Russian National Report
for the 9 WMO/UNEP Ozone Research Managers’ Meeting
14 - 16 May 2014, Geneva, Switzerland
th
1. OBSERVATIONAL ACTIVITIES
1.1. Column measurements of ozone and other gases / constituents responsible
for ozone loss
Routine observations of atmospheric ozone comprise observations of total ozone
(TO) and ozone vertical distribution.
Routine observations of nitrogen dioxide comprise observations of its content in the
vertical atmospheric column.
In the Russian Federation, responsibility for regular total ozone measurements
and interaction with the corresponding WMO bodies lies with the Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet). Daily TO
measurements are being performed on the network of ozone measuring stations, which
numbered 33 on April 1, 2014, equipped with filter ozonometers М-124 and located on
the territory of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan. Technical and methodological
support of the network is provided by A.I. Voeykov Main Geophysical Observatory
(MGO). Observational data are transmitted on-line to the Central Aerological
Observatory (CAO), MGO, and RF Hydrometeorological Center. Observational data are
transmitted on-line to the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) and MGO. CAO
transmits the data online to the World Ozone and UV Data Centre (WOUDC) under the
Environment Service of Canada.
Apart from that, total ozone measurements are performed by institutions of
Roshydromet and the Russian Academy of Sciences using ozonometers M-124, Brewer
spectrophotometers as well as SAOZ instruments. Brewer spectrophotometers measure
TO in Kislovodsk (Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, RAS), Tomsk (Zuev
Institute of Atmospheric Optics, RAS Siberian Branch), and Obninsk (SI RPA
“Typhoon”), with the measurement data also transmitted to WOUDC. Total ozone and
NO2 measurements on the territory of Russia using SAOZ are made by CAO
specialists, at 6 high-latitude stations: Anadyr (64°N, 177°E), Zhigansk (67°N, 123°E),
Irkutsk (52°N, 104°E), Salekhard (67°N, 67°E), Dolgoprudny (56°N, 37°E), Murmansk
(68N°.,33°E.).. Data from Salekhard and Zhigansk are available at
(http://saoz.obs.uvsq.fr/).
The first TO measurements from the Russian geostationary weather satellite
Elektro-L have been obtained (Kramchaninova and Uspensky, 2013).
Regular measurements of NO2 content in the vertical atmospheric column have
been conducted at Zvenigorod research station (ZRS) of A.M. Obukhov Institute of
Atmospheric Physics (IAP), RAS, since 1990. The measurements are made with a
spectrophotometer based on a domestically produced monochromator MDR-23, by an
original technique based on the reconstruction of NO2 vertical distribution. The station is
included in the International Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition
Change (NDACC), its NO2 measurement data readily available at the NDACC server
(http://www.ndacc.org/).
At the Chair of Physics of the Physics Faculty of St.Petersburg State University,
regular ground spectroscopic measurements of ozone and ozone-depleting gases are
being continued. IR solar spectra are measured on sunny days using a special groundbased system based on high-resolution Fourier spectrometer.
1.2. Profile measurements of ozone and other gases / constituents responsible for
ozone loss
During 2011 and 2012 spring seasons, several measurements of ozone vertical
profiles were made using ozone sondes at Salekhard station; the data is available at
NDACC server (http://www.ndacc.org/).
Measurements of ozone profiles in the stratosphere and mesosphere with a
microwave radiometer (142.2 GHz) are conducted on a regular basis at P.N. Lebedev
Physical Institute of RAS in Moscow (Solomonov et al., 2012).
Occasionally, ozone profiles are measured with microwave radiometer in Nizhniy
Novgorod and Tomsk (Marichev et al., 2012; Ryskin et al., 2012). Besides, lidar
measurements of ozone and aerosol profiles up to 70 km are made (particularly, in
relation with observations of polar stratospheric clouds) at Tomsk (Zuev Institute of
Atmospheric Optics, RAS Siberian Branch (Marichev et al., 2012; Cheremisin et al.,
2013).
