Glass acquired during several (??) seasons of excavations on the area amount to about
…fragments that represent a wide range of tableware, oil lamps, different adornments (beads,
bracelets, finger rings, insets for finger-rings), window panes and tesserae covering the period
from the first up to the 13th century AD. Vessels are mostly free blown, very fine and delicate,
made of bubbly natural-colored greens, ranging from almost colorless to dark, sometimes with
black impurities; other colors are represented with single specimens. Sometimes the color of glass
is impossible to define due to weathering or intensity of a dye. The glass color often varies within
one vessel because of variations in thickness that concentrates or dilutes intensity of the color. The
vessels are often carelessly fashioned, with coarse pontil marks. Decoration is rare: single
specimens are adorned with abraded or incised horizontal bands, painting, marvering, applied blue
blobs, threads and trails mostly of the same color as the vessel or of the blue and manganese hue.
Bracelets are of different forms and colors. Some of them аre cold-painted. Beads, for the
exception of a few specimens, are fashioned by winding of soften glass thread on a cylindrical or
conical rod.
Rare fragments, predominantly bracelets, are clear and unweathered, most exhibit different
degree of decomposition: a milky white film accompanied by iridescence underneath; a few
fragments have a hard dark weathering film; slight dulling or iridescence of the surface are very
often; yet easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering is by far the most common.
Apart from a single miniature unguentarium, no other complete vessel or a combination of
joining fragments has been revealed. At our disposal are mainly fragments of rims, bases and
handles that as a rule don’t allow reconstructing a complete profile of vessels for the glassmakers
combined different kinds of rims and bases in various ways1 and similar rims and bases are often
common to several types of vessels. For this reason rims, necks, bases and handles are regarded
separately. Within each category the fragments are grouped on the basis of manufacturing
technology and then by variants of shape. For each rim-, neck-, base- or handle-variant possible
vessel-types, to which the fragment under question could belong, are given. Regrettably the
extremely poor state of preservation of the material often does not allow defining correlation
between the depth of the vessel and the diameter of its rim that makes it impossible to identify the
vessel-form (beaker, bowl, plate or dish) and only a few fragments have been surely assigned to
the definite types. In order to establish dates and distribution pattern parallels from other sites are
cited.
In describing of each fragment we follow the following scheme: description – technology
of production – color and quality of the material – weathering – dimensions.
Regrettably nearly all Chersonessos contexts represent domestic refuse continually
disturbed and redeposited and for this reason containing a large admixture of residual and
intrusive material. The disturbed nature of the contexts revealed does not permit to apply dating
based on stratification to most isolated fragments for it is always difficult to distinguish genuine
products of the period from survival pieces and some pieces have been assigned to the Roman and
Early Byzantine periods by their style rather than by the circumstances of their discovery.
RIMS
Vessels with cracked-off unworked or wheel-polished rim
Vessels with this rim-type were made with a help of blowpipe but without pontil thus
producing cracked-off rim that was left either unfinished or was smoothed with a wheel after the
vessel had been knocked off from the unwanted part of the paraison. Vessels with cracked-off rim
were in use from the 1st through to the 5th centuries, with a peak falling on the 3rd – 4th centuries
when they undoubtedly were one of the commonest in the Mediterranean and Pontic regions. At
first they were made mainly of bluish glass. Only at the late 4th century they began to be made of
olive glass that prevailed through the whole 5th century2. Most scholars consider them to have
been intended for drinking3 though they equally could be used as lamps4.
1
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 38.
Foy 1995, 198-199; Sternini 1995, 258..
3
Foy, Hochuli-Gysel 1995, 156; Cool 1995, 12, etc.
2
Usually the following main types with the said rims are distinguished: 1) beakers with
rounded sides; 2) beakers in the form of a high truncated cone; 3) conical beakers and 4) bowls.
By decoration they are subdivided into the following subtypes: 1) undecorated vessels that usually
comprise the largest group; 2) with applied blue blobs; 3) with scratched, sometimes hardly
visible, or wheel-cut horizontal grooves on the upper part of the body (sometimes the latter two
types of ornamentation occur on one vessel) and 4) with mold-blown relief ornament5.
Regrettably on the area the said vessels are represented with very small fragments that in
rare cases allow estimating the diameter of the rim, reconstructing the complete shape of the
vessel and its proportions. Yet two of them are likely to have belonged to conical vessels that were
wide spread on the vast territory from the Middle East to the Western Europe. Conical vessels
with a small, more or less pointed base are identified both as beakers and lamps. Their use as
lamps is confirmed by representations on some mosaics from synagogues6. In the Crimea they
came from the deposits of the second half of the 4th - first half on the 5th century7. Some of them
were decorated with wheel incisions and blue blobs.
SR 431, room 37, fill of pit. Fragment of upper body of conical thick-walled beaker with
cracked-off and wheel-polished rim. Greenish; pin-prick bubbles. The inner surface is glossier
than the outer one. Iridescence. D. of rim 5,8 cm.
SR 364, room 29. Fragment of conical beaker with cracked-off and wheel-polished rim.
The inner surface is much shinier and smoother than the outer one. Pale green; numerous pinprick bubbles. Faint colored arched streak of manganese tinge suggests an attempt to produce
colorless vessel. Slight iridescence. D. of rim ca. 12,0 cm. Our vessel characterized with light
greenish color and thick walls is likely to have been of Syro-Palestinian origin. The only verified
center producing this kind of vessels in the said region has been uncovered at Jalame8.
SR 539, burial 4, layer 2. Fragment of rim bent out and up. Edge cracked-off and wheelpolished. Greenish; round bubbles. Hard dark weathering with iridescence underneath. D. of rim
13,0 cm. Rim diameter suggests a bowl or a conical beaker.
