FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
MINIMUM COURSE REQUIREMENTS FOR
ZOOLOGY (MAJOR AND MINOR)
BSC PROGRAMME
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DETAILED SYLLABI
1.0 COURSE NAME: LOWER INVERTEBRATES AND MICROSCOPY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 1101 (level One Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Protozoa, and Porifera. (Diversity and Classification)
Kingdom Monera
The single-celled prokaryotic organisms known as bacteria. Brief consideration of the
characteristic features of bacteria, including their groupings. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
Coccus, Bacillus, and Spirillum. A brief mention of viruses as internal infectious particles of
bacteria and other organisms.
Kingdom Protista
These are various kinds of eukaryotic single-celled organisms. Consideration of the
characteristic features of the known phyla of living Protista. Members of the genus example
Euglenophyta having both plant-like and animal-like features. Staff need to remember to use
recent literature to be able to reflect on changes in systematics
Protozoa
Locomotion: By flagella, Cilia and amoeboid movement. Cellular inclusions: nuclear
structures, mitochondria, kinetoplasts, plastids, photoreceptors, trichocysts, contractile
vacuoles.
Feeding: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and holophytic and. saprozoic nutrition.
Growth and Reproduction: asexual, sexual. Growth of protozoa populations. Classification. of
protozoa
Porifera
Body organization: asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid types. The skeleton. Reproduction: sexual,
asexual. Classification of porifera.
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Microscopy
Principles of microscopic analysis: Light fluorescence acoustic and electron microscopy; X-ray
diffraction; Method of direct observation of living tissues and cells; isolation of components of
living cells by differential centrifugation; preparation and examination of killed cells;
histological and cytochemical tissue staining methods; chemical basis of staining, fixation and
chemical interaction.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course students are expected to have acquired knowledge about the:
I. (1) (a) diversity and ubiquity of microorganisms that occur on earth, viz (a) viruses (b)
bacteria, blue-green algae, (Kingdom, Monera), (c) protozoa, algae and slime molds (Kingdom
Protista) and sponges (phylum, porifera). (b) Need for classifying living things on earth.
(2) Structural and physiological features that enable organisms in question to exist in
environments where they occur.
(3) Importance of the organisms in the economy of nature and man’s economy.
II. (1) Microscopes and their importance in biology.
(2) Working of microscopes and how they can be effectively used.
(3) range of microscopes available for various uses in biology.
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
4. Level: B.Sc. I (Future professionals; technical experts).
5. Content
(1) Lower Invertebrates
The course includes lectures and practical work on various aspects of the subjects listed under
each topic heading. Topics, include, in respect of each phylum the following:
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5.1. DIAGNOSIS
5.1.1. Definition of the phylum including its composition.
5.1.2. Relationship of the members of the phylum to other animals/invertebrate relationships
5.1.3. Historical profile
5.1.4. Body systems/Organization
A. External Morphology
(1) body shape
(2) Body size
(3) Body parts and position
(4) Special features (appendages; others)
(5) Importance of morphology
B. Internal Anatomy
1) structures associated with the collection, ingestion and digestion of food
2) structures associated with “circulation” in lower animals
3) structures associated with respiration in lower animals
4) structures associated with excretion in lower animals
5) structures associated with the “stimulus – response mechanisms” in lower animals (c.f. the
nervous system).
5.1.5 Characteristics and special features
5.1.6. Classification
II. BASIC LIFE ACTIVITIES/FUNCTIONS
Lower animals, as living things, are able to carry out the following basic function:
2.1 Feeding – ingestion and digestion
2.2 Circulation
2.3. Respiration
2.4 Excretion
2.5. Reproduction
2.6. Movement/motility
III. ECOLOGY
3.1. Habitat – types
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3.2. Factors determining population, size or change;
3.3. Ecological and Economic importance
(2) Microscopy
Series of lectures, demonstrations and practicals on various aspects of microscopy covering key
topics:
I. DIAGNOSIS
1.1. Definition of terms/Glossary
1.2. Microscopy and concepts; historical profile covering invention and development
1.3. Principles of microscopy
1.4. Use and importance of microscopes in biology.
II. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MICROSCOPE
2.1. Types of microscopes
2.2. Components of microscopes – dissecting, compound, electron; basic optics; accessories
and their functions.
2.3. How microscopes work
1) magnification
2) image formation
2.4. Functions/uses of microscopes
2.5. Basics to optimal use of the microscope/proper care of microscopes
III. HOW TO USE MICROSCOPES: Examination, measuring objects, drawing specimens,
photomicrography – PRACTICALS
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IV. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PROPER PERFORMANCE OF MICROSCOPES
4.1. Structural problems
4.2. Type and quality of specimens
4.3. skill in the use of the apical equipment
4.4. Level of maintenance
V. MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES
Preparation of materials for the microscope.
VI. HOW TO WRITE REPORTS ON LABORATORY AND OTHER EXERCISES
6.0 READING LIST
1. Barnes, R.S.K., P. Callau, P.J. W. Olive, D. W. Golding & J.I. Spicer, 2001. The
Invertebrates. A synthesis 3rd Edition, Blackwell Science.
2. Barnington, E.J. W. 1974. Invertebrate Structure and Function. The English Language Book
Society and Nelso.
3. Buchsbaum, R. 1972. Animals without Backbones. I. Penguin Books, England.
4. Bullough, W.S. 1970. Practical Invertebrate Anatomy, 2nd Edition, McMillan.
5. Elliot, A.P. and G.W. Bird, 1985. Use and care of Bright Field Light Microscope. Pp. 179187. in Plant Nematology: Laboratory Manual. Zuckerman, B.M. and W.F. Mai (Eds). The
University of Massachusetts, U.S.A.
6. Lapage, G. 1963. Animals Parasitic in Man. Dover Publications Inc. New York.
7. Smyth, J. D. 1970. Introduction to Parasitology, The English Universities Press.
8. Winfield, A.L. and J.F. Southey, 1986. The use of optical Microscope in Nematology. Pp 95106 in: Laboratory Methods for work with plant and soil Nematodes. J.F. Southy (Ed.).
London, Her Majesty’s Stationery office, U.K.
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1.0 COURSE NAME: HIGHER INVERTEBRATES
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 1102 (level One Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Life diversity of form: polyp, medusa, polymorphic colonies. Feeding of polyp and medusa,;
and nematocyst discharge. Digestion and circulation. Neuromuscular coordination and
locomotion. Skeleton: chitinous, hydrostatic and calcareous. Reproduction: asexual, sexual.
Regeneration. Classification of cnidaria.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Body Organization (external and internal anatomy). Neuromuscular system. Feeding and
structure of gastrovascular cavity. Excretion and osmoregulation. Reproduction and
development: anatomy of reproductive system. Larval stages. Regeneration, Behaviour,
Classification of platyhelminthes.
Phylum Pseudocoelomates (Nematodes)
Body organization: external, internal anatomy. The cuticle. Locomotion. Feeding and the
structure of the gut. Excretion. Nervous system. Reproduction: life cycle and development.
Classification of pseudocoelomates
Phylum Annelida
Body organization: external and internal anatomy
Locomotion, neuromuscular system. Feeding and structure of the gut. Burrowing herbivores,
tentacle feeders and filter feeders; carnivores. Coelomic fluid, circulation and respiration,
respiratory pigments. Excretion, reproduction, regeneration, nervous system and behaviour.
Classification of Annelida.
Phylum Arthropoda
Body organization: body appendages, feeding, digestion (structure of the gut). Modification of
Mandibulate plan: insect mouth parts, filter feeders. Circulation: vascular system and blood).
Respiration gills, tracheae, tracheal gills. Excretion and osmoregulation. Locomotion,
neuromuscular system, sense organs, reproduction and development. Hormones: colour
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changes in Crustacea, moulting, growth and metamorphosis. Behaviour. Classification of
Arthropoda.
Phylum Mollusca
Body organization: mantle cavity, shell and respiration. Excretion. Feeding and digestion.
Blood and circulation. Neuromuscular system: nervous system and locomotion. Sense organs
and behavior. Reproduction and development. Classification of Mollusca.
Phylum Echinodermata
Body organization: skeleton and water vascular system (hydraulic skeleton and locomotion).
Respiration and Circulation. The hemal system. Feeding and the structure of the gut. Nervous
system. Behavior, reproduction and development. Classification of Echinodermata.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
1) To provide opportunities to students to learn and develop skills in (a) identifying organisms
belonging to the divisions (Aschelminthes viz. the phyla, Rotifera, Gastroticha, Kinorhyncha,
Priapulida, Nematoda and Nematomorpha, and (2) Mollusca.
b) understanding their biology (c) recognizing damage due to the feeding by some members of
some phyla that are parasites.
2) To provide an in-depth update and discussion on topics and issues of current importance to
public health pest management industry. Specifically nematode parasites of animals and plants
and molluscan animal parasite vectors are found in most parts of the world. Their relevance to
public health depends on the type and degree of their association with the human environment.
They need the information to ensure that food products are clean and pest free. Waling
barefooted through contamination soil must be avoided.
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5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
3) Level: B.Sc. I
4). Content
The course includes, in respect of each phylum lectures and practicals in the … subjects listed
under each topic heading. Lectures provide a detailed in-depth update and discussion on each
topic.
4.1. DIAGNOSIS
4.1.1. Definition of the phylum, including its composition.
4.1.2. Relationship of members of the phylum to other animals
4.1.3. Body systems/Organisation
A. External morphology
1) Body shape
2) Body size
3) Body parts and position
4) Special features, e.g. type of body covering; colour; genitalia etc.
B. Internal Anatomy
1) muscles and muscle attachments
2) Nervous system and coordination
3) Circulatory system
4) Digestive system
5) Reproductive system; in (a) female (b) male
4.1.4. Characteristic and special features
4.1.5. Classification
1) formal classification
2) informal classification methods (where applicable) e.g. (a) ecological classification (b)
classification of the organism as a food resource (c) classification based on feeding behaviour
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4.1.5 Historical Profile
II. BASIC LIFE ACTIVITIES/FUNCTIONS
Living things are able to carry out the following basic life functions:
2.1. Feeding – Ingestion, digestion, secretion, absorption
2.2. Respiration
2.3. Excretion
2.4. Respiration
2.5. Reproduction
2.6. Movement (locomotion/motility)
2.7 Regulation
III. ECOLOGY
3.1. Habitat – types
3.2. Factors determining population size or change; communities
1) Biological interactions including defense behaviour and bioluminescence, where applicable.
2) Ecological and economic importance
6.0 READING LIST
1. Barnes, R.S.K., P. Callau, P.J. W. Olive, D.W. Golding and J.I. Spicer, 2001. The
Invertebrates: A synthesis, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Science.
2. Buchsbaum, R. 1972. Animals without Backbones, I. Penguin Books, England.
3. Dropkin, V.H. 1978. Ecology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes John Wiley & Sons. N.Y.
4. Lamberti, F and C.E. Taylor 1979. Rootknot nematodes (Meleidogyne species): systematics,
Biology and Control. Academic Press.
5. Lapage, G. 1963. Animals Parasitic in Man. Dover Publications Inc. N.Y.
6. Morton, J.E. 1971. Molluscs, Biological Sciences.
7. Nickle, W. 1984. Plant and Insect Nematodes. Marcel Decker Inc. N.Y. & Basel.
8. Norton, D.C. 1978. Ecology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. John Wiley & Sons. N.Y.
9. Purchon, R.D. 1968. The Biology of Mollusca, Pergamon Press, U.K.
10. Smyth, J.D. 1970. Introduction to Animal Parasitology. The English Universities Press,
London.
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11. Southey, J.F. 1982. Plant Nematology: London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
12. Veech, J.E. and D. N. Dickson, 1987. Vistas on Nematology: A commemoration of the
Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Society of Nematologists. Society of Nematologists, Inc.
13. Zuckerman, B.M. and R.A. Rohde, 1981. Plant Parasitic Nematodes Vol. III, Academic
Press N.Y.
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1.0 COURSE NAME: REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 1201 (level One Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Reproduction
(a) Introduction: spontaneous, biogenesis, importance/significance of reproduction).
(b) The germ cells: ontogeny of gonads, sex determination, gonadal dimorphism,
gametogenesis and the role of hormones.
(c) Fertilization: oestrus, ovulation, germ transfer, enzyme-driven processes, syngany,
(d) Errors of fertilization, implantation and placentas.
Development
 Embryology of Amphioxus:
Types of egg cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, development of the organ systems: nervous
system mesoderm and notochord. Amphibian embryology: Cleavage, blastulation and
gastrulation, compared with Amphioxus with emphasis on advancement of systems and organ
processes. Polarity of blastula and gastrula. Development of organ systems mesoderm
differentiation and notochord. Organ forming areas, organizers, induction, transplants and
hetroplastic grafting.
 Embryology of the duck:
Meroblastic cleavage, blastula and gastrula. Primitive streak, Embryo development; mesoderm
neural folds, neural groove, enteron. Development as far as 33 hours of incubation; brain, heart,
fetal membranes, yolk sac, allantois, amnion and chario or serosa. Development as far as 38
hours of incubation; flexion; torsion resulting into C-shaped chick blastoderm
 Embryology of the Mammal:
Cleavage comparing with Amphioxus, Frog and chick blastoderm. Differentiation of the germ
layers; Trophectoderm and inner mass cells.
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 Type of placenta:
Development of 7mm pig embryo; external morphology, internal morphology; spinal nerves,
neural tube. Origin of the gut (fore and hind gut). Human development; human embryos and
multiple births.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course students should be able to
 Describe the process of , blastulation and gastrulation
 Compare and contrast the developmental stages among amphioxus, frog , pig and man
 Identify the different embryonic membranes and where they are found
 Examine the changes in development in the chick at 24 hours , 33 hours and 72 hours
after incubation
 Describe the development of the man from fertilization till birth
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM

Embryology of Amphioxus , development of Amphioxus 2 lecture hours and 2
practical hours
 Embryology of Amphibia ,2 lecture hours and 2 practical hours
 Embryology of chick, the establishing of the body and laying down of the organ
systems as exemplified by the chick. 10 lecture hours and 4 practical hours
From the primitive streak stage to the appearance of Somites.
The notochord, the primitive streak as the centre of early growth, regression of the primate
streak, caudal growth and cephalic precocity, growth of the endoderm and establishment of
the primitive gut. Growth and early differentiation of the mesoderm and formation of the
neural plate.
Practical aspects
 Structures of the twenty four hour chick,
Formation of the head, formation of the neural groove establishing of the foregut, regional
divisions of the mesoderm.
 Changes between 24hr and 33 hours of incubation
Closure of the neural groove, differentiation of the brain region, formation of
additional somites, organization in the area vasculosa.
 Structure of chicks between 33 and 38 hrs of incubation
Divisions of the brain and the neuromeric structure, the auditory pits, formation of extra
embryonic blood vessels, formation of the heart and formation of the intra-embryonic blood
vessels.
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 Structure of chicks of 50 to 60hrs of incubation.
External features, The Nervous system ,the digestive tract , the branchial clefts ,the
circulatory system and the urinary system ,the coelom and mesenteries

Comparison of embryology of Amphioxus, Amphibia and mammals, with emphasis
on advancements of systems and organs. 2 lecture hours
 Formation of the blastula in Amphioxus, Amphibia, chick and mammals.
 Gastrulation in Amphioxus, Amphibia, chick and mammals.
 Formation of the germ layers and origin in Amphioxus, Amphibia, chick and
mammals.

Organizers , induction , transplants and hetroblastic grafting 1/2 lecture hour

Types of placentas: Development of 7mm pig embryo, external morphology, 1/2
lecture hour internal morphology, spinal nerves, neural tube.

Human development: human embryos and multiple births. 1 lecture hour
6.0 READING LIST
1. James Ebert (1965) Interacting systems in Development
2. Jack Cohen (1967) Living embryos, an introduction to the study of animal Development
3. P.S Dharmi and
Chordate zoology
4. Bradley M.Patten (1958) Foundations of Embryology
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1.0 COURSE NAME: VERTEBRATES ONE (Vertebrate origin, Evolution and
General Characteristics).
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 1202 (level One Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Vertebrate origins and evolution: general characteristics of vertebrates: primitive chordate types
with particular emphasis on Branchiostoma; invertebrate origins of the chordates; the
geological time scale and succession of vertebrate life. The origins, fossil record, characteristic
features adaptive radiation and array of vertebrates’ race illustrated by reference to the
following groups: ostracoderms, placoderms, cyclostomes, cartilaginous and bony fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The functional morphology, phylogeny, natural
history and aspects of physiology and development of the above-mentioned groups should be
emphasized.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To distinguish Protochordates and chordates from all other animal phyla.
2. To describe the origins and evolution of vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds
and mammals.
3. To explain the distinguishing characteristics of each vertebrate class.
4. To discuss the taxonomic classification of vertebrate classes.
5. To outline the zoogeographical distribution of mammals.
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
1.
Protochordates and introduction to Phylum Chordata
2 hours
2.
Pisces: evolution and diversity
2 hours
3.
Super-classes: Agnatha & Gnathostomata
5 hours
4.
Herptiles: Amphibians & Reptiles
5 hours
5.
Aves: Evolution, Classification and Characteristics
11 hours
6.
Mammals: diversity and evolution
2 hour
7.
Australasian mammals
3 hour
8.
Eutherians Orders
3.
Mammalian distribution
1 hour
9.
Mammals of East Africa
1 hour
10 hours
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10.
Practical sessions: Slide show; preserved specimens;
aquarium & museum displays.
16 hours
6.0 READING LIST
1. Dorit R.L.; W.F. Walker & R. D. Barnes (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing.
Chicago, London.
2. Hickman C.P.; L.S. Roberts & A. Larson (2001). Integrated Principles of Zoology, 11th
Ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York.
3. Vaughan T.A (1986). Mammalogy, 3rd Ed. Saunders College Publishers. New York,
Tokyo.
4. Young J.Z. (1981). The Life of Vertebrates, 3rd Ed. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
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1.0 COURSE NAME: VERTEBRATES TWO (Vertebrate Structure and Function)
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 2101 (level Two Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Ichthyology
 Origin of Chordates:
General characteristics of Chordates (Phylum Chordata). Fish are the lowest group of the
Subphylum Vertebrata. According to evolutionary theory, fishes are distant ancestors of man
and without piscine ancestry man might never have evolved.
 Fish fins, tails and Scales:.
Fins evolved to give limbs in higher vertebrates, and scales gave rise to teeth and nails.
 Ostracoderms:
These are ancient groups of fishes that gave rise to modern fishes and eventually to man.
 Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes:
Anatomy, physiology and general characteristics of Chondrichthyes and
Osteichthyes. Their evolutionary advances over the lower groups, like, the Cyclostomes and
Placoderms.
 Nutrition in fishes and their feeding adaptations.
 Fish Classification.
 The relationships of fishes to mankind.
Herpetology and Ornithology

