Siegert et al. Supplementary Online Material
Appendix 1 - References for 20 studies using SRT task1
Brown, R. G., Jahanshahi, M., Limousin-Dowsey, P., Thomas, D., Quinn,
N. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2003). Pallidotomy and incidental sequence learning in
Parkinson's disease. NeuroReport, 14(1), 21-24.*
Dominey, P. F., Ventre-Dominey, J., Broussolle, E. & Jeannerod, M.
(1996). Analogical transfer is effective in a serial reaction time task in Parkinson'e
disease: Evidence for a dissociable form of sequence learning.
Neuropsychologia, 35, (1), 1-9. **
Doyon, J., Gaudreau, D., Laforce Jr., R., Castonguay, M., Bédard, P. J.,
Bédard, F., & Bouchard, J.-P. (1997). Role of the striatum, cerebellum, and
frontal lobes in the learning of a visuomotor sequence. Brain and Cognition, 34,
218-245.**
Doyon, J., Laforce Jr., R., Bouchard, G., Gaudreau, D., Roy, J., Poirier,
M., Bédard, P. J., Bédard, F., & Bouchard, J.-P. (1998). Role of the striatum,
cerebellum, and frontal lobes in the automatization of a repeated visuomotor
sequence of movements. Neuropsychologia, 36, (7), 625-641.**
Ferraro, F. R., Balota, D. A., & Connor, L. T. (1993). Implicit memory and
formation of new associations in nondemented Parkinson's disease individuals
and individuals with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: A serial reaction time
(SRT) investigation. Brain and Cognition, 21, 163-180.*
Ghilardi, M.-F., Eidelberg, D., Silvestri, G., & Ghez, C. (2003). The
differential effect of PD and normal aging on early explicit sequence learning.
Neurology, 60, 1313-1319.**
Helmuth, L. L., Mayr, U., & Daum, I. (2000). Sequence learning in
Parkinson's disease: a comparison of spatial-attention and number-response
sequences. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1443-1451.**
Jackson, G. M., Jackson, S. R., Harrison, J., Henderson, L., & Kennard,
C. (1995). Serial reaction time learning and Parkinson's disease: Evidence for a
procedural learning deficit. Neuropsychologia, 33, 577-593.**
Kelly, S. W., Janhanshahi, M., & Dirnberger, G. (2004). Learning of
ambiguous versus hybrid sequences by patients with Parkinson's disease.
Neuropsychologia, 42, 1350-1357.*
Laforce Jr., R. & Doyon, J. (2001). Distinct contribution of the striatum and
cerebellum to motor learning. Brain and Cognition, 45, 189-211.**
Pascual-Leone, A., Grafman, J., Clark, K., Stewart, M., Massaquoi, S.,
Lou, J.-S., & Hallett, M. (1993). Procedural learning in Parkinson's disease and
cerebellar degeneration. Annals of Neurology, 34(4), 594-602.*
Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Sole, J., Brasil-Neto, J. P., Cammarota, A.,
Grafman, J., & Hallett, M. (1994). Akinesia in Parkinson's disease. II. Effects of
subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Neurology, 44, 892898.*
Shin, J. C., & Ivry, R. B. (2003). Spatial and temporal sequence learning in
patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebellar lesions. Journal of Cognitive
Neuroscience, 15(8), 1232-1243.*
Smith, J. G., & McDowall, J. (2004). impaired higher order implicit
sequence learning on the verbal version of the Serial Reaction Time task in
patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology, 18(4), 679-691.*
Smith, J., Siegert, R. J., & McDowall, J. (2001). Preserved implict learning
on both the serial reaction time task and artificial grammar in patients with
parkinson's disease. Brain and Cognition, 45, 378-391.*
Sommer, M., Grafman, J., Clark, K., & Hallett, M. (1999). Learning in
Parkinson's disease: eyeblink conditioning, declarative learning, and procedural
learning. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 67, 27-34.*
Stefanova, E. D., Kostic, V. S., Ziropadja, L., Markovic, M., & Ocic, G. C.
(2000). Visuomotor skill learning on Serial Reaction Time task in patients with
early Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 15(6), 1095-1103.*
Werheid, K., Ziessler, M., Nattkemper, D., & von Cramen, D. Y. (2003).
Sequence learning in Parkinson's disease: The effect of spatial-stimulus
response compatibility. Brain and Cognition, 52, 239-249.*
Werheid, K., Zysset, S., Muller, A., Reuter, M., & von Cramen, D. Y.
(2003). Rule learning in a serial reaction time task: An fMRI study on patients
with early Parkinson's disease. Cognitive Brain Research, 16, 273-284.*
Westwater, H., McDowall, J., Siegert, R. J., Mossman, S., & Abernethy, D.
(1998). Implicit learning in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from a verbal version
of the serial reaction time task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Neuropsychology, 20(1), 1-6.*
1NOTE:
A single asterisk denotes a study that used the SRT task and included
both sequence blocks and a randomised block. Two asterisks denote a study
that either used the SRT task but did not include a block of random sequence
trials or used a variation of the SRT task that was so different from the standard
Nissen and Bullemer SRT task that it precluded inclusion in the meta-anlysis.
Appendix 2 - Process of inclusion of studies in the meta-analysis.
Potentially relevant studies
meeting search criteria to
May 2005 (n=134)
Excluded if not reporting
original research on implicit
learning in PD, not published in
a peer-reviewed journal, not in
English (n=98)
Studies retrieved for a
more detailed evaluation
(n=36)
Excluded if SRT task not used
(n=16), or if random sequence
block not included etc. (n=7);
(N=23)
Studies to be included in
the systematic review
(n=13)
Excluded if necessary data for
meta-analysis not included
(n=7)
Studies to be included in
the meta-analysis (n=6)
Appendix 3 – Results of the Funnel plot for PD implicit learning
10
Inverse Variance
8
6
4
2
0
-0.50 -0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
Standardised Mean Difference
1.50
1.75
2.00