I2 data from chem. Web book
Ground state:
Wei, J.; Tellinghuisen, J.,
Parameterizing diatomic spectra: "best" spectroscopic constants for the I2 B = X
transition,
J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1974, 50, 317. [all data]
Barrow, R.F.; Yee, K.K.,
B3Π0u+ - X1Σg+ system of 127I2: rotational analysis and long-range potential in the
B3Π0u+| state,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1973, 69, 684. [all data]
Excited state:
Kiefer, W.; Bernstein, H.J.,
Vibrational-rotational structure in the resonance Raman effect of iodine vapor,
J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1972, 43, 366. [all data]
Williams, P.F.; Rousseau, D.L.; Dworetsky, S.H.,
Resonance fluorescence and resonance Raman scattering: lifetimes in molecular iodine,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 1974, 32, 196. [all data]
HCl web book
Rank, D.H.; Eastman, D.P.; Rao, B.S.; Wiggins, T.A.,
Rotational and vibrational constants of the HCl35 and DCl35 molecules,
J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1962, 52, 1. [all data]
Rank, D.H.; Rao, B.S.; Wiggins, T.A.,
Molecular constants of HCl35,
J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1965, 17, 122. [all data]
DCL web book
Pickworth, J.; Thompson, H.W.,
The fundamental vibration-rotation band of deuterium chloride,
Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1953, 218, 37. [all data]
Van Horne, B.H.; Hause, C.D.,
Near infrared spectrum of DCl,
J. Chem. Phys., 1956, 25, 56. [all data]
Mould, H.M.; Price, W.C.; Wilkinson, G.R.,
Infra-red emission from gases excited by a radio-frequency discharge,
Spectrochim. Acta, 1960, 16, 479. [all data]
Chloroform
Molecular Formula: CHCl3
Synonyms: Chloroforme (French); Cloroformio (Italian); Cloroformo (Spanish); Formyl
trichloride; Freon 20; Methane trichloride; Methane, trichloro-; Methenyl trichloride;
Methyl trichloride; NCI-C02686; R 20 refrigerant; Refrigerant 20; TCM;
Trichloormethaan (Dutch); Trichlormethan (Czech); Trichloroform; Trichloromethane;
Triclorometano (Italian)
CAS Registry Number: 67-66-3
RTECS Number: FS9100000
DOT ID: UN 1888
EEC Number: 602-006-00-4
EINECS Number: 200-663-8
Regulatory Authority
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Carcinogen (Animal Positive) (Human Suspected) (IARC)[9] (ACGIH)[1] (DFG)[3]
(Australia) (Mexico)
Banned or Severely Restricted (In Pharmaceuticals) (Many Countries) (UN)[13]
Air Pollutant Standard Set (ACGIH)[1] (Australia) (DFG)[3] (HSE)[33] (Israel)
(Mexico) (OSH)[58] (Several States)[60] (Several Canadian Provinces)
CLEAN AIR ACT: Hazardous Air Pollutants (Title I, Part A, Section 112);
Accidental Release Prevention/Flammable substances, (Section 112[r], Table 3),
TQ = 20,000 lb (9,080 kg)
CLEAN WATER ACT: Section 311 Hazardous Substances/RQ 40CFR117.3
(same as CERCLA, see below); 40CFR 423, Appendix A, Priority Pollutants;
Section 313 Water Priority Chemicals (57FR41331, 9/9/92); Toxic Pollutant
(Section 401.15)
EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER (RCRA No.): U044; D022
RCRA Toxicity Characteristic (Section 261.24), Maximum Concentration of
Contaminants, regulatory level, 6.0 mg/l
RCRA, 40CFR261, Appendix 8 Hazardous Constituents
RCRA 40CFR268.48; 61FR15654, Universal Treatment Standards: Wastewater
(mg/l), 0.046; Nonwastewater (mg/kg), 6.0
RCRA 40CFR264, Appendix 9; TSD Facilities Ground Water Monitoring List.