General morphology and anatomy of amphibians and reptiles, including body form and
integument (2 hrs)

Reproductive strategies of modern Amphibians,
A survey of various reproductive
adaptations and a brief consideration of paedogenesis and neoteny (2 hrs)
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
Reptilian dentition: tooth form, teeth arrangement, dental development and tooth
replacement (2 hrs)

Venomous reptiles: venomous lizards and snakes, their geographic distribution, venom
apparatus, venom, treatment of snake bite, economic importance of snake venom (3 hrs)

Flight in birds: structural adaptations for flight, aerodynamics of flight, types of flight (2
hrs)

Feeding in birds: food of birds, methods of food analysis, feeding habits of birds,
alimentary canal and digestion (2 hrs)

Blood circulatory system of birds: functions of circulatory system, morphology and
physiology of circulatory system (heart and heart rate, arterial and venous systems),
blood, lymphatic system (3 hrs)

Excretion and osmoregulation: kidney and nitrogenous waste excretion, salt excretion,
water regulation, respiration in birds (avian lungs and airsacs, ventilation, other
functions of the respiratory system) (2 hrs)

Reproduction in birds: male and female systems, breeding habits and behaviour (2 hrs)

Migration and orientation in birds: types of migration, origin of migration, evidence for
migration, causes of migration, orientation) (3 hrs)

Economic importance of birds: beneficial aspects, harmful aspects (2 hrs)
Mammology

Major mammalian characteristics in relation to their functions. Distinctive structural
features of the three major groups of modern mammals; monotremes, marsupials,
placentals (2 hrs)

Adaptive Radiation; divergence and convergence, local and continental, resultant
structural modifications, parallelism between the Northern Hemisphere, Africa and the
Australian realms, successive radiation, tooth radiation (3 hrs)

Skin and Hair; modifications of the skin and their functions, different types of pelage
and their functions (2 hrs)

Locomotion; locomotory adaptations in terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic and volant
mammals (2 hrs)
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
Diet and structural and functional adaptations. – Examples: rodents, carnivores,
ungulates, elephants, whales. Mammalian teeth, crown patterns of molar teeth, gut
modifications and function (3 hrs)

Adaptation for carnivorous life; Order carnivora and other carnivorous mammals (2 hrs)

Mammalian ant-eaters; common features and their functions among different orders (2
hrs)

Adaptations for aquatic life; morphological features like body form, ears and limbs.
Physiological features especially in whales (2 hrs)

Order primates; distinctive characters, evolutionary events and structures that led to the
success of man, human races (2 hrs)
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Critical analysis of the internal wild vertebrates structural systems in relation to
function (Fish, herpetiles, birds and mammals)
2. Economic importance of each taxa
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
Ichthyology

General characteristics of Chordates (Phylum Chordata) –(2 hrs)

Fish fins, tails and Scales (2 hrs)

Ostracoderms- ancient groups of fishes that gave rise to modern fishes and eventually
to man (2 hrs)

Anatomy, physiology and general characteristics of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes (2
hrs)

Evolutionary advances of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.over the lower groups, like,
the Cyclostomes and Placoderms (2 hrs)

Nutrition in fishes and their feeding adaptations. (3 hrs)

Fish Classification and their relationships of fishes to mankind (2 hrs)
6.0 READING LIST
Dhami, P.s. and Dhami, J.K. (2002). Chordate Zoology. Sharma, Proprietor and Co. New
Delhi.
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/ornitholsyl.htm
www.usd.edu/biol/faculty/swanson/ornith/
Young, J.Z. 1981. The life of vertebrates. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
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Zug, G. R. (1993). Herpetology. An introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles.
Academic Press Inc. California
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1.0 COURSE NAME: BASIC ENTOMOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 2102 (level Two Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Class Insecta: Classification of the (29?) orders, function, morphology. Cuticle structure and
function, ventilation (gaseous exchange) feeding and digestion (i.e., habits and adaptations),
Circulation (blood system), excretion and water balance, neuroendocrinology and introduction
to the systems: endocrine organs, growth and moulting, phylogeny, systematics and
identification of some pests and vectors, reproduction, locomotion, biotic associations,
communications and behaviour.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course students should be able to:

Differentiate the various groups of insects

Describe the generalized external and internal structure of an insect.

Describe the functions of the external and internal structures of an insect
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
(a) Classification of insects. Distinguishing features of each of the various orders of insects. (8
hrs)
(b) Functional morphology of the external and internal organization of an insect. (7 hrs)
(c) Structure and function of the article (3 hrs)
(d) Ventilation (i.e. gaseous exchange) (1 hr)
(e) Nervous system and neurobiology (2 hrs)
(f) Feeding and digestion (4 hrs)
(g) Circulation (.e. blood system) (1 hr)
(h) Excretion and water balance (1 hr)
(i) Neuroendoctrinology (6 hrs)
(j) Growth and moulting (2 hrs)
(k) Phylogeny (4 hrs)
(l) Insect physiology (6 hrs)
(m) Taxonomy (5 hrs)
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(n) Reproduction (4 hrs)
(o) Communications and behaviour (1 hr)
(p) Locomotion, including wing structure, function (2 hrs)
(q) Biotic association including identification of some pests (3 hrs)
6.0 READING LIST
Davies R.G. (1992). Outlines of Entomology, Chapman and Hall (London) 408pp. ISBN 0-41226680-6.
Chapman R.F. (1988). The Insects Structure and function. ENBS. Hongkong 919pp. ISBN 0340-28401-3.
Wigglesmorth V.B. (1972). The Principles of Insect Physiology. Chapman and Hall, London
827pp, ISBN 0-412-24660-0.
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1.0 COURSE NAME: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 2201 (level Two Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Darwinian and Non-Darwinian theories of evolution (e.g. Larmack, Wallace); Origin of life;
Evidence for evolution; Genetic variation and maintenance of diversity in populations; The
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; Polymorphism; Natural selection and genetic change in
evolution; Directional (stabilizing, disruptive) and Sexual selection; Adaptation: defensive and
symbiotic adaptations; The Species Concept and Modes of speciation - genetic drift and the
founder principle, geographic isolation: allopatric and sympatric speciation, reproductive
isolating mechanisms-; Adaptive radiation; Rates of evolution; Determining phylogenetic
relationships – phenetics, cladistics; Evolution of supraspecific categories and classification of
organisms; Social, religious and philosophical implications of evolutionary theories; Evolution
of social behaviour and sociobiology
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course aims to introduce students to evolutionary concepts and demonstrate how evolution
underpins other disciplines. By the end of the course students should be able to:
-
Describe the origins of matter.
-
Explain why there is remarkable similarity in anatomy, physiology and behaviour
among different groups of organisms.
-
Describe the mechanisms that maintain diversity among populations.
-
Illustrate the importance of evolutionary theory to other disciplines in the biological and
social sciences.
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
History of Early Earth (2); Origins of matter (2); Pre-Darwinian theories of evolution (1);
Darwinian theory of evolution (2); Evidence for evolution (2); mechanisms of natural selection
(1); sexual selection (2); Neo-Darwinian theory of evolution (2); Diversity and variability in
evolving populations (2); Hardy-Weiberg Principle (2); Polymorphism (1); Other mechanisms
of evolution (mutation, genetic drift, founder principle, etc) (3); The species concept (2); modes
of speciation (2); co-evolution (1); adaptive radiation (2); evolution of suprespecific categories
24
(2); biological classification of organisms (2); phylogeny (2); evolution of social behaviour (3),
implications of evolutionary theories (4).
6.0 READING LIST
Dobzhansky, T, Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L., and Valentine, J.W. (1976). Evolution. Surjeet
Publications, India. 572pp.
Levine, J.S. and Miller, K.R. (1992). Biology: discovering life. D.C. Heath and Company,
Toronto, Canada.
OR any other text on general zoology that covers evolution
25
1.0 COURSE NAME: BASIC PARASITOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 2202 (level Two Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course examines biological associations, types of parasites, types of hosts, evolution of
parasitism, geographical distribution of parasitic diseases; the host-parasite relationships,
immunity and disease; parasitic groups (amoebae, protozoa, helminthes, viruses, Arthropods).
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course the students should be able to:

Describe the morphology of various parasites

Describe the global and local distribution of parasites

Indicate the economic importance, both global and local of various parasitic groups
(e.g. number of countries affected, number of people considered to be at risk, estimated
number of cases).

