1
activation
frequency
noun
English
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet,
2002, 359
DEFINITION: Increase in the intensity of bone remodelling, associated with oestrogen
withdrawal.
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet,
2002, 359
EQUIVALENTS:
French fréquence d'activation noun S. Jamal, Nouvelles modalités thérapeutiques pour
l'ostéoporose, Endocrinologie, 2007, 7 (7)
Italian frequenza di attivazione noun U. Tarantino, G. Resmini, La gestione delle
fratture da fragilità ossea, Springer, 2011
CONTEXT: The histomorphometric derivation of activation frequency assumes that the
remodeling rate is dependent on the duration of the remodeling cycle and the amount of
bone formed in individual remodeling units.
SOURCE: J.E. Compston et al., Bone remodeling rate and remodeling balance are not coregulated in adulthood: implications for the use of activation frequency as an index of
remodeling rate, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2007, 22 (7)
2
alendronate
noun
English
SOURCE: S.R. Cummings, Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal
women with osteoporosis, The New England Journal of Medicine, 2009, 361 (8)
DEFINITION: Second-generation bisphosphonate approved for the treatment and
prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
SOURCE: D.M. Reid, Osteoporosis, Springer, 2011
EQUIVALENTS:
French alendronate noun J.-P. Dommergues, M. Chalumeau, Corticothérapie chez
l'enfant, Doin, 2010
Italian alendronato noun AA.VV. Linee guida per la diagnosi prevenzione e terapia
dell'osteoporosi, Edimes edizioni internazionali, 2006
TERM VARIANTS:
alendronic acid noun (Synonym)
NOTES:
Brand names: Binosto® Fosamax®
CONTEXT: In studies using similar analyses, alendronate (10 mg per day) reduced the
risk of new vertebral fractures by 48 percent.
SOURCE: R.M. Neer et al., Effect of parathyroid hormone on fractures and bone mineral
density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, The New England Journal of
Medicine, 2001, 344 (19)
3
alkaline
phosphatase
noun
English
SOURCE: S.C. Manolagas, Birth and death of bone cells, Endocrine Reviews, 2000, 21 (2)
DEFINITION: Enzyme made mostly in the liver and the bone, diagnostically used as a
marker for bone metabolism.
SOURCE: P.F.
EQUIVALENTS:
French phosphatase alcaline noun A. Essaid, La lutte anti-acridienne, John Libbey
Eurotext, 1991
Italian fosfatasi alcalina noun AA.VV. Linee guida per la diagnosi prevenzione e terapia
dell'osteoporosi, Edimes edizioni internazionali, 2006
TERM VARIANTS:
AP noun (Acronym)
ALP noun (Acronym)
NOTES:
The evaluation of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, though not a specific test to
diagnose osteoporosis, is an inexpensive method of checking osteablastic activity.
CONTEXT: The principal markers of bone formation are total alkaline phosphatase, the
bone isoenzyme alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and the procollagen propeptides of
type I collagen.
SOURCE: J.A. Kanis, Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk, The
Lancet, 2002, 359
4
anabolic drug
noun
English
SOURCE: J.A. Kanis et al., European guidance for the diagnosis and management of
osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, Osteoporosis International, 2008, 19
DEFINITION: Treatment that acts on bone metabolism contributing to the building up of
the bone structure and increasing the rate of bone formation.
SOURCE: P.F.
EQUIVALENTS:
French médicament anabolisant noun W. Berrebi, Diagnostics thérapeutique. Guide
pratique du symptôme à la prescription, Estem, 2009
Italian farmaco anabolizzante noun G. Latuenti et al., Inibizione dell'asse ipofisogonadale dopo trattamento con un farmaco anabolizzante, Journal of Endocrinological
Investigation, 1980
TERM VARIANTS:
anabolic therapy noun (Synonym)
anabolic agent noun (Synonym)
anabolic treatment noun (Synonym)
anabolic medication noun (Synonym)
NOTES:
The only FDA-approved anabolic agent is a synthetic form of parathyroid hormone
known as teriparatide, which costs substantially more than does antiresorptive therapy.
CONTEXT: An important question is whether the combination of an anti-resorptive agent
and an anabolic drug, such as PTH, would provide a therapeutic advantage by exploiting
the different mechanisms of action on bone.
SOURCE: J.A. Kanis et al., European guidance for the diagnosis and management of
osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, Osteoporosis International, 2008, 19
5
antiresorptive
medication
noun
English
SOURCE: G. Berrin et al., Post-Partum Spinal Osteoporosis, Turkish Journal of
Rheumatology, 2010, 25 (1)
DEFINITION: Treatment comprising five principal classes of agents (bisphosphonates,
estrogens, selective estrogen selector modulators (SERMs), calcitonin and monoclonal
antibodies such as denosumab) used to increase the amount of mineral in the bone.
