1.3
MIDDLE-EAST TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTANT TRANSPORT PROJECT
R. Bornstein*, M. Luria+, Y. Mahrer+, M. Peleg+, D. Rammar+, E. Weinroth+,
E. Tas+,V. Matziev+, E. Feitelson+, J. Kaplan+, U. Dayan+, J. Issac#, H. Maoh#,
M. Ghanayem#, J. Safi0,Y. Einahhal0, A. Bitan^, E. Ben-Dor^, I. Benenson^,
Setter%, Y. Levi%
*San
Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
#Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem, Bethlehem, West Bank
0Environmental Protection & Research Institute, Gaza City, Gaza Strip
^Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
%Israel Meteorological Service, Bet Dagan, Israel
+The
1. INTRODUCTION
The aim is to generate information required by agencies
in Israel and West Bank/Gaza to develop strategies for
sustainable development of their coastal areas. The 4
main objectives to achieve the above overall aim are:
A.
Objective 1: Data Bases
The main objectives include: (1) installation of 3 monitoring
sites in the Gaza and West Bank and (2) preparation of a
comprehensive environmental data base and climatology.
B.
Objective 2: Field Studies
The main objective is execution of short-term intensive observational campaigns during meteorological conditions
producing poor regional air quality. Such campaigns involve measurement of both meteorological and air quality
parameters.
C. Objective 3: Modeling Current Conditions
This objective is adaptation and application of appropriate
meteorological and air quality models to increase understanding of air quality problems associated with current
levels of regional urbanization. Meteorological, air quality,
geographic, and emission data collected to satisfy Objectives 1 and 2 will be used to initialize and evaluate the accuracy of these simulations of current emission patterns.
Verification of model results against available meteorologyical and air quality data will provide model confidence
limits using inputs for a variety of development strategies.
D. Objective 4: Modeling Future Conditions
The main objective is simulation of possible future regional
meteorological and air quality patterns by use of validated
models. Models will be applied to a variety of potential
growth and emission scenarios associated with various
urban/industrial development plans.
2. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
A. Objective 1: Data Bases
> Environmental monitoring sites
> Required instruments selected as identical to those used
in Israel
> Building, exposure, infrastructure, and communications
criteria for new sites determined
> Three sites fulfilling above criteria identified
> Instruments delivered.
> Environmental data Bases
> Required meteorological, air quality, emission, and geographic parameters identified
> Required period of data coverage identified (i.e., planned Spring/Summer 2002 field studies)
> Locations of future joint shared data bases determined
as HUJI and ARIJ
> Discussions begun on how to construct data-bases.
> Emissions database
> EMME/2 (1998) model used to estimate spatial distribution of 1997 and 2000 transportation emissions (Kaplan
1997). Effort started with GIS distributions of urbanized,
industrialized, and roadway areas. Data combined with
estimates of roadway, population, home, work-place, and
fuel usage patterns. Pollutant emission factors calculated
from concurrent field measurements at highway-tunnel
entrances and exits (Tratakovsky et al. 1997) and from
California automobile emission factors (Pierson et al.
1996). Data input into EMMA/2 to produce urban-nodal
and highway segment values for workday peak-activity
hour (0800-0900 LST or 0600-0700 UTC). Emission values provided for total TOC, CO, and NOx for Israel and
West Bank. Average vehicle-count data for the latter area
supplied from German sponsored Trilateral effort.
> First (transportation, stationary, and biogenic) emission
inventory for study area for 1997 compiled. First step involved Kaplan transportation data in conjunction with
Kleindienst (1992) relationships (from chemical chamber
measurements). Stationary point-source emissions tabulated for following source types: 10 large (electric generators, oil refineries, and cement factories), 400 factories, &
various small (everything not in first 2 categories) lumped
area-sources. Civilian aircraft takeoff and landing emissions calculated in slanted line-source in corridor between
Ben Gurion Airport and Mediterranean coast, where aircraft are above the PBL. Area-source biogenic VOC
emissions calculated from GIS vegetation data.
> Climatology
Dyan (2001) details aspects of the air-pollution climatology
of study area: large scale climate forcings, air masses,
synoptic wind and pressure patterns, regional wind flows,
seasonal winds, sea surface, air, and soil temperatures,
heat fluxes, relative humidity, and atmospheric stability.