РА30. Fragment of rim bent out and up. Edge cracked-off and wheel-polished. Olive,
clear, no bubbles and impurities. Dulling more pronounced on inside where it is accompanied by
iridescence underneath. D. of rim is not estimated; Th. of rim 1,7 mm.
SR 575, room 37. Fragment of rim bent out and up. Edge cracked-off and wheel-polished.
Greenish; no bubbles. Thick, easily flaking iridescence. D. of rim is not estimated. The profile of
the extant upper body suggests a beaker with rounded sides.
SR 407, room 33. Fragment of rim bent out and up. Edge cracked-off and wheel-polished.
Pale green with faint olive tinge; no bubbles. Slight iridescence. D. is not estimated. The form of
the vessel is not reconstructed.
Three fragments revealed exhibit three decoration ways characteristic for vessels with
cracked-off rim.
SR 511, yard. Fragment of cylindrical vessel with flaring cracked-off and wheel-polished
rim. Wheel-cut or abraded horizontal bands below the rim and at body mid-height. Light olive;
rare large elongated vertical bubbles. Iridescence. D. of rim 7,0 cm.
SR 359 (west exit) -2004. Small body fragment decorated with engraved ornament, of
which two thin incised lines have survived. Light greenish gray, numerous elongated vertical
bubbles. Iridescence.
SR 569, room 38. Body fragment decorated with a large (1,2 х 2,5 cm) oval cobalt blue
blob. Light olive; rare pin-prick round bubbles; numerous elongated vertical bubbles within the
blue blob. Iridescence. The shape is not reconstructed.
4
Sternini 1995, 260; Dussart 1995, 347.
Sorokina 1971, 85-101; Foy 1995, 199.
6
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 90.
7
Zasetzkaya 2008, 32.
8
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 87-94.
5
In general on the Northern Black Sea coast glasses and bowls decorated with blue blobs
are usually dated to the 3rd - early 6th centuries9. Yet D. Foy and M. Sternini consider this type of
decoration to have been unknown till the late 4th - early 5th century, at least on the Western
Mediterranean10.
SR 461, room 32. Body fragment of vessel with mould-blown honeycomb decoration
under a row of vertical ribs. A beaker in the form of truncated cone or a bowl (?). Light greenish
gray; pin-prick bubbles. Iridescence. Th. 0,2 cm. Honeycomb decoration under a row of vertical
ribs seems to have appeared in the early 4th century11 but became especially popular in the 5th
century12. In the Crimea they occur in the burials of the first half of the 5th century13.
Several fragments are decorated with wheel-cut grooves on the exterior surface that most
frequently occurs on bowls and cups of the 1st - early 2nd centuries14.
So among eight fragments of vessels with cracked-off rim 2 are likely to have belonged to
conical beakers, 2 – to beakers in the form of truncated cone, including 1 – with relief mold blown
decoration, 1 – to a beaker with rounded body and 1 – to a conical beaker or bowl. The shape of
the rest is not reconstructed. Five of them are made of greenish glass, 3 – of olive one. All the
fragments described represent the early admixture in late contexts.
Vessels with Fire-Rounded Rims
The rims of this kind were rounded by reheating while the vessel was held on the pontil.
Most of them are thickened, vertical, slightly incurved or outcurved. The walls of these vessels
either slightly taper downward or are vertical. The glass colors are mostly of different shades of
green with various amounts of bubbles. Diameters of rims vary from 5,0 to 14,0 cm. No
complete shape could be restored but most of them are associated with stemmed goblets, various
lamps or bell-shaped beakers though some of them with large diameters may belong to bowls or
other vessels.
US CHРA 176-2002. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded rim and
tapering sides. Light greenish gray, pinprick bubbles. Iridescence. D. of rim is not estimated; Th.
of rim 0,1 cm; Th. of wall 0,04 cm.
РА 190-2002. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded rim and tapering
sides. Light greenish gray, pinprick bubbles. Thick hard whitish weathering. D. of rim is not
estimated; Th. of rim 0,1 cm; Th. of wall 0,05 cm.
US CHРA 110, SF 1728-2002 г. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded
rim and tapering sides. Greenish-bluish tint, pinprick round and elongated horizontal bubbles.
Easily flaking iridescence. Rim D. ca. 11,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm; Тh. of wall 0,2 cm.
USCHPA216. SF 1391. Fragment of vessel with incurved fire-rounded rim-roll and
slightly tapering sides. Light greenish gray, bubbly. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering.
Est. D. of rim ca. 11,0 cm; Th. of rim 0,3 cm; Th. of wall 0,05 cm.
USCHPA181. SF 973-2002. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded rim
and tapering sides. Light greenish gray, pinprick round and elongated horizontal bubbles. Slight
dulling. D. of rim ca. 10,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm; Тh. of wall 0,09 cm.
USCHPA78-2002. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded rim with
groove on inner side (reamer mark?) and tapering sides. Light greenish gray, pinprick round
bubbles. Easily flaking iridescence. D. of rim ca. 6,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm; Тh. of wall 0,04 cm.
US CHРA 176, SF 1325-2002. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded
slightly in-curved rim. Light greenish-bluish, pinprick round and elongated horizontal bubbles.
Easily flaking iridescence. D. of rim ca.14,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm; Тh. of wall 0,1 cm.
9
Zasetzkaya 2008, 24-27.
Foy 1995, 199; Sternini 1995, 258.
11
Isings 1957, 133; Sorokina 1979, 61; Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 79.