SOURCE: Office of the Surgeon General (US), Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of
the Surgeon General, Rockville (MD), Office of the Surgeon General (US), 2004
EQUIVALENTS:
French inhibiteur de la résorption osseuse noun P.-J. Meunier, L'ostéoporose, Masson,
2006
French antirésorptif noun P.-J. Meunier, L'ostéoporose, Masson, 2006
French traitment antirésorbeur noun E. Drapier-Faure, C. Jamin, La ménopause, Doin,
2003
Italian farmaco antiriassorbimento noun F. Zuffetti et al., Applicazione clinica di
bisfosfonati in odontoiatria implantare, Rivista internazionale di parodontologia
odontoiatria ricostruttiva, 2009, 29 (1)
Italian terapia antiriassorbitiva noun AA.VV. Linee guida per la diagnosi, prevenzione
e terapia dell'osteoporosi, Edimes edizioni internazionali, 2006
TERM VARIANTS:
antiresorptive therapy noun (Synonym)
anti-resorptive treatment noun (Synonym)
CONTEXT: She was diagnosed as PPSO and antiresorptive medication was prescribed,
in addition to calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
SOURCE: G. Berrin et al., Post-Partum Spinal Osteoporosis, Turkish Journal of
Rheumatology, 2010, 25 (1)
6
appendicular
skeleton
noun
English
SOURCE: B.L. Riggs et al., Differential changes in bone mineral density of the
appendicular and axial skeleton with aging, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1981, 67
DEFINITION: Part of the skeleton that makes up the extremities, comprised of 126 bones
including the hip/pelvic bone and the shoulder girdle.
SOURCE: P.F.
EQUIVALENTS:
French squelette appendiculaire noun B. Huteau et al., Diagnostic ostéopathique Rachis et squelette appendiculaire, Maloine, 2009
Italian scheletro appendicolare noun A. Barile et al., Alterazioni degenerative dello
scheletro appendicolare, Radiologia geriatrica, 2006
TERM VARIANTS:
limb skeleton noun (Synonym)
skeleton appendiculare noun (Synonym)
CONTEXT: In the appendicular skeleton, bone diminution did not occur until age 50 yr,
was accelerated from ages 51 to 65 yr, and then decelerated somewhat after age 65 yr.
SOURCE: B.L. Riggs et al., Differential changes in bone mineral density of the
appendicular and axial skeleton with aging, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1981, 67
7
axial skeleton
noun
English
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet,
2002, 359
DEFINITION: Central area of the skeletal system comprised of 74 bones designed to both
protect and support the internal organs.
SOURCE: P.F.
EQUIVALENTS:
French squelette axial noun M. Guay, Anatomie fonctionnelle de l'appareil locomoteur,
PUM, 2005
Italian scheletro assiale noun C.V. Albanese, R. Passariello, Osteoporosi e malattie
metaboliche dell'osso, Springer, 2009
Italian scheletro del tronco noun N. Zöllner et al., Dal sintomo alla diagnosi, Antonio
Delfino editore, 1990
Italian scheletro assile noun E. Padoa, Manuale di anatomia comparata dei vertebrati,
Feltrinelli, 1991
TERM VARIANTS:
skeleton axiale noun (Synonym)
CONTEXT: In the axial skeleton, the vertebral bodies have a thin cortical shell and a
trabecular spongiosa, or cancellous network, of plates and sheets that absorb energy
during compressive loading and that return to their original height when unloaded.
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet,
2002, 359
(…)
14
bone mineral
density
noun
English
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet, 2002,
359
DEFINITION: Amount of mineral per square centimetre of bone, usually assessed using a
special X-ray such as DXA, and used to identify osteoporosis and help determine risk of
fracture.
SOURCE: National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK), Osteoporosis: Assessing the Risk of
Fragility Fracture. London, Royal College of Physicians (UK), 2012 (NICE Clinical
Guidelines, No. 146)
EQUIVALENTS:
French minéralisation osseuse noun M. Odievre, Pédiatrie, Doin, 1999
French densité minérale osseuse noun M. Leporrier, Petite encyclopédie médicale
Hamburger, Lavoisier, 2011
French DMO noun M. Leporrier, Petite encyclopédie médicale Hamburger, Lavoisier, 2011
Italian mineralizzazione ossea noun P. Torricelli et al., Manuale di diagnostica per
immagini, Società editrice Esculapio, 2008
TERM VARIANTS:
bone density noun (Abbreviation)
BMD noun (Acronym)
NOTES:
The difference between bone mineral density and bone mineral content can be defined by
the following proportion: bone mineral density g/cm2 bone segment; bone mineral content
g/cm bone segment.
CONTEXT: These categories are defined by the deviation of the bone mineral density,
which is measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry, from the mean normal value of young
adults with healthy bones.
SOURCE: S. Becker, M. Ogon, Balloon kyphoplasty, Springer, 2008
15
bone modeling noun
English
SOURCE: B. Clarke, Normal bone anatomy and physiology, Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology, 2008, 3 (3)
DEFINITION: Process by which bones change their overall shape in response to physiologic
influences or mechanical forces, leading to gradual adjustment of the skeleton to the forces
that it encounters.
SOURCE: B. Clarke, Normal bone anatomy and physiology, Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology, 2008, 3 (3)
EQUIVALENTS:
French modelage osseux noun J.-L. Beaudeux, G. Durand, Biochimie médicale, Lavoisier,
2011
Italian modellamento osseo noun A. Lenzi et al., Endocrinologia e attività motorie, Elsevier
Masson, 2008
CONTEXT: During bone modeling, bone formation and resorption are not tightly coupled.
SOURCE: B. Clarke, Normal bone anatomy and physiology, Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology, 2008, 3 (3)
16
bone
remodeling
noun
English
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet, 2002,
359
DEFINITION: Process of bone renewal occurring mainly in trabecular bone, responsible for
bone maintance and repair, and consisting of gradual, controlled bone destruction (by
osteoclasts) and formation (by osteoblasts).
SOURCE: D.M. Reid, Osteoporosis, Springer, 2011
EQUIVALENTS:
French remodelage osseux noun T. Thomas, Physiologie du tissu osseux, Masson, 2008
French renouvellement osseux noun G. Mallet, Métabolisme phosphocalcique et osseux de
l'enfant, Lavoisier, 2011
Italian rimodellamento osseo noun U. Tarantino, G. Resmini, La gestione delle fratture da
fragilità ossea, Springer, 2011
Italian rinnovamento osseo noun Ph. Kéros, Osteoporosi. Prevenzione e cura con le
medicine dolci, Macro Edizioni, 2009
Italian turnover osseo noun D. Resnick et al., Imaging dell'apparato osteoarticolare,
Elsevier, 2005
TERM VARIANTS:
bone remodelling noun (Orthographic variant)
bone turnover noun (Synonym)
CONTEXT: The most likely purpose of bone remodeling is to prevent accumulation of old
bone.
SOURCE: S.C. Manolagas, Birth and death of bone cells, Endocrine Reviews, 2000, 21 (2)
17
bone
resorption
noun
English
SOURCE: E. Seeman, Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men, The Lancet, 2002,
359
DEFINITION: Physiological process caused by the action of osteoclasts that break down bone
and release the minerals, possibly degenerative when unbalanced.
SOURCE: P.F.
EQUIVALENTS:
French résorption osseuse noun P.-J. Meunier, L'ostéoporose, Masson, 2006
French ostéolyse noun E. Piette, M. Goldberg, La dent normale et pathologique, De Boeck,
2001
Italian riassorbimento osseo noun C.V. Albanese, R. Passariello, Osteoporosi e malattie
metaboliche dell'osso, Springer, 2009
Italian osteolisi noun P. Cabitza, Ortopedia, Società Editrice Esculapio, 2012
TERM VARIANTS:
osteolysis noun (Scientific name)
bone breakdown noun (Synonym)
CONTEXT: To understand how excessive bone resorption and inadequate formation result
in skeletal fragility, it is necessary to understand the process of bone remodeling, which is
the major activity of bone cells in the adult skeleton.
SOURCE: L. G. Raisz, Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts and prospects,
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2005, 115 (12)
18
bone turnover noun
English
marker
SOURCE: L. G. Raisz, Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts and prospects,
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2005, 115 (12)
DEFINITION: Diagnostic biochemical marker of bone formation and bone resorption capable
of monitoring abnormalities in the process of bone remodelling and the rate of bone loss in
metabolic bone disorders.
SOURCE: P.F.
EQUIVALENTS:
French marqueur du remodelage osseux noun J.-C. Souberbielle et al., Enquête sur la
prescription des marqueurs du remodelage osseux en milieu hospitalier, Annales de
Biologie Clinique, 2002, 60 (5)
Italian indicatore biochimico del turnover osseo noun C.V. Albanese, R. Passariello,
Osteoporosi e malattie metaboliche dell'osso, Springer, 2009
Italian marcatore del turnover osseo noun P. Vescovi, Osteonecrosi dei mascellari e
bisfosfonati, Tecniche nuove, 2008
TERM VARIANTS:
BTM noun (Acronym)
CONTEXT: Biochemical markers of bone turnover (bone turnover markers, BTMs) can be
used to study changes in bone remodelling in osteoporosis.
SOURCE: Q. Ashton Acton gen. ed., Osteoporosis: new insights for the healthcare
professional, Scholarly editions, 2013