Suggested test method(s) (PQL µg/l): 8010 (0.5); 8240 (5)
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SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT: Priority List (55 FR 1470)
SUPERFUND/EPCRA 40CFR355, Appendix B Extremely Hazardous
Substances: TPQ = 10,000 lb (4,540 kg)
SUPERFUND/EPCRA 40CFR302.4 Reportable Quantity (RQ): CERCLA, 10 lb
(4.54 kg)
EPCRA Section 313 Form R de minimis concentration reporting level: 0.1%
Canada, WHMIS, Ingredients Disclosure List; National Pollutant Release
Inventory (NPRI)
Mexico, Drinking Water Criteria, 0.03 mg/l
Cited in U.S. State Regulations: Alaska (G), Arizona (W), California (G), Connecticut
(A), Florida (G), Illinois (G, W), Indiana (A), Kansas (G), Louisiana (G), Maine (G),
Maryland (G), Massachusetts (G, A), Michigan (G, A), Minnesota (W), Nevada (A),
New Hampshire (G), New Jersey (G), New York (G, A), North Carolina (A), North
Dakota (A), Oklahoma (G), Pennsylvania (G, A), Rhode Island (G, A), South Carolina
(A), Vermont (G), Virginia (G, A), Washington (G), West Virginia (G), Wisconsin (G).
Description: Chloroform, CHCl3, is a noncombustible, clear, colorless liquid with a
pleasant, sweet odor. The odor threshold is 12 ppm. Boiling point = 62°C.
Freezing/Melting point = -63°C. Soluble in water.
Potential Exposure: Chloroform was one of the earliest general anesthetics, but its use
for this purpose has been abandoned because of toxic effects. Chloroform is widely used
as a solvent (especially in the lacquer industry); in the extraction and purification of
penicillin and other pharmaceuticals; in the manufacture of artificial silk, plastics, floor
polishes, and fluorocarbons; and in sterilization of catgut. Chemists and support workers
as well as hospital workers are believed to be at a higher risk than the general population.
Chloroform is widely distributed in the atmosphere and water (including municipal
drinking water primarily as a consequence of chlorination). A survey of 80 American
cities by EPA found chloroform in every water system in levels ranging from < 0.3 – 311
ppb.
Incompatibilities: Though nonflammable, chloroform decomposes to form hydrogen
chloride, phosgene, and chlorine upon contact with a flame. Chloroform decomposes
slowly in air and light. Reacts violently with strong caustics (bases), strong oxidants,
chemically active metals (especially powders), such as aluminum, lithium, magnesium,
potassium and sodium, causing fire and explosion hazard. Attacks plastic, rubber and
coatings. Corrodes iron and other metals in the presence of moisture.
Permissible Exposure Limits in Air: The Federal standard (OSHA PEL)[58] Ceiling is
50 ppm (240 mg/m3), not to be exceeded at any time. The NIOSH REL is 2 ppm
(9.78 mg/m3) 60minute STEL; NIOSH considers chloroform to be a potential
occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990].
ACGIH: 10 ppm (49 mg/m3) TWA, A2, chloroform is an "Industrial Substance Suspect
of Carcinogenic Potential for Man." The NIOSH IDLH value is 500 ppm. (carcinogen).
The DFG MAK is 0.5 ppm (2.5 mg/m3) and Peak limitation of 2 × MAK, 30 minute
momentary value not to be exceeded 4 times per workshift. HSE[33] set a limit of 10 ppm
TWA and STEL of 50 ppm (225 mg/m3). The former USSR[35] has set a MAC for
ambient air in residential areas of 0.3 mg/m3. In addition, several states have set
guidelines or standards for chloroform in ambient air[60] ranging from zero (North
Dakota) to 0.04 µg/m3 (Michigan and Rhode Island) to 0.43 µg/m3 (Massachusetts and
North Carolina) to 120 µg/m3 (Pennsylvania) to 167 µg/m3 (New York) to 250 µg/m3
(Connecticut and South Carolina) to 500 µg/m3 (Virginia) to 1,190 µg/m3 (Nevada) to
1,200 µg/m3 (Indiana).
Determination in Air: Charcoal adsorption, workup with CS2, analysis by gas
chromatography. See OSHA Method 5 and NIOSH Method #1003 for Hydrocarbons,
halogenated.
Permissible Concentration in Water: To protect freshwater aquatic life: 28,900 µg/l on
an acute basis and 1,240 µg/l on a chronic basis. To protect saltwater aquatic life: no
value set due to insufficient data. To protect human health: preferably zero. An additional
lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 100,000 results at a level of 1.9 µg/l.[6]
The former USSR has set[35] a limit in surface water of 0.06 mg/l.
Some states have set standards and guidelines for chloroform in drinking water[61]
ranging from 1 µg/l (Illinois) to 3 µg/l (Arizona) to 5 µg/l (Minnesota).
Determination in Water: Gas chromatography (EPA Method 601) or gas
chromatography plus mass spectrometry (EPA Method 624).
Routes of Entry: Inhalation of vapors, ingestion, skin and eye contact. This chemical
can be absorbed through the skin, thereby increasing exposure.