Also, NO2 vertical profiles are retrieved at the ZRS of the Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, RAS, from spectroscopic zenith measurements of scattered solar radiation.
Similar measurements are made in Tomsk.
1.3 UV measurements
1.3.1 Broadband measurements
Pilot measurements of UVB-radiation have been carried out at 14 ozone measuring
station of Roshydromet since 2006. The UV radiation (UVR) measurements follow the
technique developed by MGO and use M-124 ozonometers with correction attachments
(Larche sphere). Observational results will be available after calibration of the
ozonometers with attachments against an UVR reference sample.
Long-term regular measurements of UV-irradiation in an UV-B spectral range,
using an UVB-1YES pyranometer, have been conducted at Lomonosov Moscow State
University (MSU) since 1999, and in a 300-380 nm range since 1968 (Chubarova,
Ozone Assessment, chapter 7, 2007; ACP, 2008).
1.3.2 Spectroradiometers
UV-B radiation monitoring using Brewer instruments have been carried out in
Kislovodsk since 1989, in Obninsk since 1994, and in Tomsk since 2006. Besides, at 4
stations of Roshydromet, pilot measurements of the spectral composition of total
(global) UV radiation within a 290-400 nm range have been conducted since 2008.
1.4 Calibration activities
1.4.1 Calibration of ozonometers M-124
The MGO fulfils calibration of ozonometers М-124. TO reference is provided by
Dobson spectrophotometer No.108, which, in turn, once in 4 years undergoes
intercalibration procedure at the WMO European Calibration Center. Since 1988, the
departure of Dobson No.108 TO measurements from the WMO reference values has
not exceeded 1%.
1.4.2 Regular TO measurement quality control
TO measurement scale stability is maintained through regular calibration of
ozonometers М-124 at MGO and monthly ozonometer intercomparisons at the stations.
Each station has got 3 instruments – operational, back-up, and reserve. After repair
(upgrading) and calibration at the MGO, the reserve ozonometer is set up at the station
and becomes operational. The cycle covers 2 years.
The MGO provides continuous control of measurement quality and performance
rate of ozonometers to reveal measurement scale changes and, if required, correct
measurement results. Ozonometers showing considerable changes in measurement
scale are replaced ahead of the schedule time, and undergo calibration.
1.4.3 UV calibration
In 2010, an operational, Category 1 reference sample of irradiation spectral
density in a 250-800 nm range, based on a quartz-halogen bulb, certified by the
Russian Federation State Agency for Standardization, Gosstandard, was introduced to
practice. Absolute-scale calibration of UV radiation measurements has been fulfilled at
the MGO since 2011.
.
1.4.4 Brewer spectrophotometer calibration
All the Brewer spectrophotometers in Russia, operated in Obninsk, Kislovodsk,
and Tomsk, were last calibrated in 2012.
2. RESULTS FROM OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS
Observation analysis has been primarily aimed at understanding the reasons for
occasional ozone anomalies and long-term ozone layer changes.
Analysis of the evolution of profiles of the vertical ozone mixing ratio distribution
over South Pole station, based on the US NOAA data (ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/), has
demonstrated that the deepening of the ozone hole during the first decade since its
opening was accompanied by temperature decrease in the lower stratosphere (Fig.1).
During the following decade, both the temperature in the lower stratosphere and the
ozone hole over the Antarctic stabilized (Zvyagintsev et al., 2012).
Some papers are devoted to the investigation of an unprecedentedly deep and
long-term 2011 anomaly in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere (Bazhenov and
Burlakov., 2011; Ananiev et al., 2012; Zvyagintsev et al., 2013). It is shown, in particular
(Ananiev et al., 2012; Zvyagintsev et al., 2013), that the anomaly was caused by very
low temperatures that persisted for a record-long time in that region (Fig. 2), with the
lower stratospheric temperatures exceeding those characteristic of the Antarctic ozone
hole by nearly 10°C. Also, no Northern Hemisphere stations flying ozone sondes
observed the local minimum in the vertical distribution of ozone mixing ratio at 15-20 km
characteristic of the Antarctic ozone hole (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Mean annual variation of temperature (°С; left) and common logarithm of ozone
mixing ration (billion-1; right) at different heights Н (km) over NOAA South Pole station,
based on ozone sounding data: during 1986-1990 (top)., 1996-2000 (middle), 20062010 (bottom) (Zvyagintsev et al., 2012).
