Linus Pauling Stuff

726934274 Page 1 of 20

Bibliographic Information

Commentary: who was Linus Pauling?

White, Harold B. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of

Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (2006), 34(4), 305. Publisher:

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CODEN: BMBECE ISSN: 1470-8175. Journal written in

English. AN 2006:713324 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Citations

1) Dintzis, H; Biochem Molec Biol Educ 2006, 34, 241

2) Dintzis, H; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1961, 47, 247

3) Allison, A; Biochem Molec Biol Educ 2002, 30, 279


Linus pauling controversial chemist.

Woods, Gordon. Rutland, UK. Chemistry Review (Deddington, United

Kingdom) (2005), 15(1), 17-19. Publisher: Philip Allan, CODEN: CEEVE3 ISSN: 0959-8464. Journal written in

English. CAN 144:50910 AN 2005:1156312 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A biog. of a great American chemist Linus Pauling is presented. One idea for which he was particularly famous was electronegativity. Pauling defined the term electronegativity as the power of an atom in a mol. to attract electrons to itself.

The Pauling electronegativity scale can predict how polar a bond with be. In the 1930s Pauling began to work on biochem. problems and was the first to propose the



-helix and



-pleated sheet arrangements in protein structure. In the

1940s Pauling investigated the genetic disorder sickle cell anemia and realized that the sickle cell defect is due to a change in the amino acid sequence of the Hb mol., causing the deoxygenated sickle Hb mols. to stick together. The article also discusses Pauling's pacifist views and awards of the Nobel chem. prize in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chem. bond and Nobel peace prize in 1962. Pauling's work with Vitamin C is briefly touched upon.

Indexing -- Section 20-1 (History, Education, and Documentation)

Section cross-reference(s): 6, 14, 18, 65

Awards

(Nobel prize; scientific contributions of Linus Pauling)

Biography

(Pauling, Linus)

Scientists

(chemists; scientific contributions of Linus Pauling)

Bond

Electronegativity

Polarity

Sickle cell anemia



-Helix



-Sheet

(scientific contributions of Linus Pauling)

Hemoglobins

Role: MSC (Miscellaneous); NUU (Other use, unclassified); USES (Uses)


50-81-7, Vitamin C, miscellaneous



Supplementary Terms

726934274 Page 2 of 20 biog Pauling chemist electronegativity polarity chem bond; vitamin C sickle cell anemia Hb protein structure


Linus Pauling.

Hargittai, Balazs; Hargittai, Istvan. St. Francis University, Loretto, PA, USA. Chemistry

International (2005), 27(2), 10-12. Publisher: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, CODEN: CINRDT

ISSN: 0193-6484. Journal written in English. CAN 143:114931 AN 2005:281921 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006

ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Linus Pauling (1901 - 1994) was one of the greatest scientists of the twentieth century. He received two unshared Nobel

Prizes. The first was in 1954 in chem. "for his research into the nature of the chem. bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.". Less than 10 years later, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

1962.


Awards

Bond

Molecular shape



-Helix

(Linus Pauling received 1954 Nobel Prize in Chem. and 1962 Nobel Peace Prize)

Scientists

(chemists; Linus Pauling received 1954 Nobel Prize in Chem. and 1962 Nobel Peace Prize)


Pauling award chem bond complex substance


Three garner $1 million prizes for materials science.

Anon. USA. Chemical & Engineering News (2005),

83(12), 55. Publisher: American Chemical Society, CODEN: CENEAR ISSN: 0009-2347. Journal written in English.

CAN 142:429587 AN 2005:271688 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Robert S. Langer, Kenneth J. Germeshausen Professor of Chem. & Biomedical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of

Technol.; C.N.R. Rao, Linus Pauling Research Professor and honorary president of the Jawaharlal Nehru Center for

Advanced Scientific Research in Banglaore, India; and George M. Whitesides, a professor in the department of chem. and chem. biol. at Harvard University, will each receive a $1 million Dan David Prize for the Future Time Dimension. These awards recognize achievements in materials science. Langer is a pioneer in the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering and has created numerous biomaterials. Rao's work on transition-metal oxides led to a basic understanding of the relation between the properties of materials and their structural chem., while Whitesides' studies led to work on selfassembly monolayers.


Awards

(Dan David Prize for Future Time Dimension; Robert S. Langer, C.N.R. Rao, and George M. Whitesides received $1 million Dan David Prize for materials science)

Materials

(science; Robert S. Langer, C.N.R. Rao, and George M. Whitesides received $1 million Dan David Prize for materials science)

726934274 Page 3 of 20

Supplementary Terms award Langer Rao Whitesides material science


The Discovery of the DNA Double Helix.

Klug, Aaron. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road,

Cambridge, UK. Journal of Molecular Biology (2003), Volume Date 2004, 335(1), 3-26. Publisher: Elsevier,

CODEN: JMOBAK ISSN: 0022-2836. Journal written in English. CAN 140:76601 AN 2003:940351 CAPLUS

(Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

This article aims to tell the story of how DNA structure was solved in the Cavendish Lab., Cambridge by Francis Crick and

James Watson, using X-ray diffraction data from fibers of DNA obtained by Rosalind Franklin at King's College, London.

The story and history include: the origin of the research on DNA, the early investigations by Maurice Wilkins at King's

College, the sorting out of the two forms of DNA by Franklin, the wrong paths taken, the intervention of old rivalries from an earlier generation (Lawrence Bragg and Linus Pauling), and the final model-building by Watson and Crick to give the three dimensional structure. Also described is the reception of the proposed structure, and its biochem. confirmation by

Arthur Kornberg and its x-ray crystallog. at King's College by Wilkins' group. Yet this remained a discovery in chem., until the biol. principle of "semiconservative " replication was proved by Messelson and Stahl in 1958.


