.jsp)
Calvert Social Index (http://www.calvert.com/sri_calvertindex.html)
Jantzi Social Index (http://www.jantzisocialindex.com/)
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Table 7. Social Research and Investment-Oriented Firms
Analistas Internacionales en Sostenibildad SA, Spain
(www.ais.com.es)
Analistas Internacionales en Sostenibilidad SA analyzes international capital markets and the social,
environmental and corporate governance risks and profitability. It strives to advance the socially
responsible investment market in Spain, and develop capacity and commitment through its ratings and
comparative studies.
Avanzi SRI Research s.r.l., Italy
(www.avanzi-sri.org)
Avanzi SRI Research is an Italian organization that is a member of SiRIiCompany, a network of the main
environmental and social rating agencies in Europe and North America. Established in 2002, it works to
advance the sustainable investment field in Italy through research and SiRi Pro, a web-based rating tool for
sustainable investment.
Centre Info SA, Switzerland
(www.centreinfo.ch)
The Centre Info SA is a Swiss organization that provides advisory services for SRI products and strategies.
It works with investors, asset managers, pension funds and financial analysts surrounding socially
responsible investing, and for the inclusion of environmental, social and governance components in
portfolios.
Dutch Sustainability Research BV, Netherlands
(www.dsresearch.nl)
Dutch Sustainability Research BV is based in the Netherlands and helps institutional investors assess the
market for sustainable investments. It works with clients to develop and implement sustainable investment
policies and collects and tracks the sustainability information of Dutch companies.
GES Investment Services AB, Sweden
(www.ges-invest.com)
Global Ethical Investment Services is an organization based in Sweden that “provides the finance sector
with analysis of and consultation on the companies’ sustainability performance and preparedness.”
Jantzi Research, Inc.
(http://www.jantziresearch.com/) (Publishes Canadian Social Investment Database, see
http://www.jantziresearch.com/index.asp?section=2&level_2=3)
Janzi Research, Inc. is an independent investment research firm that evaluates and monitors the
environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance of global securities. It produces the Canadian
Social Investment Database, which rates the ESG performance of approximately 300 Canadian companies
and income trusts.
KAYEMA Investment Research & Analysis, Israel
(www.kayema.com)
Kayema Investment Research and Analysis is an Israeli research firm that covers the local and international
equity market. It publishes the Kayema Sustainability Index that rates the fifty largest Israeli companies
traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange according to environmental sustainability scores and market
capitalization size.
KLD Research and Analytics
(www.kld.com) (publishes Socrates database)
KLD Research & Analytics, Inc. is an investment research firm that provides management tools to
professionals integrating environmental, social and governance factors (ESG) into their investment
decisions through its social research services and indexes for institutional investors. It publishes the
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SOCRATES research database which provides social, environmental and governance research on more
than 4,000 companies in over fifty global markets.
Pensions & Investment Research Consultants Ltd., UK
(www.pirc.co.uk)
Pensions and Investment Research Consultants Ltd. “is the UK’s leading independent research and
advisory consultancy providing services to institutional investors on corporate governance and corporate
social responsibility since 1986.” It focuses primarily in the UK and European markets but also provides
US corporate governance analysis and services.
Scoris GmbH, Germany
(www.scoris.de)
Sustainable Investment Research International is a German organization founded in 2000, as a joint venture
of several European sustainable investment research institutions and a German managing partner. Through
SiRi Company, it covers the German and Austrian markets.
SIRIS - Sustainable Investment Research Institute P/L, Australia
(www.siris.com.au)
The Sustainable Investment Research Institute P/L (SIRIS) of Australia is part of the original SiRi
Network. It provides sustainability and governance investment research and investment product
manufacture in the Asia-Pacific Region.
Umbrella Group
SiRi Group (Sustainable Investment Research International) (network of 11 research organizations)
(http://www.siricompany.com/)
SiRi Group is a non-profit entity that brought together a network of eleven research organizations from
Europe, the United States and Australia to provide global solutions through SRI research and consulting
services for international financial markets. Due to the success of this Group, all assets and activities were
consolidated under the SiRi Company, a for-profit that “serves as the leading independent global provider
of SRI research and consulting services for institutional investors and financial professionals.” The
company utilizes uniform standards to ensure consistency with “global coverage based on local
knowledge.”
15
Table 8. Professional Social Investment Organizations/Associations
European Social Investment Forum (EuropSIF, Addressing Sustainability Through Financial Markets)
(www.eurosif.org/)
The European Social Investment Forum (ESIF) is a pan-European group created to address sustainability
through financial markets by focusing on socially responsible investment issues in Europe. Established in
2001, its member affiliates include pension funds, financial service providers, academic institutes, research
associations, and NGOs with combined assets of $600 billion euros.