Describe the life cycles

Identify / diagnose the parasite

Describe possible strategies for control
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
(a) Classification of parasites:

Categorize the organisms constituting each of the following groups:

Single-celled (protozoan) parasites

Multicellular (helminthic) parasites

Arthropods (mostly ectoparasites)
(b) Protozoan parasites affecting the:

Gut and the urinagenital system

Blood or tissue

Skeletal system

Intergument (i.e. skin)
26
(c) Multicellular (helminthic) parasites

Monogenea versus Digenia

Blood helminthes

Long helminthes

Liver flukes

Intestinal flukes
(d) Arthropods as:

Ectoparasites

Endoparasites

Intermediate hosts

Vectors of pathogens
(e) Mention of Non-parasitic disease – causing organisms

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungi
6.0 READING LIST
1. Symth D (1994). Introduction to animal parasitology. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge 549pp. ISBN 0-521-428811-4.
2. Post G. (1987). Textbook of fish health. T F H Publications, New Jersey 288pp. ISBN
086622-491-2.
3. Peters W and Gills H M (1988). Colour atlas of tropical medicine and parasitology, Mosby
Wolfe (Pub.) London 248pp ISNB 0-7234-2069-6.
4. Roberts R (Editor) (1989). Fish pathology. W B Saunders, London 467pp. ISBN 0-7020
1314-5.
5. Flipp P J (1979). An introduction to human parasitology with reference to Southern Africa.
Hodder and Stoughton, South Africa. 189pp ISBN 1874958254.
6. Shepherd J and Bromage N (1992). Intensive fish farming. Blackwell Science Ltd. London.
403pp. ISBN 0-632-0367-x.
27
7. Molyneux D H and Ashford R W (1983). The biology of Trypanosoma and Leishmania,
parasites of man and domestic animals.
8. Stephen L E (1986). Trypanosomiasis. A veterinary perspective, Pergamon Press, Oxford
551pp. ISBN 0-04614001-8.
9. Tailor A E R and Baker J R (1968). The cultivation of parasites invitro. Blackwell Scientific
publications, Oxford 377 pp ISBN 632039809.
10. Mulligan H W (1970). The African trypanosomiasis George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London
950pp. ISBN 0-04614001-8.
11. Gordon R M and Lavoipierre M M J (1972). Entomology for students of medicine.
Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 353 pages.
12. Macpherson C N L and Craig P.S (Eds) (1991). Parasitic helminthes and zoonoses I Africa.
Unwin Hyman, London. ISBN 0-0445565-8.
13. Thompson R C A (1986). The biology of Echinococcus and Hydatid disease. London, Allen
and Unwin.
14. Kaddu J B., Jones M and Jones, J (1999). Biology for East Africa. Cambridge University
Press, Cape Town 354pp. ISBN 0-521-59780-3.
15. Hoare C A (1972). The Trypanosomes of mammal. Blackwell, Oxford.
16. Long B.L. (1990). Caccidiosis of Man and domestic animals. CRC Press, Boston. ISBN 08493-6269-5, 356pp.
17. Barnes R S K, Carlow P and Olive P J W (1993). The Invertebrates: a new synthesis.
Lackwell Scientific publications, London, 488pp ISBN 0632-03127-1.
18. Hansen J and Perry B (1994). Helminth parasites of ruminants. The epidemiology,
diagnosis and control. A handbook. ILRAD, Nairobi, 170pp. ISBN 92-9055-703-1.
19. Okello-Onen J Hassan, S M and Essuman S (1999). Taxonomy of African ticks, An
identification manual. ICIPE Science Press 124pp ISBN 92-90641274.
28
20. Kaddu J B, Warhurst, D C and Pters W (1974). The chemotherapy of Rodent malaria, xix.
The Action of a tetracycline derivative, minocycline, on drug resistant Plasmodium berghei.
An. Trop. Med. Parasit. 68-, 41-46.
21. Kaddu J B. (1986). Leishmania in Kenyan Phlebotomine sandflies – III. Advances in the
investigations of vectorial capacity and vector-parasite relationships of various species of
sandflies in Kenya Insect Sci., Applic. 7, 207-212.
22. Kaddu J B, Musyoki R M (1988). Detection of Leishmania donovani in live experimental
harmsters. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 229-230.
23. Kaddu J B, Mutinga M J and Nyamori M P (1986). Leishmania in Kenyan Phlebotomine
sandflies – IV. Artificial feeding and attempts to infect six species of laboratory-reared
sandflies with Leishmania donovani, Insect Sci. Applic. 731.
24. Kaddu J B and Mutinga M J (1988). Some concepts of the interaction of Trypanosoma
(Nannomonas) congolese and Glosina Pallidipes, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 82, 229-234.
25. Okot-kotiber, B M, Mutinga M J and Kaddu J B (1989). Biochemical characterization of
Leishmania spp. Isolated from man and wild animals in Kenya. Intern. J. Parasit. 19, 657-663.
26. Kaddumukasa M A., Kaddu J B and Makanga B. (2005). Nematodes in the Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Wamala, Uganda. Uganda J. Agric. Sci.
27. Kaddu J B and Nyamori M P (1990). Nutrient both for the cultivation of Leishmania J.
Parasit. 76(2), 265-266.
28. Mbahenzireki, G.B.A. (1980). Observations on some common parasites of Bagrus docmac
Forsakl (Pisces: Sluroidea) of Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia, 75, 273-280.
Websites of the following institutions will provide useful information WHO, FAO, CDC.
29
1.0 COURSE NAME: BIOGEOGRAPHY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 2204 (level Two Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Mammals and birds of the world (slides), Range of zoogeography; Ethiopian realm. The
zoogeography of the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, The zoogeography of the Neotropical and
Oriental realm, The zoogeography of the Australian realm. The cause for dispersal, ecology of
animal dispersal, evolution of animals.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES

Analysis of spatial distributions of organisms

To introduce the learners to the study of distribution of plants and animals around the
world

To familiarize learners with the relevance of paleoecology to understanding present day
patterns of distribution

To introduce the learners to the variety of plants and animals on earth and possible
factors that influenced their evolution and current distribution

To examine the patterning of island Biota and understand how such information may be
used to conserve the present day biodiversity
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
Lecture 1. What is biogeography?
Lecture 2. A review of diversity of selected animal groups
Lecture 3. Species Richness & Diversity and concepts about it
Lecture 4. Plate tectonics, and its relationship to biogeographic processes, especially to
dispersal
Lecture 5. Biogeographic realms/Regions of the world
Lecture 6. In-depth discussion of the flora and fauna patterns of anyone biogeographical
realm
Lecture 7. Biogeography & Continental Drift
Lecture 8. Island Biogeography
Lecture 9. The Equilibrium theory of Island Biogeography
30
Lecture 9. Major types of biogeographic distributions
Lecture 10. Historical causes of disjunct biogeographic distributions
Lecture 11. Evidence for historical biogeography
Lecture 12. Dispersal and distribution of Species
Lecture 13. Application of Biogeography concepts to conservation
Lecture 14. Introduction to conservation of biological diversity
6.0 READING LIST
Myers A.A & Giller P.S 1988 Analytical Biogeography: An integrated approach to the study
of animal and Plant distributions
Pielou E. C. 1992 Biogeography
MacArthur R. H. & E. O Wilson 1967 The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton
University Press
Journal of Biogeography
Maguran A.E. 1988 Ecological diversity and its measurement
Tivy J 1993 Biogeography: A study of Plants in the ecosphere
Soule M E. 1986 Conservation Biology: The science of scarcity and diversity
31
1.0 COURSE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 2205 (level Two Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
History of microbiology and biotechnology. Types of microorganisms. General properties of
microorganisms, impact of microorganisms on human affairs. Microbial techniques:
sterilization, aseptic techniques culture and
culture media, monophasic, diphasic etc for
isolating microorganisms from nature. Molecular aspects of protein synthesis.
Viruses: Structure, function and classification. Viral reproduction, important viral pathogens.
Public health microbiology: Waterborne, foodborne, environmental microbial diseases.
Antimicrobial agents, antiseptics, microbial conservation.
Applications of microbiology: in biotechnology, for example, food production, biogenetic
engineering, bioremediation, crop and animal production energy generation.
Biogeochemical cycles: Impact of microorganisms on carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, methane and
phosphorus. Eutrophication, effect of human activities on natural cycles.
Growth of microorganisms: Growth of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Growth in continuous
and batch cultures.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course students should be able to:
a) Define and describe the aspects of microbiology and biotechnology
b) Describe the importance of microorganisms in public health
c) Relate the role of microorganisms in the production industry and waste management
d) Describe the importance of microorganisms in the control of pests and nutrient cycling.
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
i. General Introduction to Microorganisms and Biotechnology
 Definition, history of microbiology and biotechnology.

Types of microorganisms.

Characteristics of microorganisms.

Impact of microorganisms on human activities.

Microbial techniques.
32

Culture and culture media.

Viruses: structure, function and classification

Reproduction in viruses.

Growth of microorganisms.
(9 Hrs)
ii. Public Health Microbiology

Water-related diseases.

Food borne diseases.

Antimicrobial agents and antiseptics.
(5 Hrs)
iii. Applications of Microorganisms

Production of foods.

Production of beverages.

Use of microorganisms in control of crop and animal pests.

