NAME ________ANSWER KEY_______________________________
CH. 8 HONORS STUDY GUIDE
SCIENTISTS:
1. Hershey & Chase experiment – describe the bacteriophages used in their experiment.
A: BACTERIOPHAGES ARE COMPOSED OF A PROTEIN OUTER COAT AND DNA ON THE INSIDE
2. Watson & Crick experiment explain what happened.
A: THEY WERE THE SCIENTISTS THAT BUILT A 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF METAL & WOOD SHOWING THE
STRUCTURE OF DNA
CENTRAL DOGMA:
1. Explain how information flows in the Central Dogma. A: FROM DNA
RNA
PROTEINS
2. Where does DNA replication take place for eukaryotic organisms? A: NUCLEUS
3. During what part of the cell cycle will replication take place & how many times?
A: ONCE, S PHASE OF INTERPHASE
4. After replication, explain how the new & old strands of DNA are arranged.
A: ONE OLD STRAND IS ATTACHED TO ONE NEW STRAND
5. What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase?
A: TO BIND THE NUCLEOTIDES & PROOFREAD THE GROWING DNA NUCEOTIDE STRAND
6. Explain Chargaff’s rule. A: A= T; G=C
7. List the things that DNA nucleotides are composed of.
A: DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPHATE GROUP, & A NITROGENOUS BASE (A, T, C, G)
8. List the things that RNA nucleotides are composed of.
A: RIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPHATE GROUP, & A NITROGENOUS BASE (A, U, C, G)
9. Describe the DNA double helix.
A: IT IS COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDES, WHICH FOLLOW CHARGAFF’S RULE FOR BASE PAIRING FOR THE RUNGS
OF THE LADDER & HAS ALTERNATING SUGAR & PHOSPHATES FOR THE SIDES OF THE LADDER & WILL TWIST
MAKING IT RESEMBLE A TWISTED LADDER.
10. DNA strand: T T A G C T A T A G C C G T A
WRITE: the complementary DNA strand:
AATCGATATCGGCAT
11. Using the DNA strand above, WRITE: the complementary RNA strand: U U A G C U A U A G C C G U A
12. What is the job of the mRNA?
A: TO BRING THE MESSAGE OF THE DNA INTO THE CYTOPLASM SO THAT A PROTEIN IS PRODUCED
13. What is the job of rRNA?
A: COMPOSED OF 2 PARTS, THE SMALL UNIT HOLDS THE MRNA STRAND & THE LARGE UNIT HOLDS THE
GROWING PROTEIN
14. What is the job of tRNA? A: TO CARRY THE AMINO ACIDS FROM THE CYTOPLASM TO THE RIBOSOME
15. What RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis? A: MRNA, RRNA, & TRNA
16. Which RNA molecule functions as the blueprint of the genetic code? A: MRNA
17. Where is mRNA edited? A: NUCLEUS Explain what is removed & what is put back together. A: INTRONS ARE
REMOVED & EXONS ARE SPLICED BACK TOGETHER.
18. What nucleotide bases are found in DNA? _A, T, G, C_____________ RNA? ___A, U, G, C_____________
19. Name the process that is taking place in the picture to the right.
A: TRANSLATION
20. Describe the relationship between a codon & an anticodon.
A: THEY BASE PAIR, SO THAT THE CORRECT AMINO ACID IS
BROUGHT IN TO THE GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
21. Compare & contrast a DNA molecule with a RNA molecule.
A: COMPARE: BOTH ARE COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDES; BOTH ARE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE PROTEINS; BOTH
FOLLOW BASE PAIRING RULES
CONTRAST: DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED - RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED; DNA CONTAINS DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR IN
THE NUCLEOTID – RNA CONTAINS RIBOSE SUGAR; DNA CONTAINS THYMINE BASES – RNA CONTAINS URACIL
BASES; DNA REMAINS IN THE NUCLEUS – RNA GOES TO THE CYTOPLASM
GENETIC CODE:
1. How many bases are needed to code for one amino acid? A: 3
2. Using the genetic code to the right or from your textbook, write the
correct amino acid sequence for the following mRNA strand:
AUGCCGAAAGGGUAG
A: MET (START), PRO, LYS, GLY, STOP
MUTATIONS:
1. List & explain the different types of gene mutations.
A: POINT MUTATION – ONE BASE IS SUBSTITUTED FOR A WRONG
BASE
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION – EITHER A BASE IS INSERTED OR DELETED CAUSING THE READING FRAME TO SHIFT
2. Explain how a frameshift mutation affects the reading frame.
A: CAUSES IT TO SHIFT, CHANGING THE AMINO ACIDS THAT ARE BROUGHT IN
3. List & explain the different types of chromosomal mutations.
A: DELETION – A SEGMENT OF THE CHROMOSOME IS MISSING
DUPLICATION – A SEGMENT OF THE CHROMOSOME IS DUPLICATED
INVERSION – A SEGMENT OF THE CHROMOSOME IS CUT, FLIPPED UPSIDE DOWN & INSERTED BACK INTO THE
CHROMOSOME
TRANSLOCATION – A SEGMENT OF ONE CHROMOSOME IS BROKEN OFF AND ATTACHED TO A NON
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
4. In the boxes, label the different types of chromosomal mutations in this picture.
DELETION
DUPLICATION
INSERTION
DEFINITIONS:
1. Base pairing rules:
2. Codon:
3. Replication:
4. Transcription:
5. Translation:
INVERSION
TRANSLOCATION