12
Michev 1988, 48, tabl. VII, 39; Foy 1995, 200, pl. 10, 84-90.
13
Sorokina 1973, 183-184, ris. 2, 10-13; Aibabin 1990, ris. 2.
14
Von Saldern 1980, 13.
10
РА 30-2002. 4 fragments of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded slightly outcurved rim and tapering body. High quality glass, pure, transparent, light olive, no bubbles.
Glossy surface; no traces of weathering. D. of rim is not estimated; Th. of rim 0,11 cm.
US CHРA 234. Small fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded slightly
out-curved rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering. Th. of rim 0,15 cm.
SR 618, room 31. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and thickened fire-rounded rim.
Greenish, rare pinprick bubbles, round on body and elongated horizontal on rim. Silveryiridescent weathering. D. of rim ca. 7,2 cm; Th. of rim 0,3 cm.
SR 592, room 37. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and thickened fire-rounded rim.
Faint groove on inner side of rim. Greenish, numerous pinprick round and elongated horizontal
bubbles. Iridescence. D. of rim 6,6 cm; Th. of rim 0,35 cm.
SR 620, room 37, topsoil. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and thickened firerounded rim. Faint groove on inner side of rim. Greenish, pinprick bubbles – round on body and
elongated horizontal on rim. Easily flaking dark weathering with iridescence underneath. D. of
rim 7,0 cm; Th. of rim 0,25 cm.
SR 401, room 33. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly thickened firerounded and slightly in-curved rim. Faint groove on inner side of rim (reamer mark ?). Greenish
gray; occasional bubbles. Hard iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim is not estimated; Th. of
rim 0,25 cm.
SR 373, room 36-2004. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and thickened fire-rounded
rim. Light greenish gray, rare elongated horizontal bubbles. Hard thick white weathering. D. of
rim ca. 5,0 cm; Th. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 461, room 32-2004. Small fragment of thin-walled vessel with tapering body and
slightly thickened fire-rounded rim. Olive, no bubbles. D. of rim 7,2 cm; Th. of rim 0,1 cm.
SR 461, room 32-2004. 2 fragments of thin-walled vessel with tapering body and slightly
thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Dark weathering. D. of
rim 7,6 cm; Th. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 458, room 36-2004. Small fragment of vessel with tapering body and fire-rounded rim.
Light greenish gray, rare round bubbles. Dulling with iridescence beneath. D. of rim is not
estimated; Th. of rim 0,18 cm.
SR 414, room 36-2004. Fragment of vessel with plain fire-rounded rim. Slightly
deformed. Grayish-bluish. Hard black weathering. D. of rim is not estimated.
SR 338-2004, SF 2101. Fragment of vessel (conical beaker?) with fire-rounded rim. Light
greenish gray. Iridescence. D. of rim ca. 6,5 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm.
SR 355, room 29-2004. Small fragment of thin-walled vessel with tapering body and
slightly thickened fire-rounded rim. Faint groove on inner side of rim. Light greenish gray,
pinprick round bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 7,5 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 358, room 30, collapse-2004. Fragment of thin-walled vessel with tapering body and
slightly thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Black
weathering. D. of rim 9,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 358, room 30, collapse-2004. Fragment of thin-walled vessel with tapering body and
slightly out-curved thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles.
Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 8,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,15 cm.
SR 358, room 30, collapse-2004. Fragment of vessel with out-curved fire-rounded rim.
Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Easily flaking black weathering. D. of rim c 5,0 cm;
Тh. of rim 0,2 cm. Vessels with spherical body and fire-rounded abruptly outturned rim were in
use in the late 3rd – 4th centuries15.
15
Sorokina 1973, Aibabin 1990, ris. 2; Alexeeva, Sorokina 2007, tabl. 23, 5, 7.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Small fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly
thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. of rim 5,8 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly
incurved thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles on body and
elongated horizontal on rim. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim ca. 6,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3
cm.
SR 411, north-west exit-2004, yard. Small fragment of vessel with tapering body and
slightly incurved thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, rare elongated horizontal
bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 7,8 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 411, north-west exit-2004, yard. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly
in-curved fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, rare elongated horizontal bubbles. Easily flaking
iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 7,4 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 сm.
SR 472, room 32-2004. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly thickened outcurved fire-rounded rim. Faint groove on inner side of rim (reamer mark?). Light greenish gray,
pinprick round bubbles on body and elongated horizontal ones on upper body and rim. Dulling
with iridescence beneath. D. of rim 7,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm.
SR 469, room 36-2004. Small fragment of vessel with tapering body and fire-rounded rim.
Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Slight iridescence. D. of rim is not estimated; Тh. of
rim 0,1 cm.
SR 469, room 36-2004. Small fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly
thickened fire-rounded rim. Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Iridescence on outer
surface; hard silvery weathering with iridescence beneath on inside. D. of rim is not estimated; Тh.
of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 369, room 30-2004. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly out-curved,
slightly thickened fire-rounded rim. Faint groove on inner side of rim (reamer mark?). Light
greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 5,9 cm; Тh. of rim
0,15 cm.
SR 435, room 36-2004. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly thickened firerounded rim. Light greenish, pinprick round bubbles. Iridescence. D. of rim is not estimated; Тh.
of rim 0,1 cm.
SR 431-2004, room 37. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and fire-rounded upright
rim. Colorless, occasional round and elongated horizontal bubbles. Easily flaking iridescence. D.
of rim is not estimated; Тh. of rim 0,15 cm.
SR 431-2004, room 37. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and rounded upright rim.
Light greenish gray, rare round bubbles. Easily flaking iridescence. D. of rim 7,6 cm; Тh. of rim
0,3 cm.