Social Investment Forum
(www.socialinvest.org)
The Social Investment Forum is a nonprofit membership based organization that promotes socially
responsible investing in the United States. It serves as a resource for contacts, information and resources on
socially responsible investing to build capacity of investors and financial professionals.
Social Investment Forum, UK
(http://www.uksif.org/uksif)
The UK Social Investment Forum is a membership network that focuses on the advancement of responsible
investment and sustainable and responsible financial services. Founded in 1991 to unite the various UK
efforts in this arena, it “acts as a focus and voice for the industry” and builds capacity of members.
Social Investment Research Analysts Network (SIRAN)
(www.siran.org)
Social Investment Research Analysts Network “is a North American analyst network of social research
analysts from 30 investment firms, research providers and affiliated investor groups in North America.” As
a collective voice, it helps analysts share best practices and develop their careers, as well coordinate and
connect with companies.
SRI in the Rockies (conference)
(http://www.sriintherockies.com/)
SRI in the Rockies is an annual conference for practitioners in the socially responsible investment industry.
The forum typically features a professional education issues track and a social issues track.
16
Table 9. Other Organizations with Responsible Investment Interests
Coop America
(www.coopamerica.org/)
Coop America is a non-profit that focuses on the economic realm to make change towards a just and
environmentally sustainable society. It is one of the United State’s leading resources for socially
responsible investment information and was also a founder of the Social Investment Forum and CERES.
Council for Responsible Public Investment
(http://www.publicinvestment.org/)
The Council for Responsible Public Investment aims to “amplify the benefits of public money for public
welfare” through education, advocacy and activism. It focuses attention on investment and shareholder
practices of public pensions and endowments to encourage fiduciaries to look at the corporate governance,
health, social and environmental record of the companies.
FairPensions (United Kingdom)
(http://www.fairpensions.org.uk/index.htm)
FairPensions is a UK based non-profit organization that campaigns UK pension funds to invest responsibly.
It encourages pension funds to be more ethical through education, research and advocacy, and it also serves
as a watchdog of pension funds.
GoodMoney
(http://www.goodmoney.com)
GoodMoney is a for-profit educational and publishing company that educates individuals and investors on
socially and environmentally responsible investing, consuming, and business practice.
Institutional Shareholder Services (Environmental, Social, Governance)
(http://www.issproxy.com/institutional/esg/index.jsp)
The Institutional Shareholder Services is “the world’s leading independent expert on corporate governance
and the proxy voting process” Founded in 1985, it provides products and solutions, a global network of
local experts and a unique, single-interface platform that facilitates the research distribution and vote
execution. ISS acquired IRRC, Investor Responsibility Research Corporation, in 2006.
Institute for Responsible Investing
(www.bcccc.net/responsibleinvestment)
The Institute for Responsible Investment (IRI) is affiliated with The Center for Corporate Citizenship at
Boston College. It works to advance the social responsible investment agenda by helping “coordinate
thinking and action around issues of strategic importance to long-term wealth creation for shareholders and
society.”
Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR)
(http://www.iccr.org/)
The Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility has been operating for 35 years and works with over 275
faith-based institutional investors to advocate responsible business practices. Each year, member associates
sponsor over 200 shareholder resolutions.
Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC)
(http://www.irrc.org/)
Now part of Institutional Shareholder Services, IRRC and ISS have the goal of being the leading provider
of corporate governance solutions that enhance interactions between shareholders and companies. See
above.
Responsible Wealth
(http://www.responsiblewealth.org/)
Responsible Wealth is a selective group of individuals that are among the wealthiest 5% of Americans who
are concerned about income inequality in the United States. Every year Responsible Wealth files
17
shareholder resolutions seeking corporate accountability on various topics such as remittances and diversity
lending practices.
Social Venture Network
(http://www.svn.org/)
The Social Venture Network is a non-profit that aspires to “transform the way the world does business by
leveraging its members’ collective strengths of leadership, knowledge and enterprise for a more just and
sustainable economy. The network is composed of pioneering entrepreneurs across the globe, who receive
assistance in launching their new enterprises and together share best practices.
SocialFunds.com
(www.socialfunds.com)
Social Funds.com is a website that is devoted to socially responsible investing. One can access information
on SRI mutual funds, community investment, corporate research, shareowner actions and daily investment
news.
18
Table 10. Sample NGO/Business, NGO Networks, Multi-Sector Dialogues on Issues Related to
Corporate Responsibility
Business and Human Rights Resource Center
(http://www.business-humanrights.org/Home)
The Business and Human Rights Resource Center tracks and reports news covering over 3,600 companies,
180 countries, and 150 issues related to business’s positive or negative impact on human rights. It is a onestop resource and strives to encourage responsible corporate behavior and contribute to informed decisionmaking and dialogue.
Corporation 2020
(http://www.corporation2020.org/)
Corporation 2020 is a multi-stakeholder initiative that seeks to develop and disseminate corporate designs
that embed the public interest at its core. It serves as a forum for thought leaders, practitioners, and
activists as well as an advocate to bring “corporate redesign” to the business and public policy agendas.