Fig. 2. Interannual variation of mean monthly temperatures during the period DecemberMarch at 30 hPa (about 23 km) over the Northern Pole, based on Freie Universität,
Berlin, data. Dashed line marks -78 °С level, below which polar stratospheric clouds can
originate (Zvyagintsev et al., 2013).
The influence of different factors (sun elevation, total ozone content, surface
albedo, optical properties of aerosols and clouds) on two types of biologically active UV
radiation – the one causing erythema (erythema-weighted) and the other producing
vitamin D – was studied (Zhdanova and Chubarova, 2011). A new classification of UVresources was proposed which helped to estimate the natural areas with UV-deficiency,
UV-excess, and UV-optimum for human health in Eurasia (Chubarova and Zhdanova,
2012, 2013; Zhdanova and Chubarova, 2013). This classification takes into account
aerosol distribution, surface albedo, and total ozone content for different seasons. In
particular, it is shown that UV-irradiance in Europe is more comfortable that in Asia,
while the largest part of Russia suffers from UV deficiency during cold seasons (Fig.3).
Fig. 3. Examples of the spatial distribution of UV resources for the 2nd skin type under
typical cloud conditions in January, April, July, and October. Based on the data from
(Chubarova and Zhdanova, 2013).
A number of studies is devoted to the analysis of NO2 time variability in the
atmosphere. The regimes of NO2 amount variability in the stratosphere and in the
boundary layer, based on the data of Zvenigirod station of the Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, RAS, differ considerably (Gruzdev and Elokhov, 2011). Stratospheric NO2
content is rather variable both annually and daily, with less regular annual oscillations,
intra-annual and inter-annual variations. The amount of NO2 in the atmospheric
boundary layer, which is largely affected by pollution events, is highly variable. Against
this background there occur irregular daily, intra-annual (within 15-100- day periods),
and annual variations. The interannual variability of NO2 content in the stratosphere
includes quasi-biennial variations with 2-3 % amplitude in middle and high latitudes and
4-5 % in the tropics and near the poles (Gruzdev, 2011a).
Part of the studies are devoted to weekly atmospheric cyclicality. Weekly
variations have been revealed in the lower tropospheric and stratospheric NO2 values at
the ZRS IAP RAS, as well as in weather parameters (temperature, geopotential, and
wind speed) both in the surface layer and stratosphere in Moscow environs and in
Western Siberia (Gruzdev, 2011b). For a weekly cycle to exist, weekly variations have
to occur synchronously with calendar weekly rate. Weekly cyclicality has been revealed
in NO2 content throughout the stratosphere over the ZRS, total ozone, temperature,
geopotentia, and meridional wind speed in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere over Moscow environs during warm half-year periods (Gruzdev, 2013).
However, weekly cyclicality has been found neither in surface NO2 content, nor aerosol
mass concentration at the ZRS, although weekly variations in surface NO2 and aerosol
have been found to occur (Gruzdev et al., 2012).
According to the ZRS NO2 observations, a strong negative anomaly in total NO2
was detected in late March 2011 г. (Gruzdev and Elokhov, 2013a). Then, NO2 content
was about 40 % less than the mean NO2 value for the season. The anomaly was
caused by stratospheric air transport from the zone of the ozone hole then observed
over the Arctic.
NO2 measurement validation has been continued using OMI instrument, based
on the ZRS measurement data (Gruzdev and Elokhov, 2013b).
3. THEORY, MODELLING AND OTHER RESEARCH
The MGO is continuing studies devoted to the prediction of changes in ozone,
surface UV fluxes, and atmospheric dynamics during the XXI century, using chemical
climatic models. In order to assess the changes produced by anthropogenic influences,
a three-dimensional chemical climatic model, SOCOL 2.0, is applied (Zubov et al.,
2011, 2013a, 2013b). Such factors as atmospheric concentrations of green-house
gases, ozone depleting substances, sea surface temperatures, and sea ice are
considered.