SR 431-2004, room 37. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and thickened out-curved
fire-rounded rim. Faint groove on inner side of rim (reamer mark?). Light greenish gray.
Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim is not estimated; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm.
Room 31, SR 615. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and thickened fire-rounded rim.
Faint groove on inner side of rim (reamer mark?). Light greenish. Hard iridescent weathering,
dark on surface. D. of rim 6,4 cm; Тh. of rim 0,25 cm.
Room 37, SR 639, 2005. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly thickened
fire-rounded rim. Light greenish, pinprick bubbles – round on body and elongated horizontal on
rim. Inner surface is glossy, no weathering; hard iridescent-silvery weathering on outer surface. D.
of rim is not estimated; Тh. of rim 0,15 cm.
Room 37, SR 575-2005. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly thickened
fire-rounded rim. Light greenish, pinprick round bubbles. Slight iridescence on inner surface and
hard white weathering on outer one. D. of rim 7,5 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Fragment of vessel with tapering body and slightly outturned, slightly thickened fire-rounded rim. Olive; rare pinprick round bubbles on body and
elongated horizontal ones on rim. Surface is glossy; no weathering. D. of rim 5,2 cm; Тh. of rim
0,2 cm.
SR 434-2004, street. Fragment of thickened fire-rounded slightly outturned rim-roll.
Almost colorless; pinprick round bubbles. Iridescence, locally silvery-golden weathering. D. of
rim 7,5 cm; Тh. of rim 0,4 cm.
KJJKJKJKJKJKJJKJJKJKJLJKJLJ
USCHPA110. SF 1340-2002. Fragment of vessel with slightly thickened fire-rounded
rim and tapering body. Faint groove on inner side of rim (reamer mark?). Decorated with thick
blue trail wound around rim edge leading to band of thin spiral thread wound around upper body.
Light greenish gray; pinprick round bubbles. Iridescent golden weathering. D. of rim ca. 10,0
cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 cm.
Thread decoration is said to be late Roman, probably Syro-Egyptian in origin. It lasted
until the 10th century or even later16. Fragments of vessels decorated with blue threads came from
the 4th – early 5th century contexts at Petra17; in the 6th – 7th centuries they were characteristic for
the region of the Jordan and Asia Minor18; they occur at Amorium19, Ashquelon, ‘En Boqeq
fortress, Jerusalem20 and so on. It’s also highly likely that our fragment could belong to a conical
lamp with drop base made of deep blue glass that sometimes occur in Early Byzantine deposits
of Chersonessos21. One of the centers producing lamps of this kind is considered to have been in
Beirut22. Yet it’s not impossible that the fragment belonged to a flask with funnel neck.
Vessels with Folded Rims
Rims produced by softening of the tip of a rim in a flame and folding it inward or outward
with a reamer are much less frequent than fire-rounded ones. Only … fragments of this rim-type
that could equally belong to bowls, beakers or lamps have been revealed. The colors are mainly
greenish.
SR 373, room 36-2004. Fragment of open vessel with hollow rim made by folding the
edge inwards. Bluish, no bubbles. Surface smooth and glossy, no traces of weathering. D. of rim
ca. 9,0 cm; Th. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 461, room 32-2004. Slightly tapering downwards upper body of open vessel with
small thickened rim made by folding edge inwards. Greenish gray; rare elongated horizontal
bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim c. 7,8 cm, Th. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Fragment of upper body with thickened rim made by
folding edge inwards and sides tapering downwards. Bluish, rare pinprick round bubbles. Easily
flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim c. 9,0 cm; Th. of rim 0,4 cm.
SR 375, room 33-2004. Small fragment of open vessel with small thickened rim made by
folding edge inwards. Slight groove on inner surface (reamer mark?). Light greenish gray,
pinprick round bubbles. Heavy white weathering. Th. of rim 0,15 cm.
Rims of Miscellaneous Bowls and Plates
This category is comprised by rims of a large diameter (more than 9,0 cm) though it can’t
be a completely reliable feature for some fully preserved bowls are rather small. As a rule the
simple form of bowl rims does not allow their precise dating. Besides the fragments presented
are too small to say much about vessels they belonged to. The bowls are often defined as lamps,
at least they could serve as lamps or lamp-holders23.
SR 426-2004, room 37. Small fragment of rim folded inward. Side outsplayed. Almost
colorless, with slight greenish tinge and pinprick round bubbles. Surface is glossy. Slight
iridescence. D. of rim c. 11,0 cm; Th. of rim 0,3 cm; Th. of wall 0,1 cm.
16
Meyer 1988, 207.
Keller 1996.
18
Katsnelson 1999, 80.
19
Gill 2002, 43-44.
20
Katsnelson 1999, 71, fig. 2, 9-11.
21
Golofast, 2001,
22
Jennings 1997-1998, 117, fig. 21.
23
Crowfoot, Harden 1931, 202-203.
17
The fragment is too small to determine the exact type of the vessel. Maybe bowl or wide
shallow two- or three-handled oil lamp: lamps with handles attached to similar rims have been
uncovered in the contexts dated to the 7th – 8th century at Jerash24; in Sardis they came from the 6th
– early 7th century layers25.
SR 615, room 31. Fragment of broad-rimmed plate with fire-rounded edge. Greenish
bubbly glass. Iridescent-silvery, easily flaking weathering. D. of rim is not estimated due to small
size of fragment.
SR 458, room 36. Small fragment of broad rim with flat upper and convex lower surfaces.
Edge folded inward. A plate (?). Slight bluish, elongated horizontal bubbles. Dulling with
iridescence beneath. D. of rim is not estimated; Th. of rim 0,2 cm.