Enterprises and Social Policy Instituto Ethos (Ethos Institute for Business and Social Responsibility)
(www.ethos.org.br)
Ethos Institute is membership-based organization that serves as a resource center to share best practices and
management tools that assess and improve Corporate Responsibility management practices and
commitments. It is focused on mobilizing Corporate Social Responsibility with Brazilian companies, the
government and civil society and works with numerous local and international partners towards “building a
sustainable and fair society in Brazil.”
Ethical Trading Initiative
(http://www.ethicaltrade.org/)\
The Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) is an alliance of UK companies, non-governmental organizations and
trade union organizations that work to improve working conditions in the supply chain by promoting the
effective implementation of corporate codes. It is a membership-based non-profit that promotes the
adoption of its own “ETI Base Code.”
European Partners for the Environment
(http://www.epe.be/)
The European Partners for the Environment is a multi-stakeholder forum that serves as a catalyst to build
consensus on sustainability issues through a “systems change” approach. Based in Belgium, the “Center of
Competence” focuses on investment, trade and purchasing within selected supply & value chains.
GAN-NET (Global Action Network Net)
(http://www.gan-net.net/)
Global Action Network Net (GAN-NET) is a community of “global action network” thought leaders,
funders and other stakeholders committed to advancing the development of networks of multi-sector
partners that address sustainability issues. The organization helps existing networks, connects leaders and
showcases the accomplishments of existing networks such as Net Impact and the Global Reporting
Initiative.
Global Ethic Foundation
(www.weltethos.org)
The Global Ethic Foundation is an inter-cultural and inter-religious foundation that seeks to cultivate a
global ethic through “peace and dialogue among religions.” Its activities include research, education and
convenings.
Global Knowledge Partnership
(http://www.globalknowledge.org/)
Global Knowledge Partnership is the world's first multi-stakeholder network promoting innovation and
advancement in Knowledge for Development and Information and Communication Technologies for
19
Development. GKP brings together Public Sector, Private Sector and Civil Society organizations with the
goal of Sharing Knowledge and Building Partnerships.
Global Water Partnership
(http://www.gwpforum.org/)
The Global Water Partnership is a working partnership among all those involved in water management:
government agencies, public institutions, private companies, professional organizations, multilateral
development agencies and others committed to the Dublin-Rio principles. The partnership actively
identifies critical knowledge needs at global, regional and national levels, helps design programs for
meeting these needs, and serves as a mechanism for alliance building and information exchange on
integrated water resources management.
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
(http://www.ictsd.org/)
An independent non-profit and non-governmental organization, ICTSD engages a broad range of actors in
ongoing dialogue about trade and sustainable development. With a wide network of governmental, nongovernmental and inter-governmental partners, ICTSD plays a unique systemic role as a provider of
original, non-partisan reporting and facilitation services at the intersection of international trade and
sustainable development. ICTSD aims to contribute to a better understanding of development and
environment concerns in the context of international trade.
Making Waves: The Centre for Community Enterprise (Canada)
(http://www.cedworks.com/waves.html)
The Center for Community Enterprise works with communities and organizations across Canada to build
capacity towards community economic development (CED). It publishes the quarterly magazine, “Making
Waves,” that analyzes “economic development practice and policy, project and organizational profiles and
networking opportunities” on what the CED community is doing in Canada.
Tamarack: The Social Economy (Canada)
(http://tamarackcommunity.ca/g3s10_M4C2.html)
Tamarack, an institute for community engagement in Canada, advances local community building by
“promoting proven strategies for more effective engagements.” The institute focuses on the social process
and local leadership, helps establish norms and engages people from different sectors to achieve visionary
solutions.
The Partnership for Principle 10
(http://www.pp10.org/)
The Partnership for Principle 10 (PP10) (from the Rio Summit in 1992) is an initiative developed as a
Sustainable Development Partnership under the auspices of the World Summit on Sustainable
Development. PP10 provides a way for governments, civil society organizations, and international
organizations to work together to implement practical solutions to provide the public with access to
information, participation, and justice for environmentally sustainable decisions.
UN Millennium Development Goals
(http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/)
The UN Millennium Development Goals is a set of eight time-bound and measurable goals to combat
poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women. The
targets were set in September 2000, at the United Nations Millennium Summit with the target date of 2015.
World Conservation Union (IUCN)
(http://www.iucn.org/)
The World Conservation Union is the world’s largest and most important conservation network. The Union
brings together 83 States, 110 government agencies, more than 800 non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), and some 10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries in a unique worldwide partnership.
20
World Economic Forum
(http://www.weforum.org/)
The World Economic Forum is “an independent international organization committed to improving the
state of the world by engaging leaders in partnerships to shape global, regional and industry agendas.”
