11.4: “Phase Equilibrium”
1. System: a ____________ of components that are being _______________.
a. Phase: a part of _______________ that is _______________. (a region that
has the same ________________________ and ___________________
throughout.
Example: ice water is a system that has a ___________ phase and a
___________ phase.
2. Equilibrium Involves Constant Interchange of Particles
a. Equilibrium: the state in which a _____________ process and the
_____________ chemical process occur at the _____________ rate such that
the concentrations of reactants and products do not _____________.
b. A _________________ equilibrium exists when particles are constantly moving
between two or more ________________ yet no ________ change in the
___________________ of substance in either phase takes place.
3. Example: If you open a bottle of rubbing alcohol, you can ___________ the alcohol.
a. When you put the cap back on, an _____________________ between the
____________ phase and the __________ phase is quickly reached.
b. That is, the rate of ______________________ = rate of _________________.
4. Vapor Pressure Increases with Temperature
a. For an enclosed gas and liquid in ___________________, the _________
particles above the liquid exert ________________ when they strike the walls of
the container.
b. Vapor Pressure: the partial pressure exerted by a _______________ that is in
equilibrium with its ________________ state at a given __________________.
c. The ____________________ ________________ is the temperature at which
the vapor pressure = the _________________________________________
5. As you _____________________ the temperature of a ________________ system,
more liquid particles escape into the ______________ phase.
a. Thus, as you _________________ temperature, the vapor pressure of the
substance also __________________.
b. When you increase the ___________________ of a system to the point at which
the vapor pressure of a substance is equal to the standard
______________________ pressure, you have reached the substance’s normal
_______________________ point.
6. A substances phase depends on ____________ and _____________.
a. Phase Diagram: a _______________ that shows the relationship between the
________________ state of a substance and the ________________ and
__________________ of the substance.
7. A _________________diagram has __________ lines:
a. One line shows the ______________________________________ equilibrium.
b. Another line shows the ___________________________________ equilibrium.
c. A third line shows the ____________________________________ equilibrium.
d. These 3 lines meet at the ________________ _____________.
e. Triple point: the temperature and pressure conditions at which the
_____________, _______________, and __________________ phases of a
substance coexist at equilibrium
8. Line AD shows ______________________ equilibrium.
a. As you follow line AD upwards, the vapor pressure is ________________, so the
density of the vapor _______________ and the density of the liquid
________________.
b. Critical point: the ___________________ and ________________ at which
the _____________ and liquid states of a substance become ______________
and form one _____________.
c. _________________ this point, the substance is called a _________________
fluid.
9. Line AC shows __________________ equilibrium.
a. Only _____________ is present to the ___________ of line AC.
b. _____________ is an unusual substance: the solid is _________ dense than the
__________. Why? _____________________________________________
c. The line AC has a slightly _______________ slope, which is very
_____________ in phase diagrams of other substances.
10. Line AB shows _________________________ equilibrium.
a. If the ___________________ is ___________________ below the line AB,
the solid will _________________.
b. Freeze-drying uses the process of ___________________ of ice below the
freezing point to dry foods.
11. Phase Diagrams are _________________ to a Particular Substance.
a. Each pure substance has a unique ______________ __________________,
although the general structure is the ______________.
b. The ______________ point is characteristic for each substance and serves to
___________________ the substance from other substances.
c. Unlike the boiling point, the _________________ point is affected little by
changes in _________________, so the solid-liquid equilibrium line is nearly
_____________________ in phase diagrams.
12. Notice that in the phase diagram for _______________ ______________, the
horizontal line at 101.3 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure) does ___________
intersect the __________________________ line.
a. That’s because carbon dioxide is ____________ a ______________ at standard
_______________.
b. At room temperature, _______________ carbon dioxide _________________,
or changes directly from a _____________ to a _____________.
Phase Diagram for Water