At the Chair of Atmospheric Physics of St. Petersburg University Physics
Department, investigations are being continued to find the ways of measuring
atmospheric gaseous composition through ground-based and satellite-borne
spectroscopic observations (Makarova et al., 2011; Polyakov et al., 2011, 2013;
Virolainen et al., 2011, 2013; Yagovkina et al., 2011; Kostsov et al., 2012; Ionov et al.,
2012, 2013; Pastel et al., 2013; Gavrilov et al., 2013; Semakin et al., 2013). For ozone
and main ozone-depleting gases (H2O, CH4, N2O, etc.), optimal IR spectral intervals in
which measurement should be made, “interfering” gases, and random errors in single
measurements of gas content have been determined. The acquired results are
exemplified in Fig.4 by showing some measurements of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) at
different observational sites.
1015 mol/cm2
01/09
4
07/09
01/10
07/10
01/11
3
07/11
01/12
Eureka - 80N
2
1
1015 mol/cm2
0
4
Thule - 76.5N
3
2
1
1015 mol/cm2
0
4
Kiruna - 67.8N
3
2
1
1015 mol/cm2
0
4
Harestua-60.2N
3
2
1
1015 mol/cm2
0
4
Peterhof-59.9N
3
2
1
0
01/09
07/09
01/10
07/10
01/11
07/11
01/12
Fig. 4. Chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) column time series at Peterhof and several NDACC
stations (Virolainen et al., Izvestiya, in press).
4 DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
4.1 Data Reporting
The data from routine TO observations on the network using M-124 are
transmitted to the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, CAO, and MGO daily. CAO
archives the data received on-line, performs their primary quality control, and transmits
them to the WOUDC. This data, together with that from other countries, is employed by
the WOUDC for operational imaging of TO fields (http://woudc.org/). Also, CAO
performs operational mapping of TO distribution over Russia and the neighboring
countries, reveals anomalies and analyzes the reasons for their origination. At the
MGO, the data undergo more thorough quality control, which enables assessing the
performance of separate instruments, data correction, and transmission of final results
to the WOUDC. М-124 ozonometers having been employed on the network for over 25
years, a considerable number of cases with the measurement scale deviations at
observational sites occurs despite instrument upgrading fulfilled. Therefore, the
measurement data have to be thoroughly verified, leading, sometimes, to extra
ozonometer calibration, which detains presentation of the verified data to the WOUDC.
The WOUDC also regularly receives TO and UV data measured with Brewer
spectrophotometers at Kislovodsk, Obninsk, and Tomsk stations.
SAOZ measurements from the Russian stations of Zhigansk and Salekhard can
be readily available on-line at the site of the Data Acquisition Center in France
http://gosic.org/gcos/SAOZ-data-access.htm).
Measurements of NO2 content in the stratospheric column and atmospheric
boundary layer are regularly transmitted from Zvenigorod Research Station of the
Institute of Atmospheric Optics, RAS, to the NDACC, and are readily available at
(http://www.ndacc.org/).
4.2 Information to the public
Analyses of the current ozone layer state are presented by CAO in the quarterly
reviews of the journal “Meteorologia i Gidrologia” (with the English version disseminated
by Springer Publishing House). Annually, the reviews include data on long-term
changes of the ozone layer over Russia, which are compared with those observed in
other regions of the globe. Information about the ozone layer state over Russia is also
published annually in “Reports on the features of climate on the territory of the Russian
Federation” and “Reviews of the environment state and pollution in the Russian
Federation” presented by Roshydromet.
The technology of TO and UV- index forecasting for the Russian territory has
been developed by CAO in cooperation with the Hydro-meteorological Center of Russia.