SR 615, room 31. Fragment of bowl (?) with conical body, thickened rim and fire-rounded
edge. Greenish, round and elongated horizontal bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. of rim ca.14,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,3 cm.
SR 575, room 37. Fragment of large open vessel with rim-roll and edge folded outward.
Greenish, pinprick elongated horizontal bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 20,0 cm;
Тh. of rim 0,49 cm.
SR 367, room 31. Fragment of large open vessel with rim-roll made by folding firerounded edge outwards. Greenish, pinprick elongated horizontal bubbles. Iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. of rim is not estimated; Тh. of rim 0,46 cm. Likely to have been of the same vessel
as that from context SR 575 in room 37.
414.2. Fragment of deep bowl with conical body and fire-rounded thickened rim. Exact
parallels came from the 1st – 6th centuries contexts at Carthage26.
Bowls with Crimped Band Applied to the Rim (Isings-43)
Bowls of several forms in various sizes with two vestigial handles with vertical
indentations (Isings-4327) are dated from the late 1st to 3rd centuries28 though the most reliable
date is considered to be the 2nd century or even its first third29. Parallels came from Palestinian
sites30, Beirut31, Amman32, Jerash33, Samaria34, Sardis35, Italy36, Cyprus, Corinth37, Carthage38,
Rumania, Western Europe and Northern Black sea coast39.
SR 358, room 30, collapse-2004. Fragment of large deep bowl with straight side tapering
downwards with glass strap of the same color as the vessel tooled into a series of ribs and applied
on outer side of rim to serve as handle. Bluish, tiny elongated horizontal bubbles. Iridescence. Th.
of applied strap 0,65 – 0,8 cm. D. of rim is not estimated.
JUGS AND FLASKS
Jugs and flasks of various forms and sizes were fairly abundant in the Roman and postRoman periods. Having appeared in the first centuries AD similar forms ran through a long
period of time making their dating very difficult if possible. Besides numerous combinations of
various shapes of rims, necks, bodies and bottoms makes the reconstruction of complete forms
by fragments practically impossible. Nevertheless most of them had concave base, globular or
24
Meyer 1988, 212, fig. 12, T; Gawlikowski , Musa 1986, 153, fig. 9, 4.
Saldern 1980, 45, pl. 23, 234-235.
26
Tatton-Brown 1994, 283-284, fig. 15.1, 7.
27
Isings, 59.
28
Isings 1957, 59; Sorokina 1962, 22, ris. 3, 2; Von Saldern 1980, 21, pl. 21.
29
Tatton-Brown 1984, 195; Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 55.
30
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 55, fig. 4-16, 118-119.
31
Jennings 1997-1998, 126, fig. 7,19.
32
Dussart 1998, 59, pl. 3 , 31, 32.
33
Meyer 1988, 185, fig. 5: G, H.
34
Crowfoot 1957, 415, fig. 96, 5.
35
Saldern 1980, 21, pl. 21.
36
Giannotta 1992, fig. 8:1, 5, 6.
37
Davidson 1952, 98, pl. 54, 612-613.
38
Tatton-Brown 1984, 195, fig. 65, 2.
39
Sorokina 1962, 226, ris. 10, 5-6; Golofast 2006, 315, ris. 1, 11; Yatzenko 2008, 373, il. 337, 39.
25
pear-shaped body and tall cylindrical neck. There were several variants of the upper part of the
neck: funnel, upright or out-curved, with the edge folded out- or inward.
Long-necked Flasks with Funnel-shaped Mouth
SR 575, room 37. Fragment of cylindrical neck with funnel mouth and infolded edge.
Greenish, very bubbly. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim c 4,2 cm. The
body shapes of flasks with this neck-type varied greatly. Most of them are assigned to the 4th - 5th
centuries40 but they continued into the 7th41 or even 8th century42.
Long-necked Flasks and Jugs Decorated with Single Trail or Thread of Glass
SR 648, room 30. Small fragment of neck with funnel mouth and fire-rounded rim with
self-colored trail 0,35 mm in width and thread wound around neck (Isings-120, 121, 126, 127).
Light greenish, occasional round bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim is not
estimated. The fragment is too small to understand whether it was a jug or a bottle.
Jugs and bottles with either a single thick trail or a spiral thread on the neck were wide
spread in the Mediterranean area. Only a few complete vessels with such kind of decoration have
survived. They have cylindrical, globular or ovoid body and concave bottom with or without
definite base. Handles were either thick circular in section or flattened with ribbed outer surface.
All of them were in simultaneous use in the 4th – 7th/8th centuries43 with the peak of use falling on
the 5th century. In later contexts their fragments are rare and most likely represent an admixture44.
It should be stressed that in the early 5th century in the Western Mediterranean bottles and jugs
decorated with a single trail applied below the rim (Isings-12745) prevailed46 while later – in the
mid-late 5th century those with a spiral thread wound around the cylindrical neck (Isings-120 or
12447) began to dominate48.
As a rule such vessels are assigned to the Syrian-Palestinian production49. One of the
centers is thought to have been at Jalame where their fragments have been revealed among the
wasters of the local glass-making workshops and constitute one of the most numerous groups50.
Jugs and bottles from Jalame had ovoid body, concave bottom either without a base or with a
hollow ring-base formed of the same paraison of glass as the vessel itself, more rarely – of the
additional one.