This will be useful in planning the field programs, e.g.,
times when large scale systems produce ozone episodes
within the region, locations for the surface and up-per air
measurement systems, and measurement frequency.
B.
With respect to the final objective, discussions have been
carried out with planners to identify mechanisms for determination of emission scenarios to be tested in the models.
4. FUTURE WORK
Objective 2: Field Studies
A. Objective 1: Data Bases
With respect to the short-term field campaigns during periods conducive to poor regional air quality, the following
schedule was established and partly carried out:
> Feb 2000: A successful preliminary field observational
study was carried out to estimate the flux of pollutants
from Gaza into Israel. This involved deployment of the
HUJI mobile laboratory, equipped with a large variety of in
situ surface meteorology and air quality instrumentation,
as well as with a DOAS system.
> June 2000: Another successful similar preliminary field
observational study was carried out to estimate the flux of
pollutants from Israel to the West Bank.
> June 2002: The two preliminary field studies were carried out in preparation for this study, but additional time is
required to coordinate for this larger study. This campaign
will involve measurements of meteorological and air quality parameters by project scientists and a visiting international measurement groups.
> The 3 monitoring sites will be prepared (i.e., security,
power supply, communications, etc.) for the instruments
> Instruments will be made operational at the 3 sites
> Meteorological, air quality, emissions, and geographic
data required for modeling will continue to be collected
> Construction of databases at HUJI and ARIJ continues.
B. Objective 2: Field Studies
Field observational campaigns will be carried out during
May-August 2003, with measurements made of regional
transboundary pollutant fluxes. This final campaign will
involve meteorological and air quality parameters.
C. Objective 3: Modeling Current Conditions
With respect to the adaptation and application of appropriate meteorological and air quality models to the study
area to increase understanding of air quality problems
associated with current levels of regional urbanization,
the following will continue:
> RAMS meteorological model will simulate additional
flow cases
> HYPACT Lagrangian particle model will simulate additional transport patterns
> CAMX photochemical model will be tested using output
from the above RAMS simulations, a regional first
> UAH1D chemical mechanism model will be tested, with
new routines (appropriate for local climate and emission
mixes)
> Chemical mechanisms fromStanford University will be
tested in the CAMX photochemical model.
> SJSU/Alpine Geophysics urbanization, PAVE graphics,
and MAPS statistical evaluation packages will improve the
graphical presentation and statistical evaluation capabilities for RAMS, CAMX, and HYPACT model outputs
C. Objective 3: Modeling Current Conditions
With respect to adaptation and application of appropriate
models to gain increased understanding of air quality
problems associated with current levels of urbanizetion,
the following has been accomplished:
> The RAMS model was selected as the meteorological
model for the study.
> The HYPACT Lagrangian particle model was selected to
carry out preliminary air pollutant transport studies.
> The CAMx photochemical model was selected for the
study.
> The UAH1D chemical mechanism model was selected
to allow for development of new chemical mechanisms
tailored for the study area.
> Additional chemical mechanisms developed in Europe
have been tested at Stanford (Jacobson, 2001) and will be
inserted into CAMx.
> Urbanization of MM5, and updating the PAVE graphics
package (based on NCAR package) and MAPS statistical
evaluation package has been carried out at SJSU. The
first effort will allow RAMS to better simulate urban areas.
The latter two packages (from Alpine Geophysics, Inc.) will
improve graphical presentation and statistical evaluation
opportunities. MAPS has been expanded to do statistical
evaluations on arbitrary specified sub-domains and PAVE
can now construct arbitrary vertical cross-sections.
D. Objective 4: Modeling Future Conditions
With respect to the simulation of possible future regional
meteorological and air quality patterns using the validated
models of Objective 3, the following will be done:
> Discussions will continue with transportation planners to
identify possible future regional emission scenarios to be
modeled during the final project phase
> Planning simulations will study environmental impacts
from projected population conditions during 2010 & 2020
(when regional populations will have doubled)
D. Objective 4: Modeling Future Conditions
12th Joint AMS/ AWMA Conference on the
Applications of Air Pollution Meteor., Norfolk,
VA, 53-54.
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