TO forecasting uses current TO observations and weather parameter predictions. To
determine the current state and forecast UV-B irradiance fields, observational data and
forecasts of TO, cloudiness, and underlying surface albedo are employed. In warm
seasons, maximum probable UV-index forecast, with indication of cloud amount, for the
current and next 24 hours on the territory of Russia is presented at the website of the
Hydrometcenter of Russia (http://meteoinfo.ru/). This site also contains information
about possibly high UV-B irradiance in the case of high UV-index values predicted, the
vulnerable territory is indicated, and recommendation for protective measures to be
taken by different groups of the population are given. The methodology for predicting
TO
and
UV-index
is
available
in
Russian
at
(http://method.meteorf.ru/methods/pollut/uv/uv.html).
5 RELEVANT SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Reviews:
Elansky N.F. Russian studies of atmospheric ozone in 2007–2011. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2012. V. 48. No. 3. P. 281-298.
Krivolutsky A.A., Repnev A.I. Results of Russian studies of the middle atmosphere,
2007–2010. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2012. V. 48. No. 3. P. 299-308.
Larin I.K. Russian Investigations in atmospheric chemistry for 2007–2010. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2012. V. 48. No. 3. P. 272–280.
Timofeev Yu.M., Shul’gina E.M. Russian investigations in the field of atmospheric
radiation in 2007–2010. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 1. P.
19–36.
Original papers:
Ananiev L.B., Zvyagintsev A.M., Kuznetsova I.N., Nakhaev M.I. Special features of total
ozone and circulations in low stratosphere during winter-spring 2011. // Proceedings of
Hydrometcentre of Russia. 2012. V. 347. P. 44-60 (in Russian).
Bazhenov O.E., Burlakov V.D. Anomalous decrease of the level of the total ozone
content over Tomsk and northern territory of Russia in March-April 2011. // Atmospheric and
Oceanic Optics (Tomsk). 2011. V. 24. No. 10. P. 915-919 (in Russian).
Bekoryukov V.I., Glazkov V.N., Fedorov V.V. Analysis of time series of global mean
values of thermodynamic and circulation parameters of the atmosphere and concentrations of
ozone and water vapor. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 1. P.
67–76.
Belikov Yu.E., Nikolaishvili S.Sh. Possible mechanism of ozone depletion on ice crystals
in the polar stratosphere. // Russian Meteorology and Hydrology. 2012. V. 37. No. 10. P. 666–
673.
Bukin O.A., An N.S., Pavlov A N., Stolyarchuk S.Yu., and Shmirko K.A. Effect that jet
streams have on the vertical ozone distribution and characteristics of tropopause inversion layer
in the far east region. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 5. P.
610-618.
Cheremisin A.A., Marichev V.N., Novikov P.V. Polar stratospheric cloud transfer from
Arctic regions to Tomsk in January, 2010. // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics (Tomsk). 2013. V.
26. No. 2. P. 93-99 [in Russian].
Chubarova N., Zhdanova Ye. Ultra-violet resources over the territory of Russia under
clear sky situation. // Vestnik of Moscow university. Ser. 5, Geography. 2012. No. 6. P. 9-19 (in
Russian).
Chubarova N., Zhdanova Ye. Ultraviolet resources over Northern Eurasia // Journal of
Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2013. V. 127. P. 38-51.
Chubarova N., Zhdanova Ye. The assessment of UV resources over Northern Eurasia. AIP Conf. Proc. 1531. 2013. P. 764-767.
Frey W., ..., Ulanovsky A., Sitnikov N.M. et al. In-situ measurements of tropical cloud
properties in the West African monsoon: upper tropospheric ice clouds, mesoscale convective
system outflow, and subvisual cirrus. // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011. V. 11. P. 5569-5590.
Gavrilov N.M., Makarova M.V., Poberovskii A.V., Timofeyev Yu.M. Comparisons of CH 4
satellite GOSAT and ground-based FTIR measurements near Saint-Petersburg (59.9°N,
29.8°E). // Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 2013. V. 6. P. 7041–7062.
Gruzdev A.N. Quasi-biennial variations in the total NO2 content. // Doklady Earth
Sciences. 2011a. Т. 438. № 2. С. 837-841.