Members include “the foremost” 1,000 global enterprises that rank among the top companies within their
industry.
World Social Forum
(http://www.forumsocialmundial)
The World Social Forum is neither a group nor an organization but serves as “an open meeting place where
social movements, networks, NGOs and other civil society organizations opposed to neoliberalism and a
world dominated by capital or by any form of imperialism,” convene to debate, develop proposals, share
experiences, and network for effective action.
World Water Council
(http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/)
The World Water Council was established in 1996 in response to increasing concern from the global
community about world water issues. Its mission is to promote awareness, build political commitment and
trigger action on critical water issues at all levels, including the highest decision-making level, to facilitate
the efficient management and use of water in all its dimensions and on an environmentally sustainable
basis.
Youth Employment
(http://www.yesweb.org/)
The Youth Employment Summit (YES) Campaign brings together diverse stakeholders, and works with
them to (1) develop the capacity of youth to lead employment initiatives; (2) promote youth employment to
address key development challenges; and (3) build in-country coalitions to develop national strategies
addressing youth unemployment.
21
Table 11. Popular Press and On-Line Corporate Responsibility Magazines
Business Respect
(http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/)
Business Respect is the personal site of Mallen Baker, the Development Director for Business in the
Community. It provides general CSR news and resources.
CSRWire
(www.csrwire.com)
CSRWire is “the leading source of corporate social responsibility and sustainability news, reports and
information.” It seeks to advance the CSR agenda by promoting engagements and initiatives of members
from the public and private sector.
The CRO (Corporate Responsibility Officer)
(http://www.thecro.com/index.php)
The CRO is a magazine for corporate responsibility officers within companies.
Business Ethics Best 100 Corporate Citizens
(www.business-ethics.com)
Business Ethics is an online magazine of Corporate Responsibility. It publishes a listing of the 100 Best
Corporate Citizens and hosts the annual Business Ethics awards.
Ethical Corporation
(http://www.ethicalcorp.com/)
Ethical Corporation is an independent publisher and conference organizer that furthers the debate and
discussion surrounding responsible business.
EthicsWorld
(www.ethicsworld.com)
EthicsWorld is a non-profit that provides viewpoints, reports, and news on governance, business ethics and
anti-corruption. It keeps abreast on key developments in the field and provides a forum to discuss diverse
opinions through its website.
Greenbiz.com
(www.greenbiz.com)
GreenBiz “is the leading information resource on how to align environmental responsibility with business
success.” It provides access to news and resources through websites, workshops, daily newsfeed, electronic
newsletters and briefing papers.
SustainableBusiness.com
(http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/)
SustainableBusiness.com is a website dedicated “to help green businesses grow.” It provides sustainable
businesses and investor news, green jobs postings, monthly newsletters, networking space, events and a
resource directory.
Sample Academic Journals Related to Business in Society
Business & Society (http://bas.sagepub.com/)
Business and Society Review (http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0045-3609&site=1)
Business Ethics Quarterly (http://www.pdcnet.org/beq.html)
Greener Management International (www.greenleaf-publishing.com/)
22
Journal of Business Ethics (http://www.springerlink.com/content/100281/0
Journal of Corporate Citizenship (www.greenleaf-publishing.com/)
Organization and Environment (http://oae.sagepub.com/)
23
Table 12. Corporate Responsibility Ratings and Rankings
50 Best Companies for Minorities (Fortune)
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/06/28/374393/index.htm)
The 50 Best Companies for Minorities is a list compiled by Fortune of the companies that are most
successful in fostering diversity in the workplace. The rating is not simply based on percentage of diverse
employees, but of advancement, promotion and diversity at all management levels.
100 Best Companies to Work For (Fortune)
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2007/full_list/)
The 100 Best Companies to Work For is a list of companies rated by Fortune of the “great places to work.”
Fortune partners with Great Place to Work Institute to evaluate companies based on policies and culture as
well as employee opinions.
100 Best Companies for Working Mothers
(http://www.workingmother.com/)
The 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers is a list of companies that enable women to balance worklife demands. The companies are ranked by the organization Working Mother, and are based on seven
measures: workforce profile, compensation, childcare, flexibility, time off and leaves, family-friendly
programs and company culture.
Best 100 Corporate Citizens (Business Ethics)
(http://www.business-ethics.com/)
The 100 Best Corporate Citizens serves as an indicator of best practices in Corporate Social Responsibility.
Companies are ranked by the organization Business Ethics, according to financial, environmental, social,
and governance performance.
America’s Most Admired Companies (Fortune)
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/)
America’s Most Admired Companies is a list of the top 20 companies that are deemed the most respected
and admired. These companies are said to have the best reputation and are ranked by Fortune and its survey
partner Hay Group.
World’s Most Admired Companies (Fortune)
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/)
The World’s Most Admired Companies is a list of the top 50 companies that are said to have the best
reputation. Rakings are based on votes across industry from executives and analysts in 26 countries by
Fortune.