Helix (conformation)

(DNA; discovery of DNA double helix)

Scientists

(chemists; scientific contributions of Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, Francis Crick, and James Watson to elucidating structure of DNA)

History

X-ray diffraction

(discovery of DNA double helix)

DNA


(discovery of DNA double helix)

Crystallography

(x-ray; discovery of DNA double helix)

Supplementary Terms history DNA double helix Franklin Wilkins Watson Crick Pauling

Citations

1) Watson, J; Nature 1953, 171, 737

2) Wilkins, M; Nature 1953, 171, 739

3) Franklin, R; Nature 1953, 171, 742

4) Watson, J; Nature 1953

5) Crick, F; Proc Roy Soc 1954, 223, 80

6) Watson, J; Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 1953, 18, 123

7) Franklin, R; Acta Crystallog, Submitted 1953, 6, 673

8) Franklin, R; Nature 1953, 172, 156

9) Wilkins, M; Nature 1953, 172, 759

10) Gosling, R; Thesis, University of London 1954

11) Langridge, R; J Mol Biol 1960, 2, 19

726934274 Page 4 of 20

12) Langridge, R; J Mol Biol 1960, 2, 38

13) Anon; Rosalind Franklin papers

14) Wilkins, M; Nobel Lecture in Le Prix Nobel en 1962 (Stockholm)

15) Klug, A; Nature, 219, 808

15) Klug, A; Nature 1968, 883

16) Perutz, M; Science 1969, 164, 1537

17) Crick, F; Nature 1974, 248, 766

18) Klug, A; Nature 1974, 248, 787

19) Wilson, H; Trends Biochem Sci 1988, 13, 275

19) Wilson, H; Trends Biochem Sci 2001, 26, 334

20) Watson, J; The Double Helix:Text Commentary, Reviews, Original Papers 1980

21) Olby, R; The Path to the Double Helix 1974

22) Judson, H; The Eighth Day of Creation:The Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Expanded Edition 1996

23) Chomet, S; Genesis of a Discovery:DNA Structure 1993

24) Sayre, A; Rosalind Franklin and DNA 1975


The discovery of the



-helix and



-sheet, the principal structural features of proteins.

Eisenberg, David.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of California-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and

Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

United States of America (2003), 100(20), 11207-11210. Publisher: National Academy of Sciences, CODEN: PNASA6

ISSN: 0027-8424. Journal written in English. CAN 139:350264 AN 2003:816486 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006


Abstract

PNAS papers by Linus Pauling, Robert Corey, and Herman Branson in the spring of 1951 proposed the



-helix and the



sheet, now known to form the backbones of tens of thousands of proteins. They deduced these fundamental building blocks from properties of small mols., known both from crystal structures and from Pauling's resonance theory of chem. bonding that predicted planar peptide groups. Earlier attempts by others to build models for protein helixes had failed both by including nonplanar peptides and by insisting on helixes with an integral no. of units per turn. In major respects, the Pauling-Corey-Branson models were astoundingly correct, including bond lengths that were not surpassed in accuracy for >40 yr. However, they did not consider the hand of the helix or the possibility of bent sheets. They also proposed structures and functions that have not been found, including the



-helix.


Section cross-reference(s): 6



-Helix



-Sheet

(discovery of



-helix and



-sheet, the principal structural features of proteins)

Proteins

Role: PRP (Properties)

(discovery of



-helix and



-sheet, the principal structural features of proteins)

Supplementary Terms alpha helix beta sheet protein Pauling Corey Branson

Citations

1) Pauling, L; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1951, 37, 205

2) Bragg, L; Proc R Soc London Ser A 1950, 203, 321

3) Todd, L; The Legacy of Sir Lawrence Bragg 1990, 95

4) Serafini, A; Linus Pauling:A Man and His Science 1989, 131

5) Crick, F; Nature 1952, 170, 882


726934274 Page 5 of 20

7) Perutz, M; I Wish I'd Made You Angry Earlier 1998, 173

8) Hager, T; Force of Nature:The Life of Linus Pauling 1995, 379

9) Blake, C; Nature 1965, 206, 759

10) Chothia, C; J Mol Biol 1973, 75, 295

11) Bosco, K; J Mol Biol 2002, 317, 291

12) Dunitz, J; Angew Chem Int Ed 2001, 40, 4167

13) Kortemme, T; J Mol Biol 2003, 326, 1239

14) Ramachandran, G; J Mol Biol 1963, 7, 95

15) Engh, R; Acta Crystallogr A 1991, 47, 392


Linus Pauling and sickle cell disease.

Eaton, William A. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney

Diseases, Building 5, Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Biophysical

Chemistry (2003), 100 109-116. Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V., CODEN: BICIAZ ISSN: 0301-4622. Journal written in English. CAN 139:84682 AN 2003:212567 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

The 1949 paper by Linus Pauling et al. [Science 110 (1949) 543-548] describing the discovery of sickle disease anemia as the first mol. disease had a major impact on biol. and medicine. Inspired by the scholarly works of John Edsall on the history of Hb research, a brief retrospective anal. of Pauling's paper is presented. Some personal recollections of Edsall and Pauling are also provided.



Scientists

(chemists; discovery of sickle cell anemia as first mol. disease with major impact on biol. and medicine)

History

Sickle cell anemia

(discovery of sickle cell anemia as first mol. disease with major impact on biol. and medicine)

Hemoglobins

Role: MSC (Miscellaneous)

(discovery of sickle cell anemia as first mol. disease with major impact on biol. and medicine)

Supplementary Terms history sickle disease anemia mol disease Hb pauling Edsall

Citations

1) Cohn, E; Proteins, Amino Acids, and Peptides 1943

2) Edsall, J; Biophysical Chemistry 1958

3) Edsall, J; J Hist Biol 1972, 5, 205

4) Edsall, J; Fed Proc 1980, 39, 226

5) Edsall, J; Perspect Biol Med 1986, 29, S107


7) Koshland, D; Biochemistry 1966, 5, 365

8) Monod, J; J Mol Biol 1965, 12, 88

9) Perutz, M; Nature 1970, 228, 726

10) Eaton, W; Simplicity and Complexity in Proteins and Nucleic Acids 1999, 179

11) Eaton, W; Nat Struct Biol 1999, 6, 351

12) Shulman, R; IUBMB Life 2001, 51, 351

13) Shulman, R; Quart Rev Biophys 1975, 8, 325

14) Pauling, L; Science 1949, 110, 543

15) Pauling, L; Science 1950, 111, 459

726934274 Page 6 of 20

16) Pauling, L; Rep Biol Med 1980, 40, 1

17) Sherman, I; Bull Johns Hopkins Hospital 1940, 67, 309


19) Ham, T; Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1940, 55, 127

20) Diggs, L; Ann Int Med 1933, 7, 769

21) Neel, J; Science 1949, 110, 64

22) Ponder, E; Ann NY Acad Sci 1947, 48, 579

23) Pauling, L; Proc Am Phil Soc 1952, 96, 1246

24) Schroeder, W; J Biol Chem 1950, 187, 221

25) Ingram, V; Nature 1956, 178, 792

26) Ingram, V; Nature 1957, 180, 326

27) Pauling, L; Physiol Rev 1943, 23, 203

28) Sunshine, H; J Mol Biol 1982, 158, 251

29) Padlan, E; J Biol Chem 1985, 260, 8280

30) Zuckerkandl, E; J Theor Biol 1965, 8, 357

31) Bunn, H; Hemoglobin: Molecular, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects 1987

32) Bunn, H; Nature 1983, 306, 498

33) Hofrichter, J; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974, 71, 4864

34) Eaton, W; Adv Protein Chem 1990, 40, 63

35) Mozzarelli, A; Science 1987, 237, 500

36) Eaton, W; Blood 1987, 70, 1245

36) Mielczarek, E; Reprinted in Biological Physics; Key Papers in Physics 1993, 204

37) Eaton, W; Science 1995, 268, 1142

38) Bridges, K; Blood 1996, 88, 4701

39) Brugnara, C; Blood Cells Mol Dis 2001, 27, 71

40) Dykes, G; Nature 1978, 272, 506

41) Ferrone, F; Biophys J 1980, 32, 361

42) Pauling, L; Nature 1964, 203, 182


44) Eaton, W; J Am Chem Soc 1978, 100, 4991

45) Hofrichter, J; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973, 70, 3604

46) Eaton, W; Nature 1980, 284, 183


Linus Pauling and the scientific debate over fallout hazards.

Jolly, J. Christopher. History of Science Program,

Oregon State University, USA. Endeavour (2002), 26(4), 149-153. Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd., CODEN:

ENDEAS ISSN: 0160-9327. Journal written in English. CAN 139:132952 AN 2003:48722 CAPLUS (Copyright (C)

2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

From 1954 to 1963, numerous scientists engaged in a public debate over the possible hazards from radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Nobel Laureate and California Institute of Technol. chemist, Linus Pauling, was one of the most prominent among these scientists. Pauling's scientific papers relating to the fallout debate reveal many of the scientific, social, and political issues involved in the controversy. Although the public controversy ended after the signing of the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, many of the scientific questions about the possible hazards of low-level radiation remain under debate within the scientific community. Moreover, the fallout debate was a prototype of current controversies over environmental and public health hazards.



Scientists

(chemists; contributions of Linus Pauling to scientific debate over possible radioactive fallout hazards from nuclear weapons testing)

Carcinogens

Health hazard

726934274 Page 7 of 20

History

Human

Nuclear weapons

Public health

Radioactive fallout

(contributions of Linus Pauling to scientific debate over possible radioactive fallout hazards from nuclear weapons testing)

Standards, legal and permissive

(environmental; contributions of Linus Pauling to scientific debate over possible radioactive fallout hazards from nuclear weapons testing)

Radiation

(exposure, low-level; contributions of Linus Pauling to scientific debate over possible radioactive fallout hazards from nuclear weapons testing)

10098-97-2, Strontium 90, miscellaneous

14762-75-5, Carbon 14, miscellaneous

Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity); MSC (Miscellaneous); BIOL (Biological study)

(contributions of Linus Pauling to scientific debate over possible radioactive fallout hazards from nuclear weapons testing)

Supplementary Terms history radioactive fallout hazard nuclear weapon testing public health

Citations

1) California Institute of Technology Archives; Transcript of the National Academy of Sciences Committee to Study the

Biological Effects of Radiation, Genetics Panel, second meeting, Beadle papers 1956, 7

2) Bugher, J; 1955

3) Anon; Verbatim transcript of the second Pugwash Conference of Nuclear Scientists, eighth meeting 1958, 394

4) Anon; New York Times 1958

5) Spiegel, G; 1958

6) Kulp, J; New York Times 1958

7) Pauling, L; New York Times 1958

8) Libby, W; 1958

9) DuShane, G; Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers 1958

10) Pualing, L; Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers 1958

11) Lewis, E; Science 1957, 125, 965

12) Muller, H; Science 1927, 66, 84

13) Brues, A; Science 1958, 128, 693

14) Teller, E; Our Nuclear Future 1958, 124

15) Pauling, L; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1958, 44, 621

16) Finkel, M; Science 1958, 128, 637

17) Anon; New York Times 1958, 1

18) Pauling, L; New York Times 1958

19) Finkel, M; Letter to the New York Times 1958


21) Roth, J; Letter to Science 1958, 128, 1532

22) NNSA/NV Coordination and Information Center; Transcript of the Meeting of the National Advisory Committee on

Radiation 1958


Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker. Edited by Clifford Mead and Thomas Hager.

Kauffman, George B.;

Kauffman, Laurie M. California State University, Fresno, CA, USA. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition

(2002), 41(21), 4143-4144. Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, CODEN: ACIEF5 ISSN: 1433-7851.

Journal; Book Review written in English. AN 2002:908305 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

726934274 Page 8 of 20


Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker. A Centenary Volume Edited By Clifford Mead and Thomas Hager.

Davenport, Derek A. Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Journal of Chemical

Education (2002), 79(8), 946-948. Publisher: Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society,

CODEN: JCEDA8 ISSN: 0021-9584. Journal; Book Review written in English. AN 2002:545485 CAPLUS


Chemical peacemaker.

Knight, David. Department of Philosophy, University of Durham, Durham, UK. Chemistry in Britain (2001), 37(11), 30-32. Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 136:101856 AN 2001:895095 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A brief account of the life and achievements of Linus Pauling, the only person to receive two unshared Nobel prizes, is presented. Pauling won the Nobel Prizes for chem. in 1954 for his research on the chem. bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances. In 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace for his spirited opposition to nuclear weapons.


Biography

(Pauling, Linus)

Molecular structure

(contributions of L. Pauling to study of chem. bonds and structure of complex substances)

Supplementary Terms biog Pauling mol structure

Citations

1) Kauffman, G; Chem Ind 2001, 106

2) Dunitz, J; Linus Carl Pauling 1996, 42, 317

3) Perutz, M; I wish I'd made you angry earlier 1998, 163

4) Nye, M; Communicating chemistry; textbooks and their audiences 2000, 397

5) Hargittai, I; Candid science: conversations with famous chemists 2000, 7

6) Anon; Linus Pauling on peace 1998

7) Emsley, J; Chem Br 1995, 946


Pauling's left-handed



-helix.

Dunitz, Jack D. Organic Chemistry Laboratory, ETH-Honggerberg, Zurich, Switz.

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2001), 40(22), 4167-4173. Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, CODEN:

ACIEF5 ISSN: 1433-7851. Journal written in English. CAN 136:101861 AN 2001:893105 CAPLUS (Copyright (C)

2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Linus Pauling was the first to propose an



-helix configuration of the polypeptide chain, which has been regarded as a milestone in speculative model building in mol. biol. Its formulation is considered as the forerunner of the vast investment in computer-assisted mol. modeling in present day research in structural chem. However, closer examn. revealed that the arbitrary assignment of the R groups may be incorrect since the helix was drawn left-handed. The best evidence for this comes from the X-ray diffraction patterns of synthetic polypeptide fibers. For fibers built from the natural series of Sconfigured amino acids, somewhat better agreement with the X-ray patterns was generally obtained with models based on right-handed helixes, but the differences were not large and hardly conclusive. Further evidence was provided by John

Kendrew et al. who offered the first direct proof that



-helixes are present in proteins. Based on the findings of this study,

726934274 Page 9 of 20 the electron d. of the whole myoglobin mol. was plotted in the correct abs. configuration. All the lengths of the



-helix were found to be right-handed. In addn., the mol. as a whole was found to be of the same hand as the four closely similar subunits in Hb, for which the abs. configuration had been detd. by anomalous scattering measurements.