Gruzdev A.N. Weekly cycle in the atmosphere. // Doklady Earth Sciences. 2011b. V.
439. No. 1. P. 1034-1038.
Gruzdev A.N., Elokhov A.S. Variability of stratospheric and tropospheric nitrogen dioxide
observed by the visible spectrophotometer at Zvenigorod, Russia. // Int. J. Remote Sensing.
2011. V. 32. No. 11. P. 3115-3127.
Gruzdev A.N., Isakov A.A., Elokhov A.S. Analysis of weekly cycles in surface aerosol
and NO2 at Zvenigorod Scientific Station, IAP RAS. // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
(Tomsk). 2012. V. 25. No. 10. P. 884-889 (in Russian).
Gruzdev A.N. Analysis of the weekly cycle in the atmosphere near Moscow. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 2. P. 137–147.
Gruzdev A.N., Elokhov A.S. Negative anomaly of the stratospheric NO2 content over
Zvenigorod at the end of March and beginning of April 2011. // Transactions (Doklady) of the
Russian Academy of Sciences/Earth Science Section. 2013a. V. 448, Part 1. P. 126-130.
Gruzdev A.N., Elokhov A.S. New results of validation of OMI NO2 measurements using
data of measurements at Zvenigorod Scientific Station. // Earth Res. from Space. 2013b. V. No.
1. P. 16-27 (in Russian).
Huntrieser H., ..., Ulanovsky A. et al. Mesoscale convective systems observed during
AMMA and their impact on the NOx and O3 budget over West Africa. // Atmos. Chem. Phys.
2011. Т. 11. С. 2503-2536.
Ionov D.V., Poberovskii A.V. Nitrogen dioxide in the air basin of St. Petersburg: Remote
measurements and numerical simulation. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2012.
V. 48. No. 4. P. 373-383.
Ionov D.V., Kshevetskaya M.A., Timofeev Yu.M., Poberovskii A.V. Stratospheric NO2
content according to data from ground-based measurements of solar IR radiation. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 5. P. 519–529.
Ivlev G.A., Belan B.D., Dorokhov V.M., Tereb N.V. Spectral observations of the total
ozone content variation in Obninsk and Tomsk in 2011 and 2012. // Atmospheric and Oceanic
Optics (Tomsk). 2013. V. 26. No. 4. P. 325-331 (in Russian).
Khaykin S. M., Engel I., Vömel H., Formanyuk I.M., Kivi R., Korshunov L.I., Krämer M.,
Lykov A.D., Meier S., Naebert T., Pitts M.C., Santee M.L., Spelten N., Wienhold F.G., Yushkov
V.A., Peter T. Arctic stratospheric dehydration - Part 1: Unprecedented observation of vertical
redistribution of water. // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013. V. 13. P. 11503-11517,
Kostsov V.S., Poberovsky A.V., Osipov S.I., Timofeyev Yu.M. Multiparameter technique
for interpreting ground-based microwave spectral measurements in the problem of ozone
vertical profile retrieval. // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics (Tomsk). 2012. V. 25. No. 4. P. 269275.
Kramchaninova E.K., Uspensky A.B. Monitoring the total atmospheric ozone content
using data collected by the Elektro-L Russian geostationary meteorological satellite. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 9. P. 986-992.
Krasil’nikov A.A., Kulikov Yu.Yu., Ryskin V.G., Demkin V.M., Kukin L.M., Mikhailovskii
V.L., Shanin V.N., Sheiner M.Z., Shumilov V.A., Shchitov A.M. A new compact microwave
spectroradiometer–ozonometer. // Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2011. V. 54. No.
1. P. 118-123
Manney G.L., ..., Dorokhov V., ..., Makshtas A., ..., Zinoviev N.S. Unprecedented Arctic
ozone loss in 2011 // Nature. 2011. V. 478. P. 469–475.