Generation of energy from microorganisms.

Treatment of wastes.
(10 Hrs)
iv. Biogeochemical Cycles

Carbon cycle.

Nitrogen cycle.

Sulphur cycle.

Effect of human activities on biogeochemical cycles.

Conservation of microorganisms.
(6 Hrs)
6.0 READING LIST
1. Atlas, M.R. and Bartha, R. (1998). Microbial ecology. Fundamentals and applications
(4th edn.). Benjamins/Cummins Publishing Company, Inc. California.
2. Brock. (1997). The Biology of Microorganisms (8th edn.). Prentice Hall International,
Inc. New Jersey.
3. Hans, G. S. (1992). General microbiology (7th edn.). Cambridge University Press, New
York.
4. Heritage, J., Evans, E.G.V., and Killington, R.A (1996). Introductory microbiology.
Cambridge Universit
33
1.0 COURSE NAME: COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3103 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Phylogenic approach to the study of systems concerned with the integration of the invertebrate
and vertebrate body functions in relation to environmental conditions.
Introduction to animal physiology: body fluids and osmoregulation, respiration, respiration rate
and rate of heat loss, circulation, digestion, nutrition, classification and analysis of foodstuff,
absorption and metabolism of organic and inorganic nutrients, vitamins and trace elements,
reproduction, thermoregulation. Muscle physiology, energy and intermediary metabolism.
Contractile proteins, mechanism of ATP hydrolysis. The endocrine and nervous systems,
neurosecretions, neurotransmission, sense organs.
Introduction to histology and histological techniques. Approaches to comparative histology of
tissues; the evolutionary approach and the histo - physiological approach. Comparative
histology of tissues of animals (different taxonomic groups); sense organs’ tissues (skin, ear,
eye, tongue, nose), central nervous system tissues (spinal cord, brain), reproductive system
tissues (male reproductive system, female reproductive), support tissues (cartilage, bone,
others), endocrine system tissues, the blood tissues, other tissues.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Among other goals the following are critical:

Practice an evolutionary approach where treatment and presentation of content should
be from the simpler to the most complex animal taxa

Reveal the complementarity of structure and function where cells, tissues and organs
systems carry adaptations that enable them to optimally execute their functions

Under score the importance of diversity of type but unity of pattern, meaning that
although there are differences in the different animal groups generally their structure
and functions are constructed on a similar basic plan.
34
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
CHAPTER ONE:
HISTOLOGY
Methods of preparing specimens for electron and light microscopy
Emphasis placed on both temporary and permanent tissues for light microscopes
Animal tissues
Main types of animal tissues, including epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and
nervous tissue
Note that because epithelial tissues are more globally distributed in different organ systems,
they are separately treated here in details. Their origin, structure, function and distribution in
the animal body are well illustrated. Other tissues are more localised in their organ systems.
They are therefore treated in their pertinent systems where they form an integral part.
Membranes
The structure, function and distribution of membranes, including; mucous, serous and synovial
in the vertebrate body
Glands
Classification, structure function and distribution
CHAPTER TWO:
HETEROTROPHIC/ ANIMAL NUTRITION
Definition of the terms and what they entail, forms and types of heterotrophic nutrition
including holozoic, saprophytic, commensalisms, parasitism and mutualism
Food acquisition in different animals ranging from the simplest protists such as Amoeba to the
most complex, the mammals.
Advancements in both structure and function of the parts
involved should be emphasized.
The alimentary canal in humans and other vertebrates;
Chemical digestion, absorption and assimilation in the gastro intestinal tract.
Nutrients, food and diet in humans
Nutrients, food and diet in humans, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids , vitamins,
minerals and other non nutritious resources like plant fibres and water.
CHAPTER THREE: OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION
Osmoregulation in different animals
35
Definitions and significance of osmoregulation and excretion; osmoregulation in
fresh water and marine protozoans, marine fish, terrestrial animals including earth worm, the
snail, arthropods, insects, amphibians, birds and mammals.
Excretory products and organs of excretion
Types, structure and properties of nitrogenous wastes; different groups of vertebrates and their
excretory products; the orninthine cycle and urea formation. Excretory organs including the
contractile vacuoles, protonephiridia, metanephridia, the molluscan kidney, antennal gland of
crustacean and the malpighian tubules of insects
The vertebrate kidney, structure and function
Advantages and disadvantages of filtration-absorption kidney, Histology of the kidney and
function of the kidney, kidney failure and use of artificial kidney
Urine formation and hormonal control of osmoregulation and excretion
Ultra-filtration, Selective re-absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, The loop of Henle as
a countercurrent multiplier, Kidney tubular secretion, Hormonal control of osmoregulation,
Control of Blood pH, Water balance, Kidney failure and transplants
CHAPTER FOUR: COMPARATIVE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN THE ANIMALS
Basics of circulation and circulation in invertebrates
General functions of circulation, characteristics of circulatory system, major differences
between closed and open circulation, circulation in invertebrates, echinoderms, molluscs,
annelids and arthropods
Circulation in vertebrates
Types of blood vessels structural and functional differences between artery and vein. Structure
of blood capillaries; the cardiac muscle structure and function, cardiac cycle, electrical changes
in the heart. Cardiac output; control of heartbeat/rate, regulation of blood pressure. Circulation
and distribution of blood; heart diseases. Foetal circulation
The lymphatic system and other lymphoid organs, formation of tissue fluid, lymph capillaries
and vessels, the lymphatic system of humans, structure and function. Histological organization
of lymph nodes
36
Blood groups and Immunity
Blood groups and immunity, antigens and antibodies; transfusion compatibility, inheritance of
blood groups. The Rhesus system, prevention against rhesus reaction. Immunity and its types.
Vaccination; types of antigens, transplantation, rejection and remedies.
CHAPTER FIVE: HOMEOSTASIS
Definition of homeostasis; negative and positive feed backs
Control of blood sugar; the liver, structure and function..
Temperature regulation and influence in animal growth and distribution.
Temperature regulation in ectotherms and endotherms; sources and loss of heat. The
mammalian skin, structure and function. The role of the hypothalamus in temperature
regulation
CHAPTER SIX: GASEOUS EXCHANGE
Definition and roles of gaseous exchange in animals; respiratory surfaces and their
characteristics in promoting gaseous exchange. Gaseous exchange in invertebrates; gaseous
exchange in vertebrate groups; structure and function of respiratory organs. The dissociation
curve and factors influencing it.
CHAPTER SEVEN: LOCOMOTION IN ANIMALS
Differences between movement and locomotion
Biological roles and types of the skeletal system
Skeletal tissues
The skeleton invertebrates
Structural and functional adaptations of the skeleton in fishes
Neutral buoyancy and the swim bladder
Bird wing as a lift device
Basic forms of bird wings
Skeleton in vertebrates
The muscle system
Skeletal muscles, gross structure
Striated muscle ultra structure
The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
37
CHAPTER EIGHT: CO-ORDINATION IN ANIMALS
General functions of co-ordination and types of coordination including nervous and chemical
coordination (endocrine system)
General structure and function of the nervous system in different animal groups
Functional unit of the nervous system, the nerve types structure and function
The nerve impulse; the resting and actin potentials
Synapses, structure and function
Divisions of the vertebrate nervous system including peripheral and central; somatic and
autonomic, cranial and spinal nerves; structure and function of the brain
Sense organs and response to stimuli
Types of hormones and mechanisms of action
Hormones of invertebrates; endocrine glands in arthropods
Endocrine glands and their hormones in vertebrates
Biological roles of the endocrine system; endocrine system in fish, amphibians, reptiles and
birds. Mammalian endocrine glands, structure and function including the hypothalamus and
pituitary glands; parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and the gonads
6.0 READING LIST
Campbell, N.A; and Reece, B.J. (1999). Biology. 6th ed. Addison Wesley series. New York.
Cape Town
Hickman, C.P; Roberts, L.S and Larson, A (1997). Biology of Animals. 7th ed. WCB McGrawHill
Johnson, M.H and Everitt, B.J (2000). Essential reproduction. 5th ed. Blackwell Science.
London
Levine, J.S and Miller, K.R (1992). Biology .Discovering life. Animal systems. Volume 4. D.C
Health and Company. Lexington, Toronto
38
Taylor, D; Green, N.P.O; Stout, G.W and Soper, R. (2001). Biological Sciences. Vol. 1 and 2.
3rd ed. Cambridge University Press. London
39
1.0 COURSE NAME: HUMAN ECOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3104 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Introduction, adaptation, food production and scarcity, nutritional influences, disease,
psychological stress, aging, pollution, human population, human environment, present human
evolution, how successful man is.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course covers both invertebrates and vertebrates behaviour.
To investigate the foundations of animal behaviour (ethology in particular) and the modern
approach of behavioural ecology.
To compare and contrast behaviour in invertebrate and vertebrates.
To explore the mechanisms that control behaviour as well as its evolutionary, proximate,
ontogenetic and ultimate levels of explanation.
To examine the external and internal factors that determine an animal’s behaviour at any
moment.
To consider the broad view of social behaviour and the different patterns of social interactions.
To study animal communication including the various channels employed among the different
categories of animals.
To discuss the evolutionary origin of rituals and their functions.
40
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
1.
Introduction, evolution and development of animal behaviour
2.
Innate or instinctive behaviour and learning
3.
External stimuli and spatial orientation
4.
Invertebrates behaviour: feeding, predators-prey interactions, migration,
cyclomorphosis, and effects of pheromones
5.
Social behaviour and social organization
6.
Reproductive behaviour, mate finding and mating systems
7.
Parental care and altruism
8.
Animal communication
9.
Aggression and ritualization of behaviour
10.
Behavioural ecology
6.0 READING LIST
1. Krebs J.R. & N.B. Davies (1997). Behavioural Ecology: an evolutionary approach. 4th
Ed. Blackwell Science Ltd. London, Toronto.
2. MaFarland David (1987). Animal Behaviour: Psychobiology, Ethology and Evolution.
ELBS, Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd. Singapore.
3. Fox M.W. (1974). Concepts in Ethology: Animal and Human Behaviour. Vol 2.
University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.
4. Drikamer L.C. & S.H. Vessey. Animal Behaviour: Concepts, Processes and Methods.
2nd Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company. Belmont, California.
5. Grier J.W. (1984). Biology of Animal Behaviour. Times Mirror/Mosby College
Publishing. St. Louis, Toronto.
6. Readings from Scientific American (1975). Animal Behaviour. Introductions by Eisner
T. and E. Wilson. W.H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco.
7. Readings from Scientific American (1979). Homones and Reproductive Behaviour.
Introductions by Silver R. & H.H. Feder.
8. Readings from Scientific American (1980). Mind and Behaviour. Introductions by
Atkinson R.L. & R.C. Atkinson.
41
1.0 COURSE NAME: COMMERCIAL ENTOMOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3105 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Review and systematics of productive insects; The insects’ life history and habits in relation to
the products; environmental and biological factors that influence productivity - food weather,
pests and diseases, genetics; bee-keeping equipment and hive management; principles and
practices of silkworm rearing; economics of apiculture and sericulture.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course students should be able to:
-
Describe the tangible and non-tangible benefits of insects and the significance of insects
in rural economies.
-
Demonstrate competence in establishing an income-generating project based on insects.
-
Give technical advice on establishing and management of an income-generating project
based on insects including pest and disease management, harvest and post-harvest
practices to maintain and enhance product quality.
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
Introduction to beekeeping (1); biology of the honey bee (1); colony life & social organisation
(2); principles of beekeeping (2); hive management I: tools and equipment, apiary siting (2);
hive management II: populating the hive; maintenance, inspection (3); hive products (2); bee
pests and diseases (2); harvesting and quality assurance (2); Economic significance of
sericulture (1); biology and ecology of wild and domesticated silkworms e.g. Bombyx mori,
Anaphe spp., Argema spp., Gonometra spp (2); Principles of silkworm rearing (2); design and
maintenance of rearing house and equipment (1); quality assurance of feed (mulberry
production) (2); diseases and pests in sericulture (2); cocoon harvesting and processing (2);
quality assurance of silk yarn (1)
6.0 READING LIST
1. A guide to sericulture practices in Uganda; prepared by silk sector development project.
2. FAO technical papers on apiculture; various web pages.
42
3. Various materials acquired by lecturers during technical workshops.
[N.B. reference texts relevant to the region for this course are still under development]
43
1.0 COURSE NAME: APPLIED PARASITOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3204 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Review of the taxonomy of protozoan and helminth parasites. Host parasite relationships.
Protozoa: Sporozoa, including Plasmodium, Babesia, Leucocytozoon, Theileria; Flagellates:
including Trichomonas, Giardia, Leishmania, Trypanosomes, methods of studying the
parasites and their vectors; vector pathology; epizootiology: definitive host-parasite relations,
susceptibility of vertebrates especially mammalian hosts and humans in particular; animal
reservoirs, vector-parasite relations; vector-mammalian host relations; host preference;
symptom clinical signs and diagnosis; treatment and prophylaxis; control measures.
Helminths: Acanthocephala, Nemathelminths, Platyhelminths, helminths of digestive tract,
hepatic and renal helminths: Helminths of the eyes and central nervous system,
cardiorespiratory helminths, helminths of the muscles, ligaments and skin helminths of birds;
diagnosis in helminthology, anthelminthics. Parasitic arthropods (e.g., Fleas, Ticks, Mites,
Lice): their distinguishing features, economic importance, life cycles and control.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
To create awareness of the major parasitic diseases in the region, their epidemiology, impacts
and control mechanisms.