Absolute configuration

History

Stereochemistry

(Pauling's left handed



-helix)

Helix (conformation)

(protein; Pauling's left handed



-helix)

Supplementary Terms alpha helix protein conformation abs configuration Pauling history

Citations


2) Cahn, R; Experientia 1956, 12, 81

2) Cahn, R; Angew Chem 1966, 78, 413

2) Cahn, R; Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1966, 5, 385

3) Bijvoet, J; Nature 1951, 168, 271

4) Peerdeman, A; Proc Konink Neder Akad Wetensch B 1951, 54, 16

5) Fischer, E; Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 1896, 29, 1377

6) Brewster, P; Nature 1950, 166, 178

6) Cahn, R; J Chem Soc 1950, 612

7) Dunitz, J; Acta Crystallogr Sect A 1995, 51, 588

8) Coster, D; Z Phys 1930, 63, 345

9) Brongersma, H; Phys Lett 1973, 19, 217

10) Addadi, L; J Am Chem Soc 1982, 104, 2075

10) Berkovitch-Yellin, Z; Nature 1982, 296, 27

11) Wood, W; J Chem Phys 1952, 20, 561

12) Kuhn, W; Z Elektrochem 1952, 56, 506

13) Kirkwood, J; J Chem Phys 1937, 5, 469




18) Donohue, J; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1953, 39, 470

19) Low, B; Aspects of Protein Structure in Currents in Biochemical Research 1956, 398

20) Pauling, L; Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals, 3rd ed 1960

21) Hodgkin, D; Annual Reports on Progress in Chemistry for 1951 1952, 361

22) Watson, J; Nature 1953, 171, 737

23) Furberg, S; Acta Chem Scand 1952, 6, 634

24) Crick, F; Proc R Soc London Ser A 1954, 223, 80

25) Huggins, M; J Am Chem Soc 1952, 74, 3963

26) Elliot, A; Proc R Soc London Ser A 1959, 249, 30

27) Kendrew, J; Nature 1960, 185, 422

28) Trommel, J; Acta Crystallogr 1954, 7, 703

29) Perutz, M; Nature 1960, 185, 416

30) Mislow, K; Introduction to Stereochemistry 1965

30) Kelvin; Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light 1904

30) Mislow, K; Topics in Stereochemistry, chap 1 1999, 22

30) Whyte, L; Nature 1957, 180, 513

30) Whyte, L; Nature 1958, 182, 198

726934274 Page 10 of 20


Linus Pauling: scientist of the century.

Kauffman, George B.; Kauffman, Laurie M.; Mayo, Isaac. California State

Univ., Fresno, CA, USA. Chemistry & Industry (London, United Kingdom) (2001), (4), 106-109. Publisher: Society of Chemical Industry, CODEN: CHINAG ISSN: 0009-3068. Journal written in English. CAN 134:340026 AN

2001:145682 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A biog of Linus Pauling (1901-1994), one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century as well as a passionate peace campaigner.


Biography

(Pauling, Linus)

Supplementary Terms biog Pauling

Citations

1) Serafini, A; Linus Pauling: a man and his science 1989

2) Newton, D; Linus Pauling: scientist and advocate 1994

3) Kauffman, G; Chem Br 1994, 30, 861

4) Kauffman, G; Am Scientist 1994, 82, 522

5) Goertzel, T; Linus Pauling: a life in science and politics 1995

6) Hager, T; Force of nature: the life of Linus Pauling 1995

7) Anon; Linus Pauling in his own words: selections from his writings, speeches, and interviews 1995

8) Kauffman, G; The World & I 1995, 10, 208

9) Kauffman, G; J Chem Educ 1996, 73, 29

10) Kauffman, G; Angew Chem, Int Ed Engl 1997, 36, 1655

11) Hager, T; Linus Pauling and the chemistry of life 1998

12) Pauling, L; The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals: an introduction to modern structural chemistry 1939



12) Pauling, L; The chemical bond: a brief introduction to modern structural chemistry 1967

13) Pauling, L; Vitamin c and the common cold 1970

14) Pauling, L; The architecture of molecules 1964

15) Pauling, L; J Am Chem Soc 1950, 72, 5349

16) Anon; Linus Pauling on peace: a scientist speaks out on humanism and world survival 1998

17) Irvine, R; The World & I 1995, 10, 18

18) Pauling, L; No more war! 1958

18) Pauling, L; No more war! 1983


V.M. Tatevskii (1914-1999), a distinguished chemist known by the resonance controversy.

Vilkov, L. V.

Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. Chemical Intelligencer (2000), 6(4), 34-36.

Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc., CODEN: CHEIFK ISSN: 0947-0662. Journal written in English. CAN

134:222180 AN 2000:885278 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A brief biog. of Russian chemist Vladimir Mikhailovich Tatevskii (1914-1999) is presented. One of his most important

726934274 Page 11 of 20 contributions is his critique of Linus Pauling's theory of resonance in 1949-51.


Biography

(Tatevskii, Vladimir)

Supplementary Terms biog Tatevskii


Interdisciplinary applications of Pauling's metallic orbital and unsynchronized resonance to problems of modern physical chemistry: conductivity, magnetism, molecular stability, superconductivity, catalysis, photoconductivity, and chemical reactions.

Pavao, Antonio C.; Taft, Carlton A.; Guimaraes, Tereza C. F.; Leao,

Marcelo B. C.; Mohallem, Jose R.; Lester, William A., Jr. Departamento de Quimica Fundamental, Universidade

Federal de Pernambuco, Recife PE, Brazil. Journal of Physical Chemistry A (2001), 105(1), 5-11. Publisher:

American Chemical Society, CODEN: JPCAFH ISSN: 1089-5639. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN

134:147042 AN 2000:858883 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A review with 49 refs. The resonating valence bond theory, emphasizing unsynchronized resonance and metallic orbitals, introduced by Linus Pauling 50 yr ago, has become an easily visualized tool for describing some electron transfer processes. It has yielded simple, qual. and useful descriptions of a wide variety of phenomena including the stability and geometry of mols., cond., photocond., supercond., magnetism, surface catalyzed reactions, chem. carcinogenesis as well as the stability of the metallic state.


Atomic orbital

Catalysis

Electron transfer

Magnetism

Photoconductivity

Physical chemistry

Resonance

Superconductivity

Valence bond theory

(interdisciplinary applications of Pauling's metallic orbital and unsynchronized resonance to problems of modern phys. chem.)

Transition metals, miscellaneous

Role: MSC (Miscellaneous)

(interdisciplinary applications of Pauling's metallic orbital and unsynchronized resonance to problems of modern phys. chem.)

Stability

(mol.; interdisciplinary applications of Pauling's metallic orbital and unsynchronized resonance to problems of modern phys. chem.)

Supplementary Terms review valence bond theory metallic orbital unsynchronized resonance

Citations

1) Pauling, L; Nature (London) 1948, 61, 1019

726934274 Page 12 of 20

2) Pauling, L; J Solid State Chem 1984, 54, 297

3) Pauling, L; J Chem Educ 1992, 69, 519

4) Pauling, L; Phys Rev Lett 1987, 59, 225

5) Mohallem, J; Z Phys D: Atoms Molecules Clusters 1997, 42, 135

6) Pavao, A; J Phys Chem Solids 1989, 669-673, 1989

7) Aguiar, J; J Phys-Condens Matter 1996, 8, 10545

8) Aguiar, J; J Magnetism Magn Mater 1992, 104, 547

9) Yu, M; J Phys Condens Matter 1995, 7, 213

10) Pavao, A; Phys Rev B 1989, 40, 2879

11) Pavao, A; Phys Rev B 1991, 44, 1910

12) Pavao, A; Phys Rev B 1991, 43, 6962

13) Pavao, A; Phys Surf Sci 1995, 323, 340

14) Guimaraes, T; Phys Rev B 1997, 56, 7001

15) Pavao, A; Trends in Chem Phys 1994, 3, 109

16) Pavao, A; J Mol Struct 1999, 458, 99

17) Guimaraes, T; Phys Rev B 1999, 60, 11789


19) Leao, M; Int J Quantum Chem 1997, 62, 323


21) Taft, C; Int Rev Phys Chem 1999, 18, 163

22) Quintao, A; Eur Phys J D 1999, 6, 89

23) Harcourt, R; J Phys B: Atom Mol Phys 1974, 7, L41

24) Harcourt, R; J Mol Struct 1993, 300, 245

25) Harcourt, R; Int J Quantum Chem 1996, 60, 533

26) Harcourt, R; J Phys Chem A 1999, 103, 4293

27) Harcourt, R; Inorg Nucl Chem Lett 1975, 11, 821



30) Anon; Private communication from Harcourt, R D

31) Heeger, A; Rev Mod Phys 1988, 60, 781

32) Fujimori, A; Phys Rev B 1990, 42, 620

33) Blyholder, G; J Phys Chem 1964, 68, 2772

34) Hammett, L; Physical and Organic Chemistry 1940

35) Miller, E; Cancer Res 1979, 38, 1479

36) Ladik, J; The Beginnings of Cancer in the Cell 1994

37) Pitot, M; Mechanism & Species Comparisons 1990

38) Flemming, I; Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemistry Reactions 1976

39) Ford, G; J Am Chem Soc 1983, 105, 349

40) Reynolds, C; J Mol Struct 1987, 34, 345

41) Reynolds, C; J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans 2 1986, 12, 1927

42) Blackburn, G; Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology 1996

43) Cameron, E; Cancer and Vitamin C 1980

44) Soyka, F; The Ion Effect 1977

45) Dewar, M; J Am Chem Soc 1985, 107, 3898

46) Hay, J; J Chem Phys 1985, 82, 270

47) Stewart, J; Quantum Chem Prog Exch Bull 1983, 3, 43

48) Frisch, M; Gaussian 94 1994

49) Gamess; QCPE Bull 1990, 10, 52


The 1999 Dexter Award address. A place in history: was Linus Pauling a revolutionary chemist?

Nye, Mary Jo.

Oregon State University, USA. Bulletin for the History of Chemistry (2000), 25(2), 73-82. Publisher: Division of the

History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, CODEN: BHCHET ISSN: 1053-4385. Journal written in


Abstract

A brief biog. of chemist Linus Pauling is presented to det. whether he was a revolutionary chemist. Pauling did not set out

726934274 Page 13 of 20 to initiate in revolution in science, but he was eager to participate in the newest front of scientific advance. There was no crisis in Pauling's youth, but there were puzzles and anomalies to be solved. Pauling saw clearly that the new chem. he was helping to construct required a new language, new representations, and new textbooks.


History

(Linus Pauling as revolutionary chemist)

Biography

(Pauling, Linus)

Chemistry

(chemists; Linus Pauling as revolutionary chemist)

Supplementary Terms biog Pauling chem

Citations

1) Jacobs, M; Chem Eng News 1998, 76, 7

2) Anon; Chem Eng News 1998, 76, 171

3) Anon; Chem Eng News, 181

4) Hills, P; New Scientist 1975, 471

4) Hills, P; New Scientist, 473

5) Cohen, I; Revolution in Science 1985, 52

6) Cohen, I; Revolution in Science, 90



7) Donovan, A; Osiris 1988, 4, 5

8) McKie, D; Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer 1952, 110


9) Holmes, F; Antoine Lavoisier-The Next Crucial Year or The Sources of His Quantitative Method in Chemistry 1998

10) Wurtz, A; A History of Chemical Theory 1869, 1

10) Rocke, A; The Quiet Revolution: Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry 1993, 346

11) Donovan, A; Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution 1993

11) Poirier, J; Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier 1993

11) McKie, D; Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, 110

12) McKie, D; Antoine Lavoisier: Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, 376

13) Grimaux, E; Oeuvres de Lavoisier publiees par les soins de son Excellence le Ministre de l'Instruction Publique et des

Cultes 1862-1893, 6

14) Berthelot, M; La Revolution chimique-Lavoiser 1890

14) Holmes, F; Eighteenth-Century Chemistry as an Investigative Enterprise 1989, 112

14) Bensaude-Vincent, B; Lavoisier: Memoires d'une revolution 1993, 374

14) Bensaude-Vincent, B; A History of Chemistry 1996, 86

14) Bensaude-Vincent, B; A History of Chemistry, 90

15) Bensaude-Vincent, B; Isis 1996, 87, 481

16) Anon; http://www.library_upenn.edu/etext/smith/l/lavoisier.html


18) Hager, T; Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling 1995, 50

19) Langmuir, I; J Am Chem Soc 1919, 41, 868

19) Langmuir, I; J Am Chem Soc 1919, 41, 1543

19) Langmuir, I; Proc Natl Acad Sci 1919, 5, 252

20) Lewis, G; J Am Chem Soc 1916, 38, 762

20) Langmuir, I; BAAS Reports 1922, 468

20) Langmuir, I; Sources for History of Quantum Physics 1964, 8

21) Anon; Courtesy of the Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers 1922

24) Goodstein, J; A History of the California Institute of Technology 1991, 96

726934274 Page 14 of 20

26) Mason, S; Chem Soc Rev 1997, 26, 29

27) Goodstein, J; A History of the California Institute of Technology 1991, 96

28) Pauling, L; Chem Rev 1928, 5, 173

29) Anon; Sources for the History of Quantum Physics 1964, 15

30) Nye, M; Dynamics of Matter and Dynamics of Disciplines 1993, 239

30) Simoes, A; Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 1999, 29, 363


31) Pauling, L; J Chem Phys 1933, 1, 679

31) Gavroglu, K; Hist Stud Phys Biol Sci 1994, 25, 47

31) Gavroglu, K; Hist Stud Phys Biol Sci, 81

31) Gavroglu, K; An Introduction to Modern Structural Chemistry 1939

32) Lipscomb, W; The Pauling Symposium 1996, 112

32) Lipscomb, W; The Pauling Symposium, 117

33) Pauling, L; Introduction to Quantum Mechanics With Applications to Chemistry 1985, 1

34) Hager, T; Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling, 217

35) Garfield, E; The Scientist, http://thescientist/com/yr1989/jan/opin2_890123.html 1989, 3, 10

36) Pauling, L; The Architecture of Molecules 1964

36) Lundgren, A; Textbooks and Their Audiences 2000, 396

36) Raber, L; Chem Eng News 1998, 76, 111

36) Raber, L; Chem Eng News, 117

36) Bohning, J; Bull Hist Chem 1992-1993, 13-14, 4

36) Bohning, J; Bull Hist Chem, 10

37) Francoeur, E; Soc St Sci 1997, 27, 7

38) Francoeur, E; Soc St Sci, 23

38) Rouvray, D; Chem Br 1999, 30

38) Rouvray, D; Chem Br, 32

38) Nye, M; Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 1999



41) Pauling, L; Science 1932

41) Pauling, L; The Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology 1944


43) Watson, J; The Double Helix 1980, 34


44) Francoeur, E; Soc St Sci

44) Rouhi, M; Chem Eng News 1999, 77, 28

45) Anon; Life 1951, 77

46) Anon; Life, 77







49) Roberts, J; The Right Place at the Right Time 1990, 136

49) Roberts, J; Chem Eng News 1996, 74, 47

50) Goertzel, T; A Life in Science and Politics 1995, 143

51) Pauling, L; No More War 1958, 119

52) Pauling, L; No More War, 125

52) Anon; Daedalus: The American National Style 1958, 87, 147


54) Gusterson, H; A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War 1998, 53

54) Barth, K; Physics Today 1998, 34

55) Catchpool, F; The Pauling Symposium, 149

55) Catchpool, F; The Pauling Symposium, 155


55) Nye, M; Endeavour 1999, 23, 148

56) Richards, E; Vitamin C and Cancer: Medicine or Politics 1991

57) Darnton, R; Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France 1968

726934274 Page 15 of 20


59) Pauling, L; Pauling Papers 1968

60) Kuhn, T; The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 2nd ed 1970


62) Raber, L; Chem Eng News, 117

63) Francoeur, E; Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 1999

64) Hoffmann, R; Science 1970, 167, 825


In praise of the hydrogen bond.

Ramasarma, T. Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore, India. Editor(s): Lal, M. Supramolecular and Colloidal Structures in Biomaterials and Biosubstrates,

Proceedings of the Royal Society--Unilever Indo-UK Forum in Materials Science and Engineering, 5th, Mysore, India, Jan.

10-14, 1999 (2000), Meeting Date 1999, 450-462. Publisher: Imperial College Press, London, UK CODEN: 69AIZI

Conference; General Review written in English. CAN 133:360065 AN 2000:647692 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006


Abstract

A review with 36 refs. H-bonds occur ubiquitously in water, proteins, nucleic acids, and other compds. The possibility of

H-bonds participating in reactions besides their function in well-known mol. recognition had been evaluated. In 1995, M.

J. Therien and coworkers provided exptl. evidence that a photoexcited electron can pass from donor Zn(II)-porphyrin to acceptor Fe(III)-porphyrin when they form asupramol. complex with H-bonds. Globular and membrane proteins have extensive



-helical structures which provide an alternating sequence of peptide bond and H-bond, named "suprahelix".

The



-clouds of peptide bonds and some side-chains of amino acids can be bridged by H-bonds and give



-H pathways.

In biosystems, a migrating electron is extraneous to the structures it passes over and a



-H pathway can form the basis of its transfer. This can then explain directional electron transfer in cytochromes, enzyme catalysis, signal transfer in some membrane receptor proteins, and energy transduction. Nucleic acids having extensive base-pairing and



-stacks, now shown to participate in reactions of damage and repair, may use H-bonds to provide continuity of long-range electron transfer. Thus, Linus Pauling's prophecy that H-bonds have a great role in physiol. is likely to come true.

Indexing -- Section 6-0 (General Biochemistry)

Biology

Hydrogen bond

Physiology, animal

(characterization and role of hydrogen bonds in biol. and physiol.)

Supplementary Terms review hydrogen bond role biol physiol

Citations

1) Pauling, L; The Nature of Chemical Bond 1960, 450

2) Gutfreund, H; Enzymes:Physical Principles 1972, 15


4) Derege, P; Science 1995, 269, 1409

5) Osuka, A; Chem Lett 1995, 913

6) Sirish, M; J Porphyrins Phthalocyanins 1998, 2, 1

7) Szent-Gyorgi, A; Nature (Lond) 1941, 148, 157

8) Evans, M; Biochim Biophys Acta 1949, 3, 188

9) Suard, M; Biochim Biophys Acta 1961, 52, 254

10) Eley, D; Horizons in Biochemistry 1962, 341

11) Yomasa, S; Biopolymer Symposia 1964, 1, 1

12) Moore, G; Coord Chem Rev 1976, 18, 125

13) Arrhenius, T; J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986, 83, 5355

14) Marcus, R; Biochim Biophys Acta 1985, 811, 265

15) Tauber, G; Science 1997, 275, 1420

726934274 Page 16 of 20

16) Inai, Y; J Phys Chem 1991, 95, 3847

17) Langen, R; Science 1995, 268, 1773

18) Baum, R; Chem Engg News 1993, 20

19) Chandra, A; J Theor Biol 1978, 74, 1

20) Ramasarma, T; FEBS Lett 1974, 41, 307

21) Ramasarma, T; Lectures in Catalysis 1975, 1

22) Ramasarma, T; Indian J Biochem Biophys 1996, 33, 20

23) Ramasarma, T; Trends in Bioenergetics and Biotechnological Processes 1991, 5

24) Higuti, T; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985, 82, 1331

25) Ramasarma, T; Curr Sci 1998, 74, 953

26) Holmlin, R; Angew Chew Int Ed Eng 1977, 36, 2714

27) Murphy, C; Science 1993, 262, 1025

28) Kelly, S; J Am Chem Soc 1997, 119, 9861

29) Dandliker, P; Science 1997, 274, 1465

30) Beratan, D; Chem Biol 1997, 4, 3

31) Felts, A; J Phys Chem 1995, 99, 2929

32) Kennard, O; Proc R Soc 1958, 80, 724

33) Epp, A; J Am Chem Soc 1958, 80, 724

34) Kelly, S; Chem Biol 1998, 5, 413

35) Hall, D; Nature (Lond) 1996, 382, 731

36) Chandra, A; Mol Physics 1974, 28, 695


Linus Pauling and biochemistry: How things were shaping up 50 years ago.

Manchester, K. Department of

Biochemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, S. Afr. South African Journal of Science (1999), 95(1), 5-7.

Publisher: Foundation for Research Development, CODEN: SAJSAR ISSN: 0038-2353. Journal written in English.

CAN 131:199094 AN 1999:309240 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Linus Pauling can be considered as the greatest chemist of the 20th century because of his discovery of the importance of the hydrogen bond and his development of the concept of the helical structure of the polypeptide chain. He also able to formulate a theory of the structure and process of formation of antibodies. His contributions to chem. were recognized with the 1954 Nobel prize for chem.


Chemistry

(chemists; history of biochem. and Linus Pauling)

Biochemistry

History

(history of biochem. and Linus Pauling)


Pauling history chemist biochem

Citations

1) Manchester, K; S Afr J Sci 1998, 94, 100

2) Pauling, L; Nature 1948, 161, 707

3) Pauling, L; Endeavour 1948, 7, 43

4) Pauling, L; Molecular Architecture and the Processes of Life 1948

5) Pauling, L; Nature 1994, 371, 10

6) Pauling, L; The Nature of the Chemical Bond 1939

7) Rich, A; Nature 1994, 371, 285

8) Dunitz, J; Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1996, 42, 317

726934274 Page 17 of 20

9) Mirsky, A; Proc Natn Acad Sci USA 1936, 22, 439

10) Pauling, L; Nature 1974, 248, 769

11) Astbury, W; Phil Trans Roy Soc 1931, 230, 75

12) Pauling, L; Proc Natn Acad Sci USA 1951, 37, 205

13) Olby, R; The Path to the Double Helix 1974, 280

14) Astbury, W; Nature 1941, 147, 696

15) Szent-Gyorgyi, A; Nature of Life:A Study on Muscle 1948, 19

16) Bragg, W; Proc Roy Soc A 1950, 203, 321

17) Jordan, P; Phys Z 1938, 39, 711

18) Astbury, W; Nature 1931, 127, 663

19) Pauling, B; Science 1940, 92, 77

20) Manchester, K; S Afr J Sci 1993, 89, 525

21) Pauling, L; Proc Natn Acad Sci USA 1953, 39, 84


Chemistry of the 20th century and beyond: structure-function relationship.

Lipscomb, William N., Jr.

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Editor(s): Barkan, Paul.

Chemical Research--2000 and Beyond: Challenges and Visions, developed from a Symposium, New York, Oct. 18, 1997

(1998), Meeting Date 1997, 57-65. Publisher: American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C CODEN: 66RTAM

Conference; General Review written in English. CAN 129:321333 AN 1998:601450 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006


Abstract

A review with 15 refs. In 20th-century chem. a dominant theme has been the relationship between mol. structures and their function. As methods for elucidating structures developed, the structural basis of function became an essential part of ever more complex systems, including complexes relating to living systems. This development is exemplified by the fundamental research of Linus Pauling, followed by a few examples from the author's basic research. Brief refs. to other pure research follows. Disturbing trends are seen in the balance between research and applied research in universities, industry and governmental labs. Finally, the role of the real seeds of new science (curiosity and idea-driven research) is examd., with ref. to trends toward short-term results and benefits, as now required by recent congressional legislation.

Indexing -- Section 65-0 (General Physical Chemistry)

Molecular structure-property relationship

Structure-activity relationship

(structure-function relationship in chem. of 20th-century and beyond)

Supplementary Terms review structure function relationship

Citations

1) Lipscomb, W; Chem Rev 1997, 96, 2375

2) Ondetti, M; Science 1977, 196, 441

3) Levi-Montalcini; Praise of Imperfection 1988, 123

4) Fleming, A; Brit J Exp Pathol 1929, 10, 226

5) Tipper, D; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1965, 54, 1133

6) Boyd, D; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977, 74, 5239

7) Medawar, P; The Limits of Science 1984, 45

8) Pedersen, C; J Am Chem Soc 1967, 89, 2495

9) Truter, M; Endeavour 1971, 30, 4278

10) Herschbach, D; Ann New York Acad Sci 1996, 775, 11

11) Lipscomb, W; Aesthetic Aspects of Science in the Aesthetic Dimension of Science 1982, 1

12) Papadakis, M; The Scientist 1997, 8

13) Barnes, D; J NIH Research 1995, 7, 10

14) Staddon, J; J NIH Research 1997, 9, 13

726934274 Page 18 of 20

15) Kornberg, A; Science 1996, 273, 855


Vitamin C supplementation and the common cold. Was Linus Pauling right or wrong?

Hemila, Harri. Dep.

Public Health, Univ. Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research (1997),

67(5), 329-335. Publisher: Hogrefe & Huber, CODEN: IJVNAP ISSN: 0300-9831. Journal; General Review written in


Abstract

A review is given with 72 refs. In 1970 Linus Pauling claimed that vitamin C prevents and alleviates the episodes of the common cold. Pauling was correct in concluding from trials published up till then, that in general vitamin C does have biol. effects on the common cold, but he was rather over-optimistic as regards the size of benefit. His quant. conclusions were based on a single placebo-controlled trial on school children in a skiing camp in the Swiss Alps, in which a decrease in common cold incidence and duration in the group administered 1 g/day of vitamin C was found. As children in a skiing camp are not a representative sample of the general population, Pauling's extrapolation to the population at large was too bold, erring as to the magnitude of the effect. Nevertheless, Pauling's general conclusion that vitamin C has physiol. effects on the common cold is of major importance as it conflicts with the prevailing consensus that the only physiol. effect of vitamin C on human beings is to prevent scurvy.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Common cold

(vitamin C supplementation in the common cold)

50-81-7, Vitamin C, biological studies

Role: BAC (Biological activity or effector, except adverse); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); THU (Therapeutic use);

BIOL (Biological study); USES (Uses)

(vitamin C supplementation in the common cold)

Supplementary Terms review vitamin C common cold


Zewail to receive Pauling Medal.

Anon. USA. Chemical & Engineering News (1997), 75(37), 40. Publisher:

American Chemical Society, CODEN: CENEAR ISSN: 0009-2347. Journal written in English. CAN 127:277703 AN

1997:615750 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2006 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Ahmed H. Zewail has received the 1997 Linus Pauling Medical from ACS Puget Sound.


Awards

(Ahmed H. Zewail receives 1997 Linus Pauling Medal)

Supplementary Terms award Zewail


The science and humanism of Linus Pauling (1901-1994).

Mason, Stephen F. Dep. Chem., King's College

London, Lonson, UK. Chemical Society Reviews (1997), 26(1), 29-39. Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry,

CODEN: CSRVBR ISSN: 0306-0012. Journal written in English. CAN 126:276876 AN 1997:249050 CAPLUS

726934274 Page 19 of 20


Abstract

The versatile and outstanding contributions of Linus Pauling to the chem. sciences, including the biomedical consequences of radioactive fallout, were recognized by the award of two Nobel Prizes (1954 and 1963). Pauling's contributions in historical context are discussed under five headings: x-ray crystallog. and theor. chem.; the nature of the chem. bond; biol. chem.; global fallout; and mol. medicine.


Biography

(Pauling, Linus)


Pauling science humanism

Citations

1) Rich, A; Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology 1968, 907

2) Huemer, R; The Roots of Molecular Medicine:A tribute to Linus Pauling 1986, 290

3) Zewail, A; The Chemical Bond:Structure and Dynamics 1992, 313

4) Marinacci, B; Linus Pauling in his own words 1995, 320

5) Serafini, A; Linus Pauling:A man and his science 1989, 310

6) Goertzel, T; Linus Pauling:A life in science and politics 1995, 300

7) Hager, T; Force of Nature:The Life of Linus Pauling 1995, 721

8) Goertzel, T; Patterns in ink 1995, 255

9) Servos, J; Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling:The Making of a Science in America 1990, 275

10) Laidler, K; The World of Physical Chemistry 1993, 352

11) Mulliken, R; Chem Rev 1931, 9, 347

12) Pauling, L; The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edn 1960, 215

13) Wheland, G; Resonance in Organic Chemistry 1955, 4

14) Pauling, L; Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:with Applications to Chemistry 1935, 340

15) Gavroglu, K; Fritz London:A Scientific Biography 1995


16) Rich, A; Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology 1968, 851

17) Brand, J; Lines of Light:Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy 1995, 1800

18) Duncan, A; Laws and Order in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry 1996

19) Jensen, W; J Chem Educ 1996, 73, 11

20) Morris, P; Brit J Hist Sci 1992, 25, 145

21) Pauling, L; Chem Eng News 1946, 24, 1375


23) Silverstein, A; A History of Immunology 1989, 69

24) Pauling, L; Molecular Architecture and the Processes of Life, 21st Sir Jesse Boot Foundation Lecture 1948, 10

24) Olby, R; The Path to the Double Helix 1974, 120

25) Portugal, F; A Century of DNA: A History of the Discovery of the Structure and Function of the Genetic Substance

1977, 137

26) Zuckerkandl, E; Horizons in Biochemistry:Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Dedicatory Volume 1962, 189

26) Zuckerkandl, E; Evolving Genes and Proteins 1965, 97

27) Kimura, M; The neutral theory of molecular evolution 1983, 74

28) Zewail; The Chemical Bond:Structure and Dynamics 1992, 17

28) Crick, F; The Chemical Bond:Structure and Dynamics 1992, 87

29) Lovell, B; Biog Mem FRS 1975, 21, 75ff

30) Hunsberger, I; J Chem Educ 1954, 31, 504

31) Huckel, W; Structural Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, 2 vols, translator's note 1950, 1, 434

32) Leicester, H; Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory 1970

33) Todd, A; Biog Mem FRS 1976, 22, 415

34) Pauling, L; Proc R Soc Lond A 1977, 356, 433

726934274 Page 20 of 20

35) Wang, J; Isis 1992, 83, 238

36) Drell, S; Sakharov Remembered:A Tribute by Friends and Colleagues 1991

37) Davenport, D; J Chem Educ 1996, 73, 21

38) Hagan; Force of Nature:The Life of Linus Pauling 1995, 621

39) Dunitz, J; Biog Mem FRS 1996, 42


Valence bond concepts, molecular mechanics computations, and molecular shapes.

Landis, Clark R.

Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Advances in Molecular Structure Research

(1996), 2 129-161. Publisher: JAI Press, CODEN: AMSRFS ISSN: 1087-3295. Journal; General Review written in


Abstract

The principles of valence bond theory, first enumerated over 60 yr ago by Linus Pauling, form the basis of an amazingly versatile and robust theory for the rationalization of mol. geometries. In this review with 50 refs., the author shows how these principles guide the construction of new mol. mechanics potential energy functions and enlighten understanding of the geometries of simple transition metal hydrides. The cornerstone of this work is the hybrid orbital strength function.

This function emphasizes the role of hybrid orbital orthogonality in detg. mol. shapes. From the hybrid orbital strength functions, potential energy functions suitable for a mol. mechanics description of angular distortions can be derived. Mol. mechanics computations using this valence bond basis are shown to reproduce many geometric and vibrational data with an accuracy similar to other popular mol. mechanics programs, but require far fewer empirical parameters. Extension of this model to hypervalent mols. requires the incorporation of another old valence bond idea, resonance, to simulate the effects of delocalization. The model leads to accurate geometries, vibrational frequencies, and fluxional pathways for hypervalent mols. A relatively new area of exploration concerns the application of valence bond ideas to describing the bonding in transition metal hydrides. A very simple set of valence bond rules permits the complicated and often unexpected geometries of transition metal hydrides to be understood. Furthermore, these ideas translate readily into an accurate mol. mechanics force field for transition metal hydrides.

Indexing -- Section 65-0 (General Physical Chemistry)

Atomic orbital

(hybrid; valence bond concepts, mol. mechanics computations, and mol. shapes)

Valence

(hypervalence; valence bond concepts, mol. mechanics computations, and mol. shapes)

Bond

Force

Molecular mechanics

Molecular structure

Potential energy

Resonance

Valence bond theory

Valence bond theory

Vibrational frequency

(valence bond concepts, mol. mechanics computations, and mol. shapes)

Transition metal hydrides

Role: PRP (Properties)

(valence bond concepts, mol. mechanics computations, and mol. shapes)

Supplementary Terms review valence bond theory mol mechanics; mol geometry valence bond concept review; potential energy function mol mechanics review; transition metal hydride VB theory review

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