Marichev V.N., Matvienko G.G., Lisenko A.A., Iljushik V.Yu., Kulikov Yu.Yu., Krasilnikov
A.A., Ryskin V.G., Bychkov V.V. First results of complex experiment on sounding the middle
atmosphere in optical and millimeter waves (above Tomsk). // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
(Tomsk). 2012. V. 25. No. 12. P. 1091-1095 [in Russian].
Pastel M., Pommereau J.-P., Goutail F., Richter A., Pazmino A., Ionov D. Comparison of
long term series of total ozone and NO2 column measurements in the southern tropics by
SAOZ/NDACC UV-Vis spectrometers and satellites. // Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 2013. V. 6.
P. 4851–4893.
Ploeger F., ..., Ulanovski A. et al. Insight from ozone and water vapour on transport in
the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011. V. 11. P. 407-419.
Polyakov A.V., Timofeev Yu.M., Poberovskii A.V., Yagovkina I.S. Seasonal variations in
the total content of hydrogen fluoride in the atmosphere. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic
Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 6. P. 760-765.
Polyakov A.V., Timofeev Yu.M., Poberovskii A.V. Ground-based measurements of total
column of hydrogen chloride in the atmosphere near St. Petersburg. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric
and Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 4. P. 411–419.
Polyakov A.V., Timofeyev Yu.M., Walker K.A. Comparison of the satellite and ground
based measurements of the hydrogen fluoride content in the atmosphere. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 9. P. 1002-1005.
Rozanov S.B., Ignatyev A.N., Kropotkina E.P., Lukin A.N., Solomonov S.V.
Investigations of the atmospheric ozone vertical distribution by millimeter wave remote sensing
techniques. // Vestnik of the Mari El’s State University. Ser. “Telecommunication and radio
engineering”. 2011. No. 3 (13). С. 3-12 (in Russian).
Ryskin V.G., Zinchenko I.I., Krasil’nikov A.A., Kulikov Yu.Yu., Nosov V.I., Orozobakov
T.O., Orozobakov A.T., Sayakbaeva B.B. Stratospheric ozone distribution features from the
results of simultaneous ground-based microwave measurements in Nizhni Novgorod and
Kyrgyzstan // Russian Meteorology and Hydrology. 2012. V. 37. No. 10. P. 659–665.
Semakin S.G., Poberovskii A.V., Timofeev Yu.M. Ground-Based Spectroscopic
Measurements of the Total Nitric Acid Content in the Atmosphere. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 3. P. 294–297.
Shalamyansky A.M. Сonception of interaction of atmospheric ozone and air mass in the
Northern Hemisphere. // Proceedings of Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory. 2013. V. 568.
P. 173-194 (in Russian).
Shtyrkov O.V. Ozone concentration measurements by spectrophotometer SFM-2 from
“Meteor-2” satellite. // Russian Meteorology and Hydrology. 2012. V. 37. No. 11. P. 83-91 (only
in Russian).
Solomonov S.V., Gaikovich K.P., Kropotkina E.P., Rozanov S.B., Lukin A.N., Ignat’ev
A.N. Remote sensing of atmospheric ozone at millimeter waves. // Radiophysics and Quantum
Electronics. 2011. V. 54. No. 2. P. 102-110.
Solomonov S.V., Kropotkina E.P., Rozanov S.B., Ignat'ev A.N., Lukin A.N. Features of
the Altitude_Time Distribution of Ozone over Moscow during the Strong Ozone Depletion in
Spring 2011 and during the Statospheric Warming in 2010 According to Observations at
Millimeter Wavelengths. // Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute. 2012. V. 39. No. 10. P. 277283.
Virolainen Ya.A., Timofeev Yu.M., Ionov D.V., Poberovskii A.V., Shalamyanskii A.M.
Ground-based measurements of total ozone content by the Infrared method. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 4. P. 480–490.
Virolainen Ya.A., Timofeyev Yu.M., Poberovsky A.V. Intercomparison of satellite and
ground-based ozone total column measurements. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic
Physics. 2013. V. 49. No. 9. P. 993-1001.