Review some basic facts of parasitology

Analyse differences and similarities between protozoa and helminthic diseases

Relate the structure and function of the parasites

Examine factors maintaining parasitic diseases in the communities

Outline the pathological changes caused by the parasites to their hosts

Assess the socio-economic importance of parasitic diseases to communities

Recognise and sketch the important features of the parasites present in clinical
specimens which are routinely used for diagnosis

Acquire the procedures and protocol for collecting, processing, transporting and
identifying specimens.

Recognize the importance and procedure of micrometry in microscopic identification of
parasites.
44

Discuss the control of parasitic diseases using a multidisciplinary approach
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
Each parasite is treated under the following headings:

The taxonomic characterization of the parasite

Structure and function of the parasite causing the disease.

The extent of distribution or biogeography of the parasitic disease

Epidemiology focusing on the interaction of a multiplicity of factors maintaining the
parasite in communities. Others are the transmission modes and life cycle of the parasite.

Severity of the disease including the pathological changes to the cell/tissue or/and organ
systems of the host as a result of the parasitic colonization.

Diagnosis involving identification of the disease/parasite.
These can take one or a
combination of the following methods: clinical features, microscopy, serology and postmortem.

Control methods including treatment and prophylaxis (prevention)

The socio-economic implications of the disease to the communities.
Evaluation of the course
The course is to be assessed through progressive assessment and an examination.
The examination will be comprised of section A with 20 multiple choice questions, scoring a
total of 20 marks; section B for five short answer questions, total of 20 marks; and section C
with 5 long essay questions where three will be answered
Progressive Assessment will be comprised of the following sections
1.
Course work(s)
2.
Course tests (s)
3. Field report (s) that will be compiled after visiting diseases research centers and/or model
disease epidemiological areas. Such areas may include among others: LIRI, Tororo; KARI,
Kawanda; Virus Research Institute, Entebbe; Vector control Division, Ministry of Health;
Animal abattoirs; and Landing sites.
45
Lecture One
Review of the basic parasitology
Lecture Two
Malaria
Lecture Three
Coccidian diseases
3.1 Coccidiosis
3.2 Cryptosporidiosis
Lecturer Four
Tick-borne livestock diseases
4.1 Babesiosis
4.2 Theileriosis
Lecture Five
Human Enteric protozoal infections
5.1 Amoebiasis
Lecture Six
Trichomoniasis
Lecture Seven
Blood and tissue flagellate diseases
7.1 African trypanosomiasis
7.2 Leishmaniasis
Lecture eight
Introduction to helminthic infestations
Lecture nine
Trematode diseases
9.1 Fascioliasis
9.2.Paragonimiaisis
46
Lecture ten
Schistosomiaisis
Lecture eleven
Cestode diseases
11.1 Taeniasis
11.2 Hydatidiosis
Lecture twelve
Nematode diseases
12.1 Ascariasis
12.2 Hookworm disease
Lecture thirteen
Dracunculiaisis
Lecture Fourteen
Filarial worm diseases
14.1 Onchocerciasis
14.2 Lymphatic filariasis
Lecture fifteen
Practical laboratory examination of parasitic diseases
Lecture One
2 HOURS
REVIEW OF BASIC PARASITOLOGY
Objectives:
By the end of this lecture you should be able to remind yourself of the following:

Definition and scope of parasitology

Types of animal associations

Factors obtained by parasites from their hosts

Modifications of parasites to optimize their mode of life

Factors influencing distribution of parasites in the vertebrate host body; and the
communities.

Effects of parasites on their hosts and hosts on their parasites

Major classes of parasites
47
Lecture Two
3 HOURS
MALARIA


Compare and contrast the causative agents of human malaria.

Explore the socio-economic importance of malaria.

State the extent of distribution of malaria in Uganda

Examine the epidemiology factors leading to perpetuation of the disease in the communities

Describe the mode of transmission lifecycle, severity

Outline the clinical features of malaria and other types of malaria diagnosis

Evaluate the control options available against the disease

Prepare thin and thick blood smears meant to identify Plasmodia parasites present therein.
Lecture Three
4 HOURS
COCCIDIAN DISEASES
3.1 Coccidiosis
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:

Identify the parasites causing the disease in different animals

State factors influencing severity of the disease

Survey the relevant factors in spreading of coccidiosis

Describe the life cycle, severity of the disease

Score the importance of incubation of oocysts, and post-mortem in the diagnosis of
coccidiosis.
Compare and contrast other types of coccidian infections
3.2 Cryptosporidiosis
Objectives

Name the parasites causing cryptosporidiosis in different vertebrates.

Classify the causative agents of cryptosporidiosis.

Describe the epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis, emphasizing the zoonotic effect of
the disease.
48

Underscore the opportunistic tendency of the Cryptosporidia parasites.