The only known completely preserved jug of this kind found on the Northeren Black Sea
coast and also assigned to the Syro-Palestinian production has been found on the Bosporan
necropolis in the burial 10/1904 dated to the late 4th –first half of the 5th centuries. It’s made of
light greenish-bluish glass, has ovoid body, tall cylindrical neck, strap ribbed handle and flat
bottom. Applied thick trails of the same color as the vessel decorate the funnel-like rim and the
lower part of the neck51.
In Chersonessos only 6 fragments of analogous vessels have been published:
fragment of a vessel made of light olive glass with cylindrical neck and funnel-shaped
mouth decorated with self-colored trail came from the deposit datable to the last quarter of the 5th
century; analogous fragment but made of bluish-grayish glass was revealed in the deposit of the
mid-/third quarter of the 6th century; from the deposit 3 a fragment of a jug made of dark olive
glass with a part of a strap handle with ribbed outer surface and a massive cylindrical neck with
40
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 72, fig. 4-33.
Harden 1936, 191, table. XVIII; Tzaferis 1982, fig. 12, 11;; Katsnelson 1999, 73; Golofast 2001, ; Zasetskaya
2008, 54-61.
42
Dussart 1998, 143.
43
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 65; Saldern 1980, 82-83, 85; Dussart 1998, 146.
44
Sternini 1995, 260, 266.
45
Isings 1957, 157-158.
46
Foy 1994, 204, fig. 152, 21,22; Foy 1995, 194-195, fig. 4, 21-24. Foy, Hochuli-Gysel 1995, 157, fig. 8,1-11;
Hochuli-Gysel et al. 1995, fig. 1,12-13.
47
Isings 1957, 149-152.
48
Foy 1995, 198, pl. 8, 66-69.
49
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 65, fig. 4-28, 217-228.
50
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 65, fig. 4-27.
51
Zasetskaya 1993, 86, tabl. 56, 312
41
funnel-shaped mouth decorated with a thread of the same olive glass as the vessel itself were
recovered; one more fragment of a cylindrical neck with funnel-shaped mouth and infolded edge
was produced by the deposit 7. The neck is decorated with thin thread of the same gray-bluish
glass as the vessel. At last deposit dated to the late 6th – early 7th centuries gave a fragment of a
short neck with unworked edge decorated with a round-sectioned trail of the same gray-blue
color as the vessel.
Jug Handles
USCHPA1 - 2002. Fragment of strap handle with flattened edges. Greenish-bluish,
elongated vertical bubbles. Easily flaking silvery weathering with iridescence underneath.
SR 627 (room 37). Fragment of strap handle with slight ribbing on both surfaces.
Greenish, pinprick elongated bubbles. Milky weathering. The greatest W. 2,3 cm; the greatest
Th. 0,3 cm. Roman.
Long-necked Flasks with Upright Rim
Flasks with globular or cylindrical body and tall cylindrical neck with upright plain rim
and deeply concave bottom were typical of Syrian and Egyptian glass dated to the period from the
9th – 10th centuries onwards52. In Corinth they came from 11th - 12th centuries contexts53; in
Chersonessos – from the 13th century layer54; on the island of Mafia a similar bottle was found in
the deposit of the 14th century or earlier55; at ‘Akko a fragment of such vessel originates from the
context dated to the years or decades immediately preceding 129156.
SR 592, room 37. Fragment of cylindrical neck with fire-rounded upright rim. Greenish,
numerous vertical elongated bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of rim 3,0
cm.
PA20-16-2001. Fragment of cylindrical neck with rounded upright rim.
PA 90- 37-2001. Fragment of cylindrical neck with rounded upright rim.
SR 410, room 33. Small fragment of cylindrical neck with flattened upright rim. Light
greenish gray. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of neck c 1,8 cm. A jug or a bottle.
The entire form is not restorable.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Fragment of cylindrical neck of bottle or jug. Light
greenish, pinprick round bubbles. Thin iridescent-silvery weathering.
Bottles with Wide Conical Neck (?)
The angle of inclination of the wall and the estimated diameter of rims – about 7 cm – of
several fragments (PA105. 40. 2001; PA79. 30; PA64. 4; PA55. 4) allows supposedly identifying
them as fragments of globular bottles with wide conical neck dated back to the Early Byzantine
period and known by the finds from Sardis57 though the variant of Islamic lamps can’t be
excluded.
Flasks with Flaring Pinched Rim and Heavy Manganese Trail on Neck
SR 456, SF 2686, room 33. Fragment of vessel with fire-rounded edge, flaring pinched
rim and high cylindrical neck spreading to rounded shoulder. Partially preserved heavy trail of
manganese color wound around lower part of neck. Greenish, vertical elongated bubbles.
Iridescent weathering. D. of rim 3,6 cm; D. of neck at mid-height 2,2 cm; H. of neck ca. 6,2 cm.
Globular-bodied bottles with a tall cylindrical neck decorated with a spiral trail of glass
datable to the 11th – 12th centuries came from the different centers of the Mediterranean58. The
exact parallel was found in the destruction layer of 1222 at Saranda Kolones (Paphos). It had a
spherical body and tubular ring-base59. A bottle with bulbous body, funnel-shaped rim and tall
cylindrical neck decorated with a coil of blue glass assigned to the 13th – 14th centuries was found
52
Tait 1999, fig. 144, 148
Davidson 1952, 116-117, fig. 14, 764, 765, 768.
54
Golofast, Ryzhov 2004, 219, ris. 23, 4.
55
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 80.
56
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 80, fig. 1, 8.
57
Saldern 1980, 73, pl. 26, 509.
58
Saldern 1980, 102-103, pl. 28, 790.
59
Karageorghis 1982, p. 739, fig. 1120; Rosser 1985, p. 85, fig. 11.