Hispanic Corporate 100
(http://www.hispaniconline.com/buss&finn/corp100-2005.html)
Hispanic Magazine’s Corporate 100 is a list of companies that “go the extra mile to create opportunities for
Hispanic business owners, executives, workers and charities.” Companies are rated for its diversity
training, recruitment efforts, ethnic representation on its boards and other minority business initiatives.
Inner City 100
(http://www.theinnercity100.org/)
The Inner City 100 is a list of America’s fastest-growing urban businesses as rated by Inc. and the Initiative
for a Competitive Inner City (ICIC). The businesses profiled are typically “entrepreneurial companies
seeking overlooked opportunities in struggling urban neighborhoods.”
The Best Global Brands (InTerbrand)
(http://www.interbrand.com/surveys.asp)
Interbrand, a global brand consultancy in partnership with Newsweek, ranks the Best Global Brands by
brand value. The Best Global Brands “identifies the top 100 global brands that have managed to create and
sustain strong performance in today’s competitive market.”
24
Corporate Responsibility Index, Top 100 Companies that Count (London Times)
(http://news.ft.com)
The Corporate Responsibility Index, “Top Companies that Count”, is the UK’s “leading” benchmark of
responsible business practice. Business in the Community runs the voluntary, self-assessment survey that
covers key risks and opportunities in the areas of community, environment, marketplace and workplace.
There is also a public ranking conducted in association with the UK’s Sunday Times.
Top 30 Companies for Executive Women
(http://www.prosurvey.net/cgi-bin/qwebcorporate.cgi?idx=H6R5V9)
The “Top 30 Companies for Women Executives” is an index developed by the National Association for
Female Executives (NAFE). Companies are rated by their policies that support women’s advancement and
on female representation among senior management and on boards of directors.
World’s Most Respected Companies (PwC and Financial Times)
(http://news.ft.com)
The “World’s Most Respected Companies” is a list of the 50 global companies that are most respected
currently and in the foreseeable future. Companies are peer rated by chief executives and fund managers,
who are also asked to rate social responsibility. Pricewaterhouse Coopers and the Financial Times publish
the list.
25
Table 13. Selective Sample Academic and Academic-Affiliated Organizations and Units
Management Education Related Associations
Aspen Institute Business in Society Program (BSP)
(including www.CasePlace.org)
The Business and Society Program (BSP) “develops leaders for a sustainable global society” through
dialogue and research. It creates opportunities for executives and educators “to explore new pathways to
sustainability and values-based research.” Of particular note are the websites, www.caseplace.org that
provides case studies and syllabi and www.beyondgreypinstripes.org that ranks business schools that
integrate social and environmental stewardship into curricula and research.
CSR Academy
(http://www.csracademy.org.uk/)
The CSR Academy was launched in 2004 to help businesses of any size or sector to integrate Corporate
Social Responsibility. One of its founding partners is the Association of Business Schools.
European Academy for Business in Society
(http://www.eabis.org/)
The European Academy of Business in Society (EABIS) is “a unique alliance of companies, business
schools and academic institutions that, with the support of the European Commission, is committed to
integrating business in society issues into the heart of business theory and practice in Europe.” Its activities
include research, education and training.
European Business Ethics Network (EBEN)
(www.eben.org)
The European Business Ethics Network is an international network that promotes business ethics in the
public and private sectors, voluntary organizations and academia. It is the only network of its kind in
Europe and achieves its mission through forums, research conferences and research dissemination.
International Association of Business in Society
(http://www.iabs.net/)
Founded in 1990, the International Association for Business and Society is “a society and community for
research and teaching about the relationship between business, government and society.” It sponsors the
journal Business & Society and organizes annual global conferences.
NetImpact (student organization, founded 1993, now 10,000 members)
(www.netimpact.org)
Net Impact is a global network of student leaders seeking “to change the world through business.” It was
founded in 1993 and now has approximately 10,000 members through its college chapters, alumni and
professional members.
Social Issues in Management, Division, Academy of Management
(http://sim.aomonline.org/)
The Social Issues in Management Division (SIM) explores and analyzes “the various environments’ and
stakeholders’ influence upon the organization and the organization’s effect upon these groups.” It is part of
the Academy of Management, which is a professional association for scholars to create and disseminate
knowledge about management and organizations.
Society for Business Ethics
(http://www.societyforbusinessethics.org/
The Society for Business Ethics (SBE) is an academic society of scholars engaged in the study of or
interested in business ethics. Founded in 1980, it meets annually to present research and publishes the
journal, Business Ethics Quarterly.
26
Selected Notable Institutionally Affiliated Centers and Programs
Note: This listing is just a limited sampling of the many such centers and programs that now exist to
provide an idea of what is being done, as many universities have established related programs.