Outline control mechanisms against the cryptosporidiosis.
Lecture Four
4 HOURS
TICK BORNE DISEASES
This chapter covers two tick-borne diseases that have had far reaching economic implications
to livestock development in many parts of the world including the Eastern Africa region. These
are babesiosis; the red water fever, due to the characteristic haemoglobinuria (presence of
haemoglobin in urine) and theileriosis; the East Coast fever), common in Eastern Africa.
Babesiosis
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:

Identify the parasites causing babesiosis in different mammals.

Classify the causative agent of babesiosis.

Describe the epidemiology of babesiosis.

Analyse the tick vectors of the disease.

Outline control mechanisms against the babesiosis.
Theileriosis
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:

Identify the parasites causing theileriosis in different mammals.

Classify the causative agent of theileriosis.

Describe the epidemiology of theileriosis.

Analyse the tick vectors of the disease.

Outline control mechanisms against the theileriosis.
49
Lecture Five
4 HOURS
HUMAN ENTERIC PROTOZOA DISEASES
Amoebiasis
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to;
Name and classify the causative agent of amoebiasis
Distinguish between the 2 forms of Entamoeba histolytica on the basis of pathogenicity.

Describe the transmission, lifecycle of amoebiasis.

List the procedure for diagnosis of the disease.

Characterize the pathology of the parasite/disease in different body organs/parts

Identify the best source of specimens for examination/diagnosis of the disease.
GIARDIASIS
Objectives
By the end if this lecture you should be able to;
Name and classify the causative agent of giardiasis

Illustrate the structure and function of Giardia lamblia and other species in other animal
groups

Describe the transmission, lifecycle and epidemiology of Giardia

List the procedure for diagnosis of the disease

Characterize the pathology of the parasite

Identify the best source of specimens for examination/diagnosis of the disease.
LECTURE SIX
3 HOURS
TRICHOMONIASIS
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to

Name and classify the causative agent of trichomoniasis

Describe the transmission and life cycle of trichomoniasis.

Examine local factors encouraging of the disease in Ugandan communities.

Characterize the severity of the parasite/disease.
50

Identify the best source of specimens for examination/diagnosis of the disease.

List the procedure for diagnosis of the disease in the human sexes.

Out line the preventive options available against trichomoniasis.
LECTURE SEVEN
4 HOURS
BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATE DISEASES
Trypanosomiasis
Objectives
By the end of lecture you should be able to:

Identify the types of human and animal African trypanosomiasis and their pleomorphic
forms.

Sketch the extent of distribution of the disease in Africa.

Name activities exposing humans to trypanosomes

Describe transmission, lifecycle and severity of the infection

Differentiate between salivaria and stercolaria transmission

Discuss the strength and limitations of different control methods against African
trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to

Identify the and classify the causative agents of leishmaniasis in different parts of the world

Distinguish among the 3 forms of leishmaniasis

Describe the transmission, life cycle and severity of the disease

Explain the importance of reservoirs

List the procedures for diagnosis of the disease forms

Analyse limitations to control
LECTURE EIGHT
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO HELMINTHIC DISEASES 1 HOUR
In this lecture you will be introduced to the helminthes. We will examine in general and review
the function of the basic groups and examine how the diseases are maintained in the different
51
communities. From year two, a review of the basic structure, function and classification of the
different groups of parasites should have been done.
Objectives
At the end of this lecture you should be able to:
a) Explain what you understand by the term “helminthes”.
b) Describe some of the examples of helminthes.
c) Give the local names of helminthes.
d) Identify the scientific names of selected examples of helminthes.
e) Define terminologies specific for each helminthes group.
f) State the body specimens to be used for examination for diagnosis of different infestations.
g) Evaluate the different control methods of the diseases.
LECTURE NINE
1 HOURS
TREMATODE DISEASES
Students are introduced to more specific trematodes from the class Trematoda. They will
discover how these trematodes are transmitted, their severity, diagnosis, prevention and
treatment.
Objectives
At the end of the lecture, students should be able to;

Define specific terms used to describe flukes.

State scientific and common names of flukes that parasitize animals.

Describe the general morphology of an adult digenean fluke.

Differentiate diagnostic stages of digenean flukes.

Classify the methods by which flukes infect humans.
CHAPTER TEN
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:
3 HOURS

Compare and contrast the causative agents of schistosomiasis in different parts of the world.

Explore the socio-economic importance of schistosomiasis
52

Examine the epidemiological factors leading to perpetuation of the disease in the
communities

Describe the mode of transmission, lifecycle and severity

Evaluate the control options available against the disease
LECTURE ELEVEN
4 HOURS
CESTODE DISEASES
In this lecture students are introduced to a group of tape-like body organisms.
Objectives
The student should be able to:
1. Review the general characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes.
2. Compare and contrast class trematodes and cestodes.
3. Outline the diagnostic stages of cestodes.
4. Identify the stage in the life cycle of each cestode that parasitises the host animals
5. State the methods of diagnosis used to identify cestodes infections
LECTURE TWELVE
4 HOURS
INTESTINAL NEMATODE DISEASES
Ascariaisis
Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:

Compare and contrast the other helminthes with nematodes.

Explore the socio-economic importance of nematodes.

State the extent of distribution of nematodes in Uganda

Examine the epidemiological factors leading to perpetuation of the nematode diseases in the
communities

Describe the mode of transmission lifecycle, severity

Outline the clinical features of nematode diseases.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
DRACUNCULIASIS (GUINEA WORM DISEASE)
4 HOURS
53
LECTURE FOURTEEN
4 HOURS
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
ONCHOCERCIASIS
Students are introduced to the members of the family Filaroidea. These are the filarial
worms. All members have intermediate hosts. The parasites are transmitted by
haematophagous arthropods, often mosquitoes.
Objectives
Classify the organism Onchocerca volvulus
Identify the vector transmitting the disease
Sketch the distribution of the disease in Uganda and the rest of the world
Describe the epidemiology
Out line diagnostic methods including clinical features, microscopic methods such as
skin snipping, Mazzoti test; and use of DNA probes
Identify the chemotherapy used emphasizing the advantages of Ivermectin drug
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS OF PARASITIC SPECIMENS
Here students are introduced to the techniques that they can use to examine samples presented
i.e., blood, stool urine, sputum, etc for the presences of the parasites. The techniques apply to
both protozoa and helminthes but where necessary specifications for the parasites are
mentioned.
6.0 READING LIST
Adam, K.M.G., Paul. J.and Zamani.V.(1979) Medical and Veterinary protozoology. An
Illustrated guide. Church Hill Livingstone. London
Cheesbrough M. (1987): Medical Laboratory manual for tropical countries. 2nd Ed.
Butterworts. Heineman Ltd.
Hyde J.(1990). Molecular parasitology. Open University press. Ballmoor
Knell, A.J. (1991) Malaria. A publication of the tropical programme of Welcome Trust.
Oxford University press Oxford.
Kreier, J. P and Baker, J.R (1987) Parasitic Protozoa. Allen and Unwin. London
Lapage, G. (1962). Monnig’s veterinary helminthology and entomology. Balliere, Tindall
54
and Cox. London
Peters, W and Gilles, H.M (1995) Colour Atlas of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology.
4th ed. Mosby-Wolfe. London.
Shar-Fischer, M and Ralph, S.R (1989). Manual of Veterinary parasitology. C.A.B
International pp 137- 145.
Smyth, J.D (1994) Introduction to Animal parasitology. Cambridge University Press. London
http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/leish/default.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/cryptosporidiosis/factsht_cryptosporidiosis.htm
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Babesiosis.htm
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Amebiasis.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/factsht_schistosomiasis.htm#symptoms
http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/schisto/default.htm
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Taeniasis.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/factsht_hookworm.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/factsht_hookworm.htm
www.filariasis.org
http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/oncho/default.htm
55
1.0 COURSE NAME: FISHERIES BIOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3205 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Classification of the major groups of East African fishes and their evolution, basic anatomy and
physiology of fishes, environmental factors affecting fishes in: marine, estuarine, freshwaters
and polluted waters, fish feeding habits and behaviour, breeding and reproduction, development
in fishes, age growth and mortality, fish population structures, fish nutrition, recruitment,
prediction of fisheries control measures, fishing gears, post - harvest fish handling and losses
control measures, type of fisheries in Uganda, fisheries and man, over fishing and conservation.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course you should be able to:

Distinguish between of fish biology and fisheries aspects;

Identify the fish community of East Africa

Understand the environmental factors influencing fish distribution under varied
environmental conditions;