53
at Corinth60. Such vessels characterized by the inferior quality were very common at ‘Akko where
they are likely to have been produced in the 12th – 13th centuries in the Crusaders glass factory
destroyed in 1291 and located at Somelaria, 5 km north of ‘Akko61. One of these flasks originates
from the secure context (the rooms of the Crusaders tower) dated by coins and pottery to the years
or decades immediately preceding 129162. Of note is a pale purple bubbly glass of the said vessel
and the applied trail of the same color as the vessel that decorates its neck. The same context
yielded the tubular base-ring supposedly of the same vessel63. Fragments of similar vessels also
came from Hama and Yoqne’am64.
The quality of glass of Chersonessos vessel, manganese color of the decorative trail, the
shape exactly repeating the shape of the vessel from ‘Akko suggest the origin of our vessel from
the same region, if not from the same glass-making workshop. Manganese glass in the 12th – 13th
centuries was characteristic for the said region and for the vessels under question in particular65.
Bottles with Cut-out Neck Bulge
Bottles with a bulging rim and a bulge on the neck were rather common in the 11th – 12th
centuries66. Their fragments have been uncovered in the layers of the 11 th – 12th centuries at
Novogrudok67, Dvin68, Bilyar (Volga Bulgaria)69 and so on. To date several centers of their
manufacture have been uncovered70. G.D. Weinberg considers them to have been intended for
household use71, but most scholars interpret them as chemical-laboratory ware used for
decantation and sedimentation. The inner brim and the bulge at the upper part of the neck intended
to detain the sediment from pouring out72. Of note are three more fragments of similar vessels
found at Chersonessos. All of them are made of dark olive glass and came from the mixed layers
of the 9th – 13th centuries73. Several bottles with similar neck and ribbed body made of blue and
purple glass were found at Corinth74 including one from the pit dated to the third quarter of the
13th century75.
SR 393, SF 2401, room 33. Fragment of neck slightly tapering upwards and spreading to
rounded shoulder. Partially folded rim with fire-rounded edge. Bulge at lower part of neck, just
above the point where neck joins shoulder. Slightly deformed. Greenish; numerous pinprick
elongated vertical bubbles. Iridescence and dulling. D. of rim 2,3 cm; D. of bulge 3,7 cm; D. of
neck at mid-height 1,4 cm.
SR 456, room 33. SF 2687. Fragment of slightly swollen neck with bulge-shaped rim.
Grayish-greenish, numerous elongated vertical bubbles. Iridescence. Slightly deformed. D. of rim
2,1 cm; D. of bulge 2,6 cm; D. of lower part of neck 1,6 cm. Similar rims had some bottles
manufactured at Corinth76.
Cylindrical Short-necked Bottles
Short-necked bottles with cylindrical slightly tapering downward body were widely
distributed in the Mediterranean-Pontic region and can be subdivided into two groups. The first
group is comprised by undecorated bottles made of naturally-colored glass. Large number of
60
Davidson 1952, 119, fig. 17, 781.
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 84.
62
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 74.
63
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 76, fig. 1, 1a, b.
64
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 76.
65
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 76.
66
Djanpoladyan 1965, 215-216.
67
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 14, tabl. XIII, 1; Djanpoladyan 1965, 215, ris. 4, 2.
68
Djanpoladyan 1965, 215-216, ris. 4, 1-2.
61
69
70
Davidson 1952, 89, 117, 119, fig. 17; Weinberg 1975, 135.
Weinberg 1975, 135.
72
Djanpoladyan 1965, 216.
73
Kolesnokova 1973, 255, ris. 4.
74
Davidson 1952, 119, fig. 17, 784; .
75
Williams II, Barnes, Snyder 1997, 16, 19, pl. 7, 16.
76
Weinberg 1975, fig. 13.
71
such bottles was found at Corinth in the Agora South Centre factory and elsewhere in the Agora
district77; two completely preserved ones of bluish-green glass are kept in Kestner-museum in
Hannover78; several fragments have been uncovered in Chersonessos in the 13th century layers79
and so on.
Another group that always excites much scholars’ interest is constituted by bottles richly
decorated with cutting, marvering-in, painting or a combination of painting and marvering. Most
of them are made of deep blue or manganese glass though some fragments from Italy made of
colorless pale blue bubbly glass also bear traces of enamel decoration. Fragments of such bottles
were found at Corinth80, Dvin81, Pathos82, in Tarquinia and Otranto83, Chersonessos84,
Novogrudok85, Turov86, England87, Constantinople88, Iran, Fustat (Old Cairo)89. The extremely
scattered spread does not allow identifying their origin. Neither oriental nor Byzantine provenance
can be completely accepted90 and “their true place of manufacture remains an unsolved
mystery”91. Yet very close similarity of motifs led A.H.S. Megaw to the conclusion that most
vessels “despite unquestionable variations in quality are so closely as to represent the output of a
single center”92, which most scholars attribute to the Byzantine world93. The complete absence of
these bottles made of low-quality glass at Constantinople excludes the Byzantine capital from the
list of their possible manufacturing sites94.
Usually these bottles are considered to have served for keeping and transporting of
fragrances95 and are dated to the 12th century96. Yet very similar thin-walled flasks made of
manganese glass and decorated with marvered white threads came from the 14th century pit at
Bolgar97.
PA 79, 533-2001. Fragment of bottle with straight, short neck and rounded unevenly
finished rim. Greenish, numerous elongated vertical bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of
neck cm.
(80/37363) Room 2, topsoil. Fragment of vessel with cylindrical body. Blue (cobalt),
pinprick round and elongated vertical bubbles. Marvered decoration of opaque white glass
threads (“feather ornament”). Iridescence. Тh. of wall 0,9 mm.