Ashridge Center for Business and Society, England
(http://www.ashridge.org.uk/www/ACBAS.nsf/Web/Ashridge+Centre+for+Business+and+Society)
The Ashridge Center for Business and Society is “an authority on changing relations between business,
government and civil society.” It is affiliated with the UK’s Ashridge Business School, and furthers the
debate on the role of business in society through executive education, research and consultancy.
Bainbridge Graduate Institute
(http://www.bgiedu.org/)
The Bainbridge Graduate Institute offers an MBA in Sustainable Business and Certificates in Sustainable
Business and Entrepreneurship & Intraprenuership. The Graduate curriculum infuses social and
environmental responsibility into every course unlike most MBA programs that offer electives, with the
goal of preparing students “to build enterprises that are financially successful, socially responsible and
environmentally sustainable.”
Center for Business Ethics, St. Thomas University, Minnesota
(http://www.stthom.edu/Public/index.asp?page_id=1670&Page_Not_Found=1)
The Center helps students and others make good and sound decisions that benefit both businesses and
communities.
Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College (USA)
(http://www.bcccc.net/)
The Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College is a membership based research organization. It
works with global corporations to help them define, plan and operationalize their corporate citizenship,
through its executive education certificate program, research, convenings and customized benchmarking
services.
Centre for Corporate Citizenship, University of South Africa (UNISA)
(http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=18145
The Center for Corporate Citizenship at the University of South Africa works to advance Corporate
Citizenship nationally through its training and education, research and advocacy, platform for information
sharing and professional advice.
Center for Responsible Business, University of California, Berkeley
(http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/responsiblebusiness/CenterFaculty.html)
As a premier educational center bridging research, theory, and practice of Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR), the Center for Responsible Business strives to educate all of its stakeholders on the roles and
responsibilities of business in society. The Center focuses on three key areas: social performance metrics,
social enterprise, and governance through research, teaching, experiential learning, and outreach.
Center for Sustainable Enterprise, University of North Carolina
(http://www.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/KI/cse/index.cfm)
The CSE at UNC's Kenan-Flagler Business School helps executives and future business leaders understand
how social and environmental considerations are changing the competitive landscape of business.
Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise, Cornell University
(http://www.johnson.cornell.edu/sge/)
The Center for Sustainable Global Enterprises emphasizes innovative research and teaching to generate and
disseminate cutting-edge methods for private enterprises to achieve profitability by framing social and
environmental challenges as unmet market needs tractable to business solutions.
Corporate Citizenship Research Unit at Deakin University (Australia)
27
(http://www.deakin.edu.au/arts/ccr/)
The Corporate Citizenship Research Unity at Australia’s Deakin University is a research and scholarship
focused institute that is grounded within the Faculty of Arts unlike most grounded in business schools. Its
goal is “to develop the theory and practice of the critical frameworks, language and methodologies” to
advance Corporate Citizenship across all sectors in Australia and Asia.
Corporate Citizenship Unit at Warwick University (United Kingdom)
(http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/research/ccu/)
The Corporate Citizenship Unit at Warwick University focuses on research, teaching and bringing together
multi-sector actors “to examine changes in the relationship between corporations, states and communities.”
The Unit specializes in the mining and energy sectors and their respective implications for public policy
and corporate strategy through the Mining and Energy Research Network (MERN).
Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
(http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cbg/CSRI/about.htm)
The Corporate Responsibility Initiative is a multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder program that is part of the
Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. It engages students and faculty in research “to
study and enhance the public role of the private enterprise” and holds workshops, dialogues, education and
outreach.
Erasmus Centre for Sustainability and Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
(http://www.eur.nl/fsw/esm)
This Centre is an interdisciplinary department for education and research on the natural environment. Also
has a program in sustainability management and auditing.
Erb Institute for Sustainable Global Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
(http://www.erb.umich.edu/)
THE Erb Institute fosters global sustainable enterprise through interdisciplinary research and education
initiatives, including through graduate programs using collaboration to help business, government, and civil
society organization achieve meaningful progress toward sustainability.
International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Nottingham University
(http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/business/ICCSR/)
The Center focuses on teaching and research in corporate social responsibility, including community
involvement, responsible products and process, and responsible employee relations through an
interdisciplinary approach and international focus.
Sustainable Enterprise Academy (SEA), York University
(http://www.sustainableenterpriseacademy.com/SSB-Extra/sea.nsf/docs/SEA)
Sustainable Enterprise Academy is an executive education program on sustainable development. It was
founded by the Erivan K. Haub Program in Business and Sustainability at the Schulich School of Business
within York University.
28
Table 14. Sample Corporate Watchdogs, NGO/Activists, and Industry-Oriented Activists1
Amnesty International
(http://www.amnesty.org/)
Amnesty International (AI) is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally
recognized human rights.
Campaign for Labor Rights
(http://www.clrlabor.org/index.htm)
The Campaign for Labor Rights mobilizes grassroots support in the US to promote economic and social
justice and end labor rights violations globally.
