Prentice Hall Chapter 16
Chapter 16 Section 1
_____________________________________ are not the same.
All matter is made up of atoms that are ______________________________ – even if it appears that the object is
__________________________________.
Moving things have _______________________________ – therefore, if the particles that make up matter are in
____________________________________________, the object and its particles have
_________________________________.
The ___________________ the particles move, the more ______________ energy they have. (KE = ½mv2)
Temperature




A measure of the ______________________________ in a sample of matter.
How ___________________ something is relative to a _________________
______ moving particles → Internal KE is _______ → _________ is greater
______ moving particles → Internal KE is _______ → Temperature is _____
___________________________


Related to the particles that make up matter
The _____________________ of the particles in a material
o Includes both ___________________________________________________
 Internal KE is due to ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 Internal PE is determined by ____________________________________

Thermal Energy Depends on:
1. _________________________
2. Temperature
a. Even matter at _______________________ has thermal energy.
b. No thermal energy = __________________________________
i. __________________________
3. Phase
a. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
c. ____________________________
d. ____________________________
4. ___________________________

The more _____________________________________________________, the more
_____________________________ it has.
o Example of $5 for each student and class averages
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Prentice Hall Chapter 16


Different kinds of matter have different thermal energies,
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
o Difference is due mainly to the ways in which the _________________________
______________________________ depends on the total energy of a sample’s particles.
o _________________ has no effect on a sample’s __________________.
__________________________

The thermal (or internal) energy that flows from something with a _________
_______________________________________________________________
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Generally heat flows from _________________________________________
Heat flows by transfer of energy in ______________________________________.
Heat is measured in ________________ and is the transfer of _________________.
 ____________________ is the transfer of external energy, __________________ is the transfer of
______________________________.
Heat is energy transferred between objects of ______________________________.

Thermal __________________________________________ occurs when there is a change in the thermal energy
of an object.
o ___________________ expand more easily than liquids or solids because forces of
___________________________________________.
Specific Heat





Different materials need ______________________________________ to produce similar changes in their
temperatures.
Specific Heat (c) –
o _____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
o Specific heat measured in – ______________________
The higher the specific heat, _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________. It is easy to heat materials with a
low specific heat. The opposite is also true, materials with high specific heats, take much
_________________________.
o Example of Swimming Pool –
 Because water requires so much energy to heat up, the materials around the water
________________________________________ than the water itself and the water
_________________________.
Specific heat depends on the _______________________________________
Specific heat is why ______________________________________________
Changes in thermal energy cannot be measured directly – ______________________________.
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Prentice Hall Chapter 16
Calorimeter


An instrument used to measure __________________________________
Uses ___________________________________________ to calculate
Chapter 16 Section 2
Thermal energy travels as heat from a material at ___________________________ to a material at
____________________________________.
Thermal Energy Moves by:
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________
Conduction


The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of particles.
Energy is transferred when particles moving at different speeds bump into each other.
o Faster moving particles bump into slower moving particles – momentum from faster moving particles is
transferred to slower moving particles.
 Faster slows down → Slower speeds up
 Heat can be transferred by conduction __ through a given material or from one material to another
 Conduction occurs in:
 Solids
 Liquids
 Gases
o
o
o
Because particles are packed slightly closer together, solids usually conduct heat better than liquids or gases.
Conduction in gases is slower than liquids or solids because the particles in gases collide less often.
Metals have loosely held electrons that move around easily and transfer KE to nearby particles more easily.
o
Good Conductors (materials that all heat or energy to move easily through them):
o
o
Why does your desk’s leg feel colder than your book when the temperature is the same?
Good Insulators (materials that do not allow heat or energy to move easily through them):
Convection
o Most important way thermal energy is transferred in fluids is by convection.
o Convection –
o The transfer of energy by the bulk movement of matter
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Prentice Hall Chapter 16
 In conduction, energy moves from particle to particle, but the particles remain
approximately in place.
 In convection, fluid particles move from one location to another carrying energy with
them.
o Because particles move more freely, the particles in a liquid will move further apart when heated
– causing expansion.
o Transfer of heat is caused by convection currents
 Convection currents transfer thermal energy from warmer to cooler parts of a fluid.
o Example of pot on stove
o Example of wind
Radiation
o Convection and conduction both require matter in order to transfer thermal energy.
o Radiation –
o The transfer of energy in the form of waves.
o Does not require matter in order to transfer energy
o All objects above 0K radiate energy. The greater the object’s temperature, the greater the rate of
radiation.
o Different materials absorb radiant energy differently:
o Shiny materials – reflect energy
o Dull materials – absorb energy
o Dark colors absorb more energy that light colors
3 Laws of Thermodynamics
o
o
1st Law – _______________________________________________________
2nd Law – ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
o Heat engines create waste heat
o __________________________________________________________
o 3rd Law – ______________________________________________________
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