Visheratin K.N. Relationship between phases of quasi-decadal oscillations of total ozone
and the 11-year Solar cycle. // Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2012. V. 52. No. 1. P. 94-102.
von Hobe M., …, Khaykin S.M., …, Sitnikov, N., …, Ulanovski A., …, Yushkov V. et al.
Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic
stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions (RECONCILE): activities and results. //
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013. V. 13. P. 9233-9268
von Hobe M., …, Ulanovsky A., Sitnikov N., Shur G., Yushkov V. et al. Evidence for
heterogeneous chlorine activation in the tropical UTLS. // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011. V. 11. P.
241-256.
Wohltmann I., ..., Ulanovsky A., Yushkov V. Uncertainties in modelling heterogeneous
chemistry and Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2009/2010. // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013. V.
13. P. 3909-3929.
Yagovkina I.S., Polyakov A.V., Poberovskii A.V., Timofeev Yu.M. Spectroscopic
measurements of total CFC-11 freon in the atmosphere near St. Petersburg. // Izvestiya,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 2. P. 186-189.
Zaripov R.B., Konovalov I.B., Kuznetsova I.N., Belikov I.B., Zvyagintsev A.M. WRF ARW
and CHIMERE models for numerical forecasting of surface ozone concentration. // Russian
Meteorology and Hydrology. 2011. V. 36. No. 4. P. 249–257.
Zhdanova E.Yu., Chubarova N.E. Estimation of different atmospheric parameters impact
on biologically active UV irradiance according to calculations and measurements. //
Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics (Tomsk). 2011. V. 24. No. 9. P. 775-781 [in Russian].
Zhdanova Ye., Chubarova N., Nezval Ye. A method of estimating cloud transmission in
the UV spectral range using data from different satellite measurements and reanalysis. - AIP
Conf. Proc. 1531. 2013. P. 911-914.
Zubov V.A., Rozanov E.V., Rozanova I.V., Egorova T.A., Kiselev A.A., Karol’ I.L.,
Schmutz V. Simulation of changes in global ozone and atmospheric dynamics in the 21st
century with the chemistry–climate model SOCOL. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic
Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 3. P. 301–312.
Zubov V., Rozanov E., Egorova T., Karol I., Schmutz W. Role of external factors in the
evolution of the ozone layer and stratospheric circulation in 21st century // Atmos. Chem. Phys.
2013a. V. 13. P. 4697-4706.
Zubov V.A., Rozanov E.V., Karol I.L., Egorova T.A., Kiselev А.А., Ozolin Yu.E.
Modelling variability of the vitamin D UV-radiation for 21st century. // Proceedings of Voeikov
Main Geophysical Observatory. 2013b. V. 568. P. 118-136 (in Russian).
Zuev V.V., Bondarenko S.L., Zueva N.E. Analysis of volcanogenic perturbations of the
subarctic ozonosphere on the basis of space monitoring data. // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics. 2011. V. 47. No. 9. P. 1032-1038.
Zvyagintsev A.M., Kuznetsova I.N., Kuznetsov G.I. About evolution of the Antarctic
ozone hole. // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics (Tomsk). 2012. V. 25. No. 7. P. 580–583 (in
Russian).
Zvyagintsev A.M., Kuznetsov G.I., Kuznetsova I.N. Ozone anomalies in spring over
Russia. // Russian Meteorology and Hydrology. 2013. V. 38. No. 5. P. 297–303.
6 FUTURE PLANS
At present, Roshydromet ozone monitoring network is being retooled with up-todata instrumentation. Specialist from the MGO and St. Petersburg’s optical institutes
have developed an automated UV ozone spectrometer (UVOS) enabling measurements
of total ozone and spectral composition of incident UV radiation in 290-400 nm range.
The instrument is meant for operation under any working conditions on the Russian
territory. The manufacture of the instrument has begun, and 14 stations are planned to
be equipped with the new tool in 2014.
The quality of UVOS performance is expected to be tested during Dobson
spectrophotometer calibration in Hohenpeissenberg (Germany) on 3-14 June 2014. In
July 2014, the new instrument will be presented at the WMO Technical Conference in
St. Petersburg.
7 NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS