OIE Reference Laboratory Reports
Activities in 2011
Name of disease (or topic) for
which you are a designated OIE
Reference Laboratory:
Address of laboratory:
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low
pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24,
Geelong, Victoria, 3220,
AUSTRALIA
Tel.:
(61 3) 5227 5000
Fax:
(61 3) 5227 5555
e-mail address:
website:
Name (including Title and
Position) of Head of Laboratory
(Responsible Official):
Paul.Selleck@csiro.au
www.csiro.au
Dr Martyn Jeggo
Name(including Title and
Position) of OIE Reference
Expert:
Dr Paul Selleck
Name (including Title and
Position) of writer of this report
(if different from above):
Dr Peter Daniels
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
1
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
Part I: Summary of general activities related to the disease
1.
Test(s) in use/or available for the specified disease/topic at your laboratory
AAHL maintains a broad range of diagnostic tests and supporting laboratory technologies for avian influenza which
include virus isolation in embryonated eggs, virus characterization by haemagglutination and neuramidase inhibition
(HAI and NI), molecular diagnosis by TaqMan assay for H5, H7 and Influenza A, rapid diagnosis by antigen
detection tests such as indirect fluorescent antibody tests on tissue impression smears, immunohistochemistry on
formalin fixed tissues, electron microscopy and immuno-EM. Isolates may be pathotyped by pathogenicity tests in
chickens and molecularly by sequence analysis. Further characterization is undertaken by sequence analysis for
molecular epidemiology and detection of other nucleotide changes of interest in specific situations. Serology is
conducted primarily by Type A group specific C-ELISA tests and haemagglutinin specific HAI tests. The agar gel
immuno-diffusion test (group antigen) can be offered. Specialized HI testing in support of antigenic cartography is
conducted. Isolates are tested phenotypically for susceptibility or resistance to antiviral agents.
During 2011 the following tests were performed:
2
Test
For
Specificity
Total
C-ELISA
Antibody
Group
1901
AGID
Antibody
Group
128
H5 HI test
Antibody
H5
96
H7 HI test
Antibody
H7
89
H9 HI test
Antibody
H9
28
HI test (other)
Antibody
H type
16
VNT
Antibody
H type
0
HA typing
Virus characterization
Haemagglutinin type
45
NA typing
Virus characterization
Neuraminidase type
0
Taqman real-time PCR
Molecular detection
Group
4568
Taqman real-time PCR
Virus characterization
H5
277
Taqman real-time PCR
Virus characterization
H7
237
PCR and sequencing
Molecular pathotyping
HA gene cleavage site
38
PCR and sequencing
Virus Characterisation
HA/NA gene
206
Embryonated chicken egg
culture
Virus isolation
Group
682
Avian influenza
immunohistochemistry
Antigen detection
Group
19
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
2.
Production and distribution of diagnostic reagents
Type of reagent
Amount supplied nationally
(including for own use)
Amount supplied to
other countries
Inactivated antigens for each HA and NA type
150 ml
100 ml
Monospecific chicken serum against each HA and
NA type
150
32 ml
Inactivated Agar Gel Immunodiffusion reagents for
detection of antibodies in test sera
170 ml
20 ml
Nucleoprotein Monoclonal antibody
25 ml
10 ml
Influenza viral RNA
36 ml
14 ml
Antigenic Cartography Serum
40 ml
320 ml
Antigenic Cartography Antigens
20 ml
100 ml
Inactive antigen and serum for H9 and H6 to
Vietnam
-
13000 tests
Part II: Activities specifically related to the mandate
of OIE Reference Laboratories
3.
International harmonisation and standardisation of methods for diagnostic testing or the production
and testing of vaccines
a)
Establishment and maintenance of a network with other OIE Reference Laboratories designated
for the same pathogen or disease and organisation of regular inter-laboratory proficiency testing
to ensure comparability of results
AAHL is accredited as a proficiency test (PT) provider to the international standard ISO/IEC17043 ;2010
Conformity Assessment – General Requirements for Proficiency Testing in the fields of i) Virology (immunological
methods of detection and identification by molecular techniques) and ii) Serology of Infection.
AAHL also participated during the year in a number of PT programs. Importantly one of these included the exercise
conducted by the OFFLU roficienct testing technical Activity, with panels distributed by the Friedrich-LoefflerInstitut (FLI).
Other PT exercises in which AAHL participated during 2011 were the GD - Animal Health Service Deventer
program for influenza serology (AI ELISA, H5 & H7 HI) and the RCPA AI PCR PT program. The latter services
mainly public health laboratories in Australia and New Zealand as well as laboratories in Southeast Asia and Africa.
AAHL also provided reagents for the RCPA program.
Under the AI and NDV Twinning Project with the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) in Malaysia AAHL staff
worked with VRI staff to provide PT panels for the laboratories in Malaysia supported by the VRI. PT was provided
in support of testing to detect influenza A by real time PCR (M gene and H5) and for HI serology, with differential
diagnosis of AI and NDV incorporated into both panels.
AAHL is collaborating with Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) at Weybridge and the
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezieto (IZSV) at Padova to standardize HI testing in support of the
WHO Vaccine Composition Meeting (WHO VCM) process, especially for the monitoring of antigenic variation
among H5 and H9 isolates from animals. The standardization protocol is based on antisera raised in ferrets and is
coordinated through CDC in Atlanta and St Judes in Memphis.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
3
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
b)
Organisation of inter-laboratory proficiency testing with laboratories other than OIE Reference
Laboratories for the same pathogens and diseases to ensure equivalence of results:
EQA programs for both serology and real time PCR were provided by AAHL throughout Southeast Asia under FAO
and OIE programs as well as Australian Government programs. PT for animal influenza A (matrix gene real time
PCR) were conducted in 10 laboratories in 8 countries; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos,
Cambodia and the Philippines and similarly PT for H5 real time PCR tests were carried out in those same
10 laboratories. Each proficiency testing panel contains 10 samples for PCR diagnosis and 10 samples for serology
(haemagglutination inhibition). The PT rounds are evaluated with a summary report with individual reports being
sent to each laboratory. The results from the PT are discussed at the laboratory network meetings organised through
FAO and OIE. Regional guidelines are developed as part of the laboratory network to harmonise and standardise
methods used for animal influenza testing.
Australia has coordinated its government laboratories into a functional network for responses to emergency animal
diseases – Laboratories for Emergency Animal Disease Diagnosis and Response, LEADDR – with the mission to
coordinate a national laboratory network to detect and manage outbreaks of selected EADs. The network is
coordinating an expanding diagnostic and surge capacity for EAD outbreaks nationwide, including those which have
the potential to threaten human health. Through its role in LEADDR, and specifically the AI working group in
LEADDR, AAHL has helped coordinate adoption of an agreed national real time PCR test for AI detection that
detects all strain and particularly detects AI viruses that occur in Asia. PT in support of this test is being provided.
AAHL contributes reagents to and participates in ANQAP, the Australian national Quality Assurance Program, a PT
provision service to Australian and regional veterinary laboratories. AAHL participated in the AI AGID test round.
4.
Preparation and supply of international reference standards for diagnostic tests or vaccines
OIE International Standard Serum for the agar gel immunodiffusion test
Reagents supplied