Harmful Effects and Symptoms
Short Term Exposure: Chloroform irritates the eyes and contact can cause, tearing,
conjunctivitis and permanent eye damage. Symptoms of acute chloroform exposure
include fainting sensation, vomiting, dizziness, salivation, nausea, fatigue, and headache.
Other symptoms are respiratory depression, coma, kidney damage, and liver damage.
Chloroform is classified as moderately toxic. Probable oral lethal dose for humans is
0.5 – 5 g/kg (between 1 ounce and 1 pint) for a 150 lb person. The mean lethal dose is
probably near 1 fluid ounce (44 g). It is a human suspected carcinogen. Also, it is a
central nervous system depressant and a gastrointestinal irritant. It has caused rapid death
attributable to cardiac arrest and delayed death from liver and kidney damage.
Long Term Exposure: Symptoms of chronic exposure include loss of appetite,
hallucinations, moodiness and physical and mental sluggishness. Repeated or prolonged
contact with skin may cause skin drying, cracking and dermatitis. May cause heart,
thyroid, liver and kidney damage. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. It
has been shown to cause liver, kidney, and thyroid cancer in animals. There is limited
evidence that chloroform is a teratogen in animals.
Points of Attack: Liver, kidneys, heart, eyes, skin, central nervous system.
Medical Surveillance: Preplacement and periodic examinations should include
appropriate tests for thyroid, liver and kidney functions, and special attention should be
given to the nervous system, the skin, and to any history of alcoholism. Expired air and
blood levels may be useful in estimating levels of acute exposure. Special 24 hour
(holster monitor) to detect irregular heart beat.
First Aid: If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and
irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids.
Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove
contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical
attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin
rescue breathing (using universal precautions) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart
action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been
swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do
not make an unconscious person vomit. Medical observation is recommended.
Personal Protective Methods: Wear solvent-resistant gloves and clothing to prevent
any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can
provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your
operation. Polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, polyurethane and VITON/Chlorobutyl have been
recommended as protective materials in the literature. All protective clothing (suits,
gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof
chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn.
Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated.
Remove nonimpervious clothing immediately if wet or contaminated. Provide emergency
showers and eyewash.
Respirator Selection: NIOSH: At any detectable concentration: SCBAF:PD,PP (any
MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and
is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode); or
SAF:PD,PP:ASCBA (any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated
in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary,
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode). Escape: GMFOV [any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask)
with a chin-style, front-or back-mounted organic vapor canister] or SCBAE (any
appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus).
Storage: Prior to working with Chloroform you should be trained on its proper handling
and storage. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is
handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.1045. Store in tightly
closed dark bottles or cans in a cool, well-ventilated area.
Shipping: The DOT label requirement is "Poison." The UN/DOT Hazard Class is 6.1
and the Packing Group is II.[19][20]
Spill Handling: Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Do not touch spilled material; stop
leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Evacuate and restrict
persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is
complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Small spills: absorb
liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in
sealed containers. Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. It may be
necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or
contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially
contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your
regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are
required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA
1910.120(q) may be applicable.
Fire Extinguishing: This chemical is a noncombustible liquid. Use any extinguishing
agents. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and
chlorine. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users
of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution
control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. Fight fire from maximum distance.
Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. From a secure,
explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams
are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any
signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are
expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.
Disposal Method Suggested: Incineration, preferably after mixing with another
combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids
produced.[22]
Where possible it should be recovered, purified by distillation, and returned to the
supplier.
References
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Criteria for a Recommended
Standard: Occupational Exposure to Chloroform, NIOSH Document No. 75–114,
Washington, DC (1975)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Current Intelligence Bulletin No.
9-Chloroform, Washington, DC (1976)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chloroform: Ambient Water Quality Criteria,
Washington, DC (1980)
National Academy of Sciences, Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride and Other
Halomethanes: An Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC (1978)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chloroform, Health and Environmental Effects
Profile No. 47, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC (April 30, 1980)
Sax, N. I., Ed., "Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Report," 1, No. 4, 44–47
(1981) and 3, No. 5, 101–106, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. (1983)
U.S. Public Health Service, "Toxicological Profile for Chloroform," Atlanta, Georgia,
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (October 1987)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Chemical Profile: Chloroform," Washington,
DC, Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program (October 31, 1985)
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services and Senior Services, "Hazardous
Substance Fact Sheet: Chloroform," Trenton, NJ (February 1989)
New York State Department of Health, "Chemical Fact Sheet: Chloroform," Albany, NY,
Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment (January 1986)
Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (4th Edition)
Copyright© 2002 by Noyes Publications & William Andrew Publishing