Child Labor Coalition
(http://www.stopchildlabor.org/)
The Child Labor Coalition is a national network for the exchange of information about child labor; provide
a forum and a unified voice on protecting working minors and ending child labor exploitation
China Labor Watch
(http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/)
China Labor Watch focuses on improving Chinese workers' working and living conditions, defending
human and labor rights, and upholding international labor and human rights standards.
Clean Clothes Campaign
(http://www.cleanclothes.org/index.htm)
The Clean Clothes Campaign is an international campaign focused on improving working conditions in the
global carment and sportswear industries and empowering workers.
Rugmark
(http://www.rugmark.org/home.php)
Rugmark works to end illegal child labor in the carpet industry and offer educational opportunities to
children in South Asia.
Corporate Accountability Project
(http://www.corporations.org/)
The Corporate Accountability Project provides educational organizing resources “to fight corporate
power.” It is organized by the Action Center, a research, organizing and networking center for the
grassroots environmental justice movement.
Corporate Accountability International (formerly Infact)
(http://www.stopcorporateabuse.org/cms/index.cfm?group_id=1000)
Corporate Accountability International is a membership organization that wages campaigns against
irresponsible, dangerous and deceptive corporations. Formerly known as Infact, Corporate Accountability
launches its campaigns through advocacy, grassroots organizing, research, education and international
alliances.
Corporate Watch
(www.corpwatch.org)
CorpWatch “investigates and exposes corporate violations of human rights, environmental crimes, fraud
and corruption around the world.” Founded in 1996 as the Transnational Resource & Action Center
(TRAC), it mobilizes society through various campaigns.
Global Exchange
(http://www.globalexchange.org/)
29
Global Exchange is a membership-based, international human rights organization. It is dedicated to
promoting global social, economic and environmental justice through awareness-raising campaigns and
international partnerships.
Global March Against Child Labor
(http://www.globalmarch.org/)
The Global March Against Child Labor is a movement to mobilize worldwide efforts to protect and
promote the rights of children, end child labor and exploitation, and support meaningful education.
Greenpeace International
(http://www.greenpeace.org/international/)
Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior,
to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace.
Human Rights Watch
(http://www.hrw.org/)
Human Rights Watch is an independent nongovernmental organization dedicated “to protecting the human
rights of people around the world”. Founded in 1978, it has a focus area in business and conducts research
investigations, generates reports and publicity, and lobbies government and corporations.
Human Rights Advocates
(http://www.humanrightsadvocates.org/)
Human Rights Advocates is a non-profit organization highly involved with the work of various United
Nations human rights bodies. Its “California Corporate Accountability Project” works to enhance corporate
social and environmental performance in partnership with other organizations.
International Initiative to End Child Labor
(http://www.endchildlabor.org/)
The International Initiative to End Child Labor works to end exploitation of children in all forms, especially
child labor and slavery.
Maquila Solidarity Network
(http://en.maquilasolidarity.org/)
The Maquila Solidarity Network is a labor and women’s rights organization working to improve conditions
in maquiladora factories and export processing zones.
Multinational Monitor (political)
(http://multinationalmonitor.org/)
The Multinational Monitor tracks corporate activity through newsletter. It is part of Essential Information
which is a non-profit founded by Ralph Nader in 1982. This organization also houses the Multinational
Resource Center, an information provider for Southern activists, environmental and consumer groups, and
journalists.
National Labor Committee
(http://www.nlcnet.org/)
The National Labor Committee supports workers rights in the global economy.
National Workrights Institute
(http://www.workrights.org/index.html)
National Workrights Institute works to improve human at work in the US.
No Sweat Apparel
(http://www.nosweatapparel.com/)
No Sweat Apparel markets “no sweat” (no sweatshop) clothing made by independent trade union members
in the US, Canada, and developing world.
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Oxfam
(http://www.oxfam.org/en/)
Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working together with over 3,000 partners in
more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice.
Sweatshop Watch
(http://www.sweatshopwatch.org/)
Sweatshop Watch is a coalition of member organizations dedicated to eliminating sweatshop conditions by
raising awareness and through the “Corporate Accountability Campaign”. It has global reach, but is
primarily focused on serving low-wage workers in the California garment industry.
Unitrabalho
(http://www.unitrabalho.org.br/)
Unitrablaho does research that benefits workers.
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Table 15. Current Legislation Related to Corporate Responsibility Issues2
Global
Kyoto Protocol (1997): Global treaties that impact corporations include the Kyoto Protocol, which is an
international treaty on climate change in which countries (excluding the US, which has not signed the
treaty) agree to voluntarily reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 3
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (2000): Ratified by 35 countries, the Anti-Bribery Convention articulates
measure to deter, prevent, and combat bribery by companies of foreign official. 4
Laws in Countries Other than the USA
United Kingdom: Socially Responsible Investment Regulation (2000) requires pension fund managers to
disclose their policies on socially responsible investment, including shareholder activism.
Belgium: Social Label Law (2003) requires annual reporting indicating how CSR is assessed in pension
funds.
France: Annual reports require social and environmental impact assessment of company activities (2001) if
listed on the French stock exchange. Retirement funds should rely on financial and social criteria in
investment selection.
Germany: Companies need to indicate how social and environmental policies are being integrated (2001),
and companies must declare whether codes are being followed or not.
The Netherlands: Mandatory compliance with OECD guidelines for multinationals to obtain export credits
(2002).
Norway: All enterprises need to include environmental reports in yearly balances (1999).
Sweden: All enterprises need to include environmental reports in yearly balances (1999).
European Commission: In a communication to the Parliament required that CSR criteria be introduced in
legislation of member states.
European Union: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Director (effective 2006) restricts the use of six
hazardous materials in the manufacture of electronic and electrical equipment.
REACH Legislation (2006). Industry-oriented legislation that seeks Registration, Evaluation,
Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), which requires that companies that manufacture
more than a ton of chemicals annually to register in a database administered by the EU Chemicals Agency,
an new entity.
Other Nations
Japan: As of 2003, audits of listed companies are required to disclose material information on risk related
to corporate viability, including financial and business risks, but extending to reputation and ‘conspicuous
deterioration of brand image.’5
Australia: As of 2003, a law passed in 2002 requires all investment firms to disclose how they take socially
responsible investment into account.
USA
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)
Establishes independence of audit committees on corporate boards, corporate responsibility for financial
reports (CEOs and CFOs are required to certify the appropriateness of financial statements and
disclosures), makes it unlawful for officers and directors to fraudulently influence, coerce, manipulate, or
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mislead auditors, forces repayment or forfeiture of bonuses and profits in the case of accounting
restatements, allows the SEC to bar people who have violated SEC regulations from holding officer and
director positions, prohibits insider trades during pension fund blackout periods, establishes rules of
professional responsibility for attorneys, and authorizes the SEC to establish funds for the relief of victims
(Badawi & Fitzsimons, 2002).
Accounting for Intangibles
As part of the reforms that accompanied Sarbanes-Oxley, the Securities and Exchange Commission
required that intangible assets and goodwill, which now represent a major proportion of many firms assets,
be valued and reported immediately, rather than waiting until annual reports. 6
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) prohibits bribery by US companies.7 Along with the US Sentencing
Guidelines8 became a centerpiece of anti-corruption and compliance-driven ethics within companies during
the 1970s.
Alien Claims Tort Act of 1789 allows suits to be filed in the US, wherever the abuse occurs, and has
recently been used to file suits on human rights violations in supply chains, against companies like Liz
Claiborne and Unocal.9
Voluntary Pressure Tactics in the US
CallPers recently stated: CalPERS has embarked on a large-scale project to develop and deploy a
comprehensive framework for measuring, monitoring, and managing risk… .
Over the next several years, risk management will be come a driving force in the decision-making process
used for our portfolio management (3/25/04), posted at
http://www.calpers.com/index.jsp?bc=/investments/riskmanagesystem.xml (4/21/04).
A coalition of SRI firms, including Calvert, Citizens Funds, Domini Social Investments, Green Century,
Capital Management, Parnassus, Trillium, and Walden Asset Management submitted a letter to the SEC in
2002 seeking disclosure of financially significant environmental risk.
Operating and Financial Review Standard, United Kingdom Accounting Standards Board (2005). Provides
a framework of principles-based standards intended to foster greater transparency from directors about the
strategy and important material issues facing the company. 10
1
Note that the labor organizations mostly are posted on the Labor Rights Advocates listing,
http://www.laborrights.org/links/.
2
European regulations are listed in Reputation Institute In-Sights, January-February, 2004.
3 See http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php for details about the Kyoto Protocol, viewed
8/17/07.
4 For details, go to:
http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,3343,en_2649_34859_2017813_1_1_1_1,00.html, viewed
8/17/07.
5
Masahiko Kawamura, Japanese Companies Launch New Era of CSR Management in 2003. Social
Development Research Group, posted at http://www.nli-research.co.jp/eng/resea/life/li030806.pdf
(4/22/04).
6 The Financial Accounting Standards Board Ruling on this matter can be found at:
http://www.fasb.org/st/summary/stsum142.shtml, viewed 8/17/07.
7 Details can be found at: http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/, viewed 8/17/07.
8 Details can be found at: http://www.ussc.gov/2006guid/TABCON06.htm; current updates are
available at: http://www.ussc.gov/guidelin.htm, viewed 8/17/07.
9 For more information, go to: http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/atca/atcaindx.htm, viewed
8/17/07.
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10
For more information, go to: http://www.frc.org.uk/asb/press/pub0793.html%20 (8/14/07).
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