Apply the knowledge gained in handling and conservation of fish
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
1.0
Basic morphology , Anatomy and Physiology of fishes (2 lecture hours , 2 lab
hours)
1.1
Gross External and internal
1.2
Blood circulation, respiration, excretion and osmotic regulation
2.0
Classification of the major groups of East Africa Fishes and their evolution. (10
lectures hours and 10 lab hours)
2.1
Ecological conditions in the East African great lakes and their geographical
location.
2.2
List of the fish families occurring in East African lakes Lakes George, Edward,
Kyoga, and Albert.
2.3
Case study of Lake Victoria Fish communities
2.3.1
families
2.3.1.1 Claridae
56
2.3.1.2 Mochokidae
2.3.1.3 Characidae
2.3.1.4 Mastacembelidae
2.3.1.5 Centropomidae
2.3.1.6 Centraridae
2.3.1.7 Protopteridae
2.3.1.8 Schielbeidae
2.3.1.9 Bagridae
2.4
Cyprinidae
2.3.1.11
Mormyridae
Tilapines cichlids
2.4.1
3.0
2.3.1.10
Haplochromine cichlids
2.5
Lake Tanganyika fish communities
2.6
Lake Malawi fish communities
2.7
Evolution of the fish communities
Biology of the major fish species of Lake Victoria (3 lecture hours, 3 lab lectures)
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Ecological information of the major fish species
4.0 Environmental factors affecting fish distribution( 5 lecture hours , 3 practical hours )
4.1 Fresh waters
4.1.1
Definition waters
4.1.2
Physical factors; temperature, water level fluctuations, gradient and stream
order, turbidity
4.2
4.1.3
Chemical factors; dissolved oxygen, dissolved nutrients
4.1.4
Biological factors; predator-prey relationships, competition
Marine environment
4.2.1 Definition
4.2.2 Types; Rocky Intertribal areas, exposed areas, mudflats, salt marshes, mangrove
swamp, hyper saline lagoons and salt ponds
4.2.3 Physical factors; temperature, light, flotsam, upwelling, ocean currents, islands
banks and salt concentration
4.2.4 Chemical factors; pollutants
and
57
4.2.5 Biological factors; competition, predation
4.3
Estuarine environment
4.3.1
Definition of
4.3.2
Physical factors; temperature, salinity
4.3.3
Chemical factors; oxygen levels
4.3.4
Biological factors; marsh vegetation, predation, invasions
4.3.5
Lesson from estuarine fishes
4.4 Non- polluted
4.4.1
Physical factors; light, temperature
4.4.2
Chemical factors PH, dissolved oxygen
4.5 polluted waters
4.5.1 Physical factors; light, temperature
4.5.2 Chemical factors PH, dissolved oxygen
05.0 Fish community & fisheries in Shared East African lakes
A case of Lake Victoria and lakes Albert, Malawi 3 lecture hours and 3 lab hours
5.1 Recent Developments in Fish Community
5.2 Stock of Lates
5.3
Stock of Rastrineobola
5.4 Stock of other commercial fishes
5.5
Recent development in the fishery
5.6
The Lates fishery
5.7
The Rastrineobola fishery
5.8 The Tilapiine fishery
6.0
Fishing Technology and fisheries control measures 3 lecture hours
6.1
Introduction to world fisheries gears
6.2
Common fishing gears used in Uganda
6.3
legal and non legal gears and why
6.4
Fisheries and choice of gears.
7.0 Post harvest handling and losses control 2 lecture hours , 2lab hours
6.1
Post harvest handling and processing methods
6.2
Post harvest loss control measures
58
8.0 Fish conservation (2 lecture hours , 2 lab hours )
8.1 introduction
8.2 Status of fish faunas
8.3 Causes of changes
8.4 Values and fish conservation
8.5 Classic world examples of contemporary conflicts in fish conservation.
6.0 READING LIST
1.
Fryer, G.T.D lles (1972), The cichlid fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa. Their
biology and evolution, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. 641 pp.
2.
Greenwood P.H (1984), The fishes of Uganda
3.
Miles H.A Keensleyside (1991), Cichlid fishes, Behavior, Ecology and Evolution by
Chapman & Ham London, New York, Tokyo, Melbourne, Madras, 378 pp.
4.
Moyle Peter B. & Cech Joseph J.Jr (2000), Fishes; An introduction to Ichthyology,
Prentice- Hall, Inc Upper Saddle river 911 pp.
5.
Witte Frans and Van Densen WLT (1994), Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake
Victoria, A Handbook of Field observation 4th Edition 404 pp.
RECOMMENDED TEXTS
1.
Karl Lagler et al, (1962), Ichthyology 2nd Edition by John Wiley & Sons inc. 502
pp.
2.
Nikolsky G.V (1963), The Ecology of fishes published by Academic press Inc,
London, and 352 pp.
3.
Wooton Robert J. (1990), Ecology of Teleost Fishes, Fish and fisheries series 1 by
Chapman & Hall, 404 pp.
59
1.0 COURSE NAME: INTERGRATED PEST AND VECTOR MANAGEMENT
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3206 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Concept of pest management; definition of pest and vector; pest assessment and fore-casting;
epidemiology and population dynamics.
Theoretical and practical aspects of ecology. Properties of populations. Measurements and
description of factors regulating populations, construction and analysis of life tables and their
application in applied entomology. Prey/predator, host/parasite relationships as applied to pest
management. Methods of population estimation. Pesticide chemistry and toxicology, physicochemical factors and mode of action. Synthetic insecticide, Organochlorides, Corbemeter,
Organophosphates, Carbamates, Pyrethroids, attractants, repellants, growth regulators, etc.
Resistance of arthropods to insecticides. Naturally occurring insecticides. The ecosystem,
impact of pesticide on the environment and community.
Modern and future development of integrated pest management and vector control strategy.
Construction and analysis of models of control.
Social and economic considerations in the control of pests and vectors. Vectorial capacity of
vectors of diseases. Introduction to construction and analysis of models of control.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course aims to impart skills in pest and vector identification, assessment, sampling and
management. By the end of the course students should be able to:
-
Illustrate the significance of IPVM to food security and public health.
-
Recognise the important pests and vectors of Uganda.
-
Design a pest/vector management strategy that is technically viable, ecologically sound,
socially acceptable and financially feasible.
-
Evaluate the merits and limitations of any pest/vector management programme.
60
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
Introduction to IPVM (1); Properties of populations (2); population growth models (2);
population regulation (2); Life tables (2); development of pestiferous populations (2);
assessment of pest damage (2); economic thresholds (1); host plant resistance (1); cultural and
physical methods of control (1); biological control (2); chemical control (4); regulatory control
(1); the IPM paradigm (1); biology and ecology of selected insect vectors in Africa (3) modes
of disease transmission (1); control of insect vectors (2)
6.0 READING LIST
Davis, R.G. (1988). Outlines of Entomology (seventh edition). Chapman and Hall, London. 408
pp.
Dent, D. (1995). Integrated pest management. Chapman and Hall, London. 356pp.
Hill, D.S. (1983). Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control (second edition).
Cambridge University Press, England. 746pp.
Youdeowei, A. and Service, M.W. (1983). Pest and Vector Management in the Tropics.
Longman Group Ltd. 399pp.
61
1.0 COURSE NAME: APPLIED HUMAN ECOLOGY
2.0 COURSE CODE: ZOO 3207 (level Three Course)
3.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Evolutionary ecology: diversity of life, natural selection and speciation; major evolutionary
trends. Population ecology: the dynamics of populations, with problems of population
estimation. Human settlements in relation to resources. The ecology of diseases.
Behavioral ecology: group and individual selection; assessing; obtaining and defending
resources; the battle of sexes. Ecology and development: resource use; sustainable
development; human impact on air, soil, land and water. Ecological aspects of wastes and
pollution. Environment impact assessment procedures.
4.0 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course focuses on the ecological viewpoint of human ecology whose objectives are:
1. To examine the application of ecology to humans which differs in important respects
from its application to other forms of life and to life as a whole.
2. To make reference to early ecosystems in which human beings played an integral and
less destructive role in nature.
3. To make particular reference to the use and abuse of resources of ecosystems being
exploited.
4. To relate the effects of human intrusion into contemporary environments to human
health or disease.
5. To examine factors affecting the evolution of human form and success.
5.0 DETAILS OF COURSE CURRICULUM
1. Introduction to human ecology
2. Processes of adaptation
3. Food supply, biotechnology and nutritional influences
4. Disease patterns and psycho-social stress
5. Human population
6. Aging or senescence
7. Human success
8. The present evolution of man
9. Introduction to environmental change
10. Climate change
62
6.0 READING LIST
1. Clapham, W.B. (1981). Human Ecosystems. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York.
2. Campbell Bernard (1983). Human Ecology. Heinemann Education Books. London.
3. Miller G. Tyler Jr. (1989). Living in the Environment. Principles, connections, and
Solutions. Wadsworth Publishing Company. London, New York.
4. Stebbins Robert A. (1987). Sociology. The study of Society. Harper & Row Publishers. New
York.
5. Readings from Scientific American (1976). Human Physiology and the Environment in
Health and Disease. W.H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco.
6. Colinvaux Paul (1986). Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. New York, Toronto.
7. Schlegel G. Hans, 1990. General Microbiology. CambridgeUniversity Press. London.
8. Harry, W. S. Jr., Vandemark, P. J. & Lee, J. L. 1991. Microbes in Action. W. H. Freeman
& Company. New York.
9. Angold Roger, G. Beech & J. Taggart. (1989). Food Biotechnology. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge, London.
10. World Bank Technical Paper No. 133. (1991). Agricultural Biotechnology. The next ‘Green
Revolution’. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
11. Gaudie Andrew (1990). The Human Impact on the natural Environment. Basil
Backwell Ltd. Oxford.
12. Boeker E. and R. v. Grondelle (1999). Environmental Physics. John Wiley & Sons.
New York, Toronto.