Antiserum H types 1-16 were brought over for use as reference material (1 ml of each)
 Inactivated Antigen for H types 1-16 were supplied for use as reference material (5 ml of each).
 Inactivated swine influenza antigen and antiserum was supplied. (see the table below)
4
Antiserum
Antigen
Yes
H1N9
A/shelduck/WA/1757/1978
Yes
H1N1
A/swine/Australia/???/2010
Yes
Yes
H2N2
A/duck/Hokkaido/95/2001
No
Yes
H3N8
A/black duck/WA/699/1978
Yes
Yes
H4N4
A/grey teal/WA/1840/1979
Yes
Yes
H5N1
A/chicken/Vietnam/8/2004
Yes
Yes
H6N5
A/shearwater/Australia/1975
Yes
Yes
H7N7
A/chicken/North Korea/7916/2005
Yes
Yes
H8N4
A/turkey/Ontario/6118/1967
Yes
Yes
H9N2
A/turkey/Wisconsin/1966
Yes
Yes
H10N7
CK/NSW/CV10-1004/2010
Yes
Yes
H11N9
A/Sharp-tailed Sandpiper/Australia/6/2004
Yes
Yes
H12N9
A/red necked stint/WA/5745/1984
Yes
Yes
H13N6
A/gull/Maryland/704/1977
Yes
Yes
H14N6
A/Mallard/Gurjev/244/82
Yes
Yes
H15N9
A/shelduck/WA/1762/1979
Yes
Yes
H16N3
A/gull/Denmark/68110/2002
Yes
Yes
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
AAHL Reference #
5.
Description
Quantity
0202-11-1600
H1N1 A/New Jersey/8/1976
2x1ml
0904-07-1501
H5N1 anti-A/CHICK/KONAWE SELATAN/BBVM204(O)/07
2x1ml
0607-24-0560
H7N7 A/chicken/North Korea/7916/2005
2x1ml
0608-15-0902
H9N2 A/TURKEY/WISCONSIN/66
2x1ml
Research and development of new procedures for diagnosis and control
AAHL continues to implement research relating to AI pathogenesis and transmission as well as studies of AI vaccines
and vaccination. This involves studies of H5N1 in both domestic poultry and mammalian infection models investigating
the impact of route of exposure on infection outcomes, virulence determinants associated with host adaptation, and
mechanisms of protection afforded by vaccines. Additional projects have been developed in response to pandemic H1N1
including evaluation of the efficacy of novel antiviral therapies in suppressing virus replication in the lung and of new
vaccine delivery systems.
Major studies continue of transgenic techniques to develop poultry with an enhanced immune system that will be
substantially resistant to AI infection. Other work using similar scientific approaches investigates development of antiviral therapeutics.
Evaluation of the anti-viral properties of commercial chemical compounds also continues, with the relative susceptibility
of AI isolates from various Southeast Asian countries to the major influenza antivirals being tested in an ongoing study.
Regarding diagnostic tests, a new TaqMan assay for avian influenza N1 subtype has been developed. The test is used for
rapid detection of HPAI (H5N1), in conjunction with H5 subtype TaqMan PCR. In addition, a real-time PCR assay using
high resolution melting analysis (HRM) for simultaneous detection and differentiation LPAI and HPAI (H5 subtype) is
under development. A TaqMan assay for influenza H9 subtype has been established and evaluated for diagnostic
application.
An inactivated pH1N1-like antigen preparation has been tested against a range of reference antisera and has exhibited
exceptional utility for the diagnosis of pH1N1.
For agent characterization’ algorithms have been established for high-throughput whole genome capillary sequencing for
HPAI and pH1N1 2009 together with phylogenetics workflow for virus characterization, molecular epidemiology, and
tracking virus evolution and compared with the Protocols and workflow for next-generation ultradeep sequencing using
the Roche 454 whole genome pyrosequencering for whole genome characterization of H5N1 HPAI have been established
with on-going evaluation against the capillary sequencing approach. In particular sequence and phylogenetic data were
shared with International Reference Laboratories for AI and contributed to WHO and OFFLU initiated 2010 and 2011
Vaccine Composition Meetings for H5N1 as well as to the WHO/FAO/OIE H5N1 Evolution Working Group towards the
recent (2011) revision of H5N1 clade evolution and nomenclature.
A multiplexed molecular diagnostic test system using Luminex technology for rapid identification and differentiation of
important poultry viruses has been developed which can detect and differentiate influenza type A, H5, H7, pandemic
H1N1 and NDV field and V4 vaccine strains, and the new incursion into Australia of the pigeon associated APMV-1.
An OFFLU project on antigenic and genetic characterisation and evolution of H5N1 HPAI viruses in Indonesia and SE
Asia continues, with some of the work now being undertaken in Indonesian laboratories. The work included
-
genetic and antigenic characterization of clade 2.1.3 H5N1 viruses from Indonesian poultry sectors under the
OFFLU Indonesia project
identification and characterization of H5N1 viruses from Myanmar (clade 2.3.2 and clade 2.3.4), and Vietnam
(clade 1, clade 2.3.2 and clade 2.3.4). the characterization of clade 2.3.2 viruses provided valuable contribution
towards international efforts to track the current rapid spread and dominance of this lineage in several regions of the
world.
Wild bird isolates of avian influenza viruses from Australia and Southeast are sequenced and analysed on submission.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
5
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
6.
A limited number of Australian avian influenza viruses were genetically characterized including H6, H10 and low
path H5 LPAI’s (e.g. H5N3).
Capability has been established for molecular identification of non-H5 avian influenza subtypes, including H and N
sub-typing by panHA and NA-subtype specific sequencing assays respectively.
Genetic characterization assays for wildtype H9 viruses, specifically H9N2, have been established and tested.
Collection, analysis and dissemination of epizootiological data relevant to international disease
control
Influenza virus isolates have been received from Myanmar, Vietnam and Indonesia during the reporting period, as listed
in Sections 5 and 10 of this report.
AAHL is an active contributor, along with AHVLA and IZSV, to the OFFLU coordinated international collaboration to
supply current data from animal sources to the WHO regarding the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza
A(H5N1) and influenza A(H9N2) viruses for the development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. It
contributed regional (Indonesia, LaoPDR, Myanmar, Vietnam) viral gene sequences, HI titres and molecular
epidemiology data to the February and September 2011 WHO Vaccine Composition Meetings (WHO VCM).
AAHL continues to collaborating in an international partnership coordinated by OFFLU and managed by FAO to address
issues of antigenic mismatch between some circulating field strains and H5 antigens in available vaccines in Indonesia.
Decisions on which antigens to include in H5 vaccines for use in poultry in that country are based on the results of the
project. AAHL is helping to develop capacity in Indonesian laboratories to conduct the antigenic analyses and
bioinformatics associated with this work.
AAHL is a member in WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group (H5-EWG), contributed Indonesian clade 2.1
H5N1 HA gene sequences and participated in analyses and discussions towards the 2011 update of H5N1 clade
nomenclature. H5-EWG published the 2011 update of H5N1 clade nomenclature in the Journal Influenza and Other
Respiratory Viruses and on the WHO website In December 2011 the H5-EWG initiated an activity to provide guidance to
prominent influenza databases for the development of software tool to automatically assigns clade to each new H5 HA
sequence deposited. This activity is ongoing.
AAHL is member of the OFFLU Global Swine Influenza Surveillance Sub-network (OFFLU SIV Group) working to
Coordinate, harmonise and to advocate global swine influenza surveillance.
Epidemiological studies in Indonesia and Vietnam are investigating AI transmission in markets, AI infection in ducks,
and the impact of vaccination on AI transmission in both commercial and village sectors. This work includes
investigation of whether long term persistence and shedding of HPAI H5N1 viruses occurs in ducks.
7.
Maintenance of a system of quality assurance, biosafety and biosecurity relevant to the pathogen and
the disease concerned
AAHL’s diagnostic operations are conducted under NATA accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2005. In addition to its
NATA accreditation AAHL maintains certification to AS/NZS ISO 9001:2008 for the management of its Quality
Assurance System as well as AS/NZS ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management. AAHL is accredited to ISO/IEC
17043 as an international proficiency testing provider for virology and serology.
8.
Provision of consultant expertise to OIE or to OIE Member Countries





6
Linfa Wang was invited as a speaker at the XII International Symposium on Respiratory Viruses, Rome, Italy, 11-17
Mar 2011
Frank Wong attended the OFFLU Technical Meeting – Influenza in Swine, OIE Headquarters Paris, France 5-8 Apr
2011.
Paul Selleck and Gemma Carlile visited Regional Laboratories as part of the OIE Twinning Project to establish PT
panel methodology with lab staff in country, VRI Ipoh, Malaysia, 15-28 May 2011.
Chris Morrissy was involved in meetings to prepare for linking assessment missions and gap analysis in Viet Nam,
5-19 Jun 2011.
Frank Wong and Mai Hlaing Loh conducted sequencing training and participated in a sequence network meeting as
part of the OIE Twinning Project, Ipoh, Malaysia, 20 -25 Jun 2011
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
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
9.
John Allen and Chris Morrissy were invited to undertake a scoping mission for a Lab-Field Epidemiology Training
Course for FAO, Bangkok, Thailand, 26 Jun to 2 Jul 2011
Frank Wong travelled to the national PUSVETMA laboratory in Surabaya to provide sequencing training and to
participate in a sequencing network meeting as part of an OFFLU Project, Surabaya, Indonesia, 3-9 Jul 2011
Gemma Carlile and Paul Selleck conducted follow-up meetings and analysis of test results as part of the OIE
Twinning Project with VRI, Ipoh, Malaysia, 24-29 Jul 2011.
Peter Daniels attended the FAO/OIE Regional Laboratory Network Technical Advisory Group Meeting, Bangkok,
Thailand 2-6 Aug 2011
Chris Morrissy was invited to attend the FAO LabNet meeting in Bangkok, Thailand, 4-5 Aug 2011
Peter Daniels chaired the OFFLU Steering Committee Meeting and attended the ad hoc Group meeting on Biosafety
and Biosecurity in Veterinary Laboratories, Paris, 14-21 Sept 2011
John Allen attended the WHO- Regional Workshop on Emerging and Dangerous Pathogens Laboratory Network
(EDPLN) Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia, 20-22 Sept 2011.
Sam McCullough attended the 23rd Veterinary Association Annual Meeting, Ipoh, Malaysia, 23-26 Sept 2011.
Chris Morrissy attended a 4 way linking meeting as the OIE representative with FAO and WHO, Hanoi, Vietnam,
15-19 Oct 2011
Chris Morrissy and Gemma Carlile attended the meeting on Laboratory Strengthening in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
19-21 Nov 2011.
Peter Durr and Paul Selleck visited PUSVETMA to continue work under the newly agreed OFFLU project,
Surabaya, Indonesia, 1- 8 Dec 2011.
Provision of scientific and technical training to personnel from other OIE Member Countries
















The following training was conducted in member countries:
Paul Selleck conducted Anitgenic Cartography training and helped facilitate the HI Cartography National
Workshop, Jogjakarta, Indonesia, 15 Mar to 7 Apr 2011.
Paul Selleck and Gemma Carlile visited Regional Laboratories as part of the OIE twinning Project to establish
Proficiency Testing Panel methodology with lab staff in country, Ipoh, Malaysia, 15-28 May 2011.
Peter Durr travelled to Indonesia as part of the AusAID project to develop and oversee a training course for lab staff
in the use of Excel, Bali and Jakarta, Indonesia, 15-24 Jun 2011.
Frank Wong and Mai Hlaing Loh provided sequencing training to the Veterinary Research Institute as part of the
OIE Twinning Project, Ipoh, Malaysia, 20-25 Jun 2011.
Mai Hlaing Loh provided sequencing training as part of the OFFLU project to staff at Pusvetma, Surabaya,
Indonesia, 3-9 Jul 2011.
Frank Wong provided sequencing training under the OFFLU Project, Surabaya, Indonesia, 3-9 Jul 2011.
Bernadette O’Keefe provided guidance to identify gaps and proposed areas for improvement and report on their QA
program to the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) as part as part of the OIE Twinning project, Ipoh, Malaysia, 2429 Jul 2011
Gemma Carlile attended the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) as part of the OIE Twinning project for Avian
Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Ipoh, Malaysia, 24-29 Jul 2011
Paul Selleck attended the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) as part of the OIE Twinning project for Avian
Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Ipoh, Malaysia, 24-29 Jul 2011
Peter Durr provided user acceptance training to DIC Wates virology and serology staff under the OFFLU LIMS
Project, Wates, Indonesia, 22-30 Oct 2011.
Paul Selleck and Peter Durr provided assistance and training for the rollout of the final phase of the Alat Prestein
program under the OFFLU project, Pusvetma, Surabaya, Indonesia, 04-10 Dec 2011.
The following training was conducted at AAHL:
FAO QA course : The two week training course was part of the AAHL / FAO collaboration project for IDENTIFY
in lab capacity building for quality assurance, proficiency and reagent production, AAHL, 5-16 Sept 2011.
Advanced Biorisk Training: The one week training course was part of the AAHL / FAO collaboration project for the
Technical Support for Biosafety and Laboratory Training, AAHL, 14-18 Nov 2011.
Laboratory Engineering and Equipment Maintenance Training - The one week training course is part of the AAHL /
FAO collaboration project for the Laboratory Engineering and Equipment Maintenance Training, AAHL, 21-25
Nov 2011.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
7
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
10. Provision of diagnostic testing facilities to other OIE Member Countries
Overseas submissions to AAHL for confirmatory testing for Avian Influenza for 2011:
Affiliated
Program
NZAID
OFFLU/FAO
FAORAP
FAORAP
8
Submitter
NCVD, Hanoi,
Vietnam
DGLAHS
Indonesia
Yangon
Diagnostic
Laboratory,
Livestock
Breeding and
Veterinary
Department,
Yangon,
Myanmar
Yangon
Diagnostic
Laboratory,
Livestock
Breeding and
Veterinary
Department,
Yangon,
Myanmar
Country
Date
n samples
n HAsequenced
Host
origin
H5N1
HPAI
H9N2
LPAI
Other
LPAI (HAsubtyping)
Vietnam
12/01/11
176
162
chicken
n=13;
clade 1
(n=9),
clade 2.3.4
(n=3),
clade 2.3.2
(n=1)
Indonesia
21/02/11
32
23
chicken
n=23;
clade 2.1.3
n/a
Myanmar
03/03/11
2
2
chicken
n=2; clade
2.3.2
n/a
chicken
n=6; clade
2.3.2
(n=2),
clade 2.3.4
(n=4)
n/a
Myanmar
08/04/11
6
6
TOTAL
TOTAL
216
193
17
H3Nx
(n=45)
H4Nx
(n=8)
H5Nx LPAI
(n=9)
H6Nx
(n=1)
H7Nx
(n=8)
H7N7
(n=8)
H9N2
(n=17)
H10Nx
(n=7)
H11Nx
(n=3)
nottypable
(n=43)
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)
11. Organisation of international scientific meetings on behalf of OIE or other international bodies
No such meetings were organized this reporting period.
12. Participation in international scientific collaborative studies
AAHL has continued involvement in the OFFLU coordinated project managed by FAO “Monitoring AI virus variants in
Indonesian poultry and defining an effective and sustainable vaccination strategy”. Isolates of HPAI from laboratories in
Indonesia servicing the agricultural sector have been received for analysis as outlined in Section 10 and other capacity
building exercises as outlined in Section 6 and 8.
13. Publication and dissemination of information relevant to the work of OIE (including list of scientific
publications, internet publishing activities, presentations at international conferences)

Presentations at international conferences and meetings

L. Mia Kim, Gwenaelle Dauphin, Frank Wong, Paul Selleck, Peter Daniels, David Swayne, Akhmad Junaidi, Kulon
Progo, Agus Wiyono and Abdul Rahman and Ron Fouchier (2011) OFFLU: Contributions toward improved vaccine
strain selection for poultry. 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne Convention Centre, 14-16 February
2011.

Paul Selleck (2011) Microbiological Security – Biosafety and Biosecurity. Malaysian National Avian Influenza and
Newcastle Disease Proficiency Testing Program Workshop, VRI, Ipoh, Malaysia 25 th May 2011.

Paul Selleck (2011) Repeatable and Reproducible Haemagglutination Tests and AAHL’s HI Protocol. Malaysian
National Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Proficiency Testing Program Workshop, VRI, Ipoh, Malaysia 25th
May 2011.

Paul Selleck (2011) Monitoring Antigenic Variation of Avian Influenza Viruses Towards Improved Vaccine
Selection. Asia Pacific Poultry Technical Conference, Hilton Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 26-28 September, 2011.

Paul Selleck and Frank Wong (2011) Characterisation of Avian Influenza Viruses from Vietnam. Final Technical
Workshop of NZAP funded project “Development of epidemiological skills and technical information to support the
management and control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Viet Nam, Can Tho, Vietnam, 3-4 October 2011.

Paul Selleck (2011) Diagnostic Testing for Non-cytopathogenic Viruses. National Diagnostic Virology Workshop, DIC
Wates, Jogjakarta, Indonesia, 18-19 October 2011.
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Paul Selleck (2011) Laboratory Biosafety – Virology and Serology. Laboratory Safety and Biorisk Management
Training Course, AAHL, 14-18 November 2011.

Paul Selleck (2011) Antiserum Production in Chickens. AAHL and OFFLU Training in Production of Antisera in
Chickens. PUSVETMA, Surabaya, 8-9 December, 2011.

Boyd, Vicky, Foord, Adam, Heine, Hans. Detection and Differentiation of Avian and Zoonotic Pathogens by a
Luminex Liquid Bead Array Multiplex Assay. In: 1st International One Health Congress; 14-15 Feb 2011;
Melbourne. The Congress; 2011. 1.

Burggraaf, Simon, Bingham, John, Kimpton, Wayne, Bean, Andrew. High levels of cytokines are associated with
increased H5N1 influenza severity in chickens when compared to ducks. In: Infection and Immunity Lorne 2011;
16-18 February 2011; Lorne. Lorne, Vic.: The Conference; 2011.

Jenkins, Kristie, Keyburn, Anthony, Doran, Tim, Bean, Andrew, Tizard, Mark. Modification of the chicken immune
system using microRNAs. In: Lorne Infection and Immunity; 16th -18th February, 2011; Lorne, Vic. Lorne, Vic.:
Victorian Infection and Immunity Network; 2011. 1.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011
9
Highly pathogenic avian influenza and low pathogenic avian influenza (poultry)

Wong, Frank, Selleck, Paul, Morrissy, Chris, Allen, John, Daniels, Peter. Recent H5N1 activity and diversification
in commercial poultry in the Southeast Asian region. In: 7th Australian Influenza Symposium; 6th-7th October
2011; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne. Melbourne, Vic.: WHO Collaborating
Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL; 2011. 1
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10
Scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals

Garry W Lynch, Paul Selleck, W Bret Church and John S Sullivan (2011) Seasoned adaptive antibody immunity for
highly pathogenic pandemic influenza in humans. (Review Article) Immunology and Cell Biology (2011), 1–10.

Ian Barr and Paul Selleck (2011) Editorial. Influenza, our constant companion. Microbiology Australia 32:2-3

Microbiology Australia – Influenza and the 2009 Pandemic. Ian Bar and Paul Selleck editors

Barrett S, Mohr PG, Schmidt PM, McKimm-Breschkin JL. Real Time Enzyme Inhibition Assays Provide Insights
into Differences in Binding of Neuraminidase Inhibitors to Wild Type and Mutant Influenza Viruses. PLoS One.
2011;6(8).

Boyd, Vicky, Foord, Adam, Heine, Hans. Detection and Differentiation of Avian and Zoonotic Pathogens by a
Luminex Liquid Bead Array Multiplex Assay. EcoHealth 2011;7:S140

Brown L, Cobbin J, Middleton D, Barr I, Zeng W, Jackson D. Universal vaccination: is this premature with current
vaccine approaches? Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses. 2011;5:15-8.

Burggraaf S, Bingham J, Payne J, Kimpton WG, Lowenthal JW, Bean AG. Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase
expression in organs is associated with a higher severity of H5N1 influenza virus infection. PLoS One.
2011;6(1):e14561.
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