The fragment is likely to have belonged to a cylindrical bottle of the previous type. Some
fragments of such bottles with marvered decoration came from Corinth98.
Marvering is one of the oldest techniques of glass decoration that included following
operations: trails of glass contrasting in color to that of the vessel itself were applied on the
vessel and then flattened by rolling the vessel on a slab until they flush with the surface of the
vessel. This kind of decoration was very popular in the Late Roman period and continued to be
77
Davidson 1952, 88, fig. 14, 750; Weinberg 1975, 136.
Liepmann 1982, 80, № 94-95.u
79
Golofast, Ryzhov 2003, 219, ris. 23, 2.
80
Davidson 1940, 320, fig. 19, 58-61.
81
Djanpoladyan 1955, 120-124.
82
Megaw 1972, 341, fig. 34-36, 39.
83
Whitehouse 1983, 118, fig.6-9.
84
Kolesnikova 1973, 249-250, ris. 1.
85
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 8, tabl. II.
86
Poluboyarinova 1963b, 236, ris. 2, 3-6.
87
Tait 1999,
88
Hayes 1992, 401.
89
Weinberg 1975,132.
90
Weinberg 1975,132-133.
91
Hayes 1992, 401.
92
Megaw 1968, 100.
93
Davidson 1940, 319-324; Megaw 1959, 59-61; idem 1968, 88-104; Tait 1999, 147.
94
Hayes 1992, 401.
95
Kolesnikova 1973, 250-251.
96
Tait 1999, 147.
97
Poluboyarinova, M.D. 1988, 211, ris 94, 1-2.
98
Davidson 1940, 319-320, fig. 19, 56, 57.
78
in use into medieval period up to the 14th century. They were found in many centers including
Dvin (Armenia)99, Sardis100, Novogrudok101, towns of Volga Bulgaria102, Novgorod where they
came from the layers of 1116-1134103; Corinth gave several fragments revealed in the 11th - 12th
centuries layers104, but most fragments came from Syria-Palestinian region and Egypt where
manufacturing centers are likely to have been situated105.
UNGUENTARIUM
SR 345, Room 38. Unguentarium with flattened oval body, cylindrical neck, outturned rim
with flattened upper surface and edge folded inward. Bottom is flattened (pontil mark?). Greenish
of dirty tinge; glass defects are invisible. Surface uneven, layer of weathering seems to have been
deleted in the course of restoration. H. 3,3 cm; D. of body 0,85-0,9 cm; D. of neck 0,65 cm; D. of
rim 0,9 cm. Similar vessels were recovered from the layer of the mid-7th century at Emporio
(Chios)106.
LAMPS
The earliest type of glass lamps is considered to have been conical ones with both cut-off
and fire-rounded rims that were wide spread in the Mediterranean in the 4th century107. The real
glass lamps are believed to have appeared at the end of the 5th century108 when two basic
categories of lamps came into use and later became amply represented on sites throughout the
Byzantine world. They are handled ones for suspension and those with pendent stem for insertion
into polycandila or simple metal loop. Both categories are considered to have been used both in
churches and public buildings. The form of oil lamps has remained almost unchangeable in the
course of centuries and some of them are manufactured up to date109.
In the collection in question oil lamps are represented with handled, handled with broad
straps, handled with crimped trails, with hollow and solid pendant stems. The material does not
allow more precise subdivision for the reason of its very fragmentary preservation that in most
cases does not permit to reconstruct a shape of a body. Yet it should be noted that none of the
specimens uncovered in Chersonessos has a wick-tube attached to the bowl, a feature added
during the Byzantine period as an improvement of the tubeless type110.
Handled Bowl Lamps (Isings-134111)
Lamps usually with three vertical suspension handles are typical of the 5th - 7th centuries.
The earliest examples are dated from the late 4th century112 or before the second half of the 5th
century113 and continued to be in use up to the modern time114. They are well represented in the
Eastern Mediterranean: Egypt115, Carthage116, Constantinople117, Cyprus118, Thasos119 and
Chios120, as well as at Beth-Shean121, Samaria122, Resafa123, Ashqelon124, Jerash125 and Amman126.
99
Arakelyan 2003, tabl. 166, 22.
Saldern 1980, 102-103.
101
Gurevich, Janpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 11, tabl. XII, 17, 20.
102
Busyatskaya 1976, 53.
103
Schapova 117, 120, ris.4, 3; 7, 1; Plokhov 2007, 174, ill. 5, 19.
104
Davidson 1952, 88-89, 115-116, pl. 58, 755-757.
105
Hadad 2002.
106
Boardman 1989, 125, pl. 30, 19-20.
107
Foy 1995, 192-193.
108
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 38; Sternini 1995, 260.
109
Harden 93-94.
110
Patrich 1988, 138.
111
Isings, 1957, 162.
112
Tatton-Brown 1984, 202; Dussart 1998, 85.
113
Patrich 1988, 138.
114
Crowfoot 1957, 405.
115
Silvani 1988, 23-26.
116
Tatton-Brown 1984, 201, fig. 66, 57; Tatton-Brown 1994, 286.
117
Hayes 1992, 400, 404, fig. 150, 27; 151,39; 152, 56, 65.
118
Young 1993, 43; Foy 1995, 206-207; Chavane 1975, 56-57, pl. 62, 153.
119
Abadie-Reynal, Sodini 1992, 92-93, fig. 38.
120
Ballance et al. 1989, 125, fig. 50,17.
100
These lamps were found in the layers of the 5th-7th centuries in Rehovot-in-the-Negev127; in the
deposits of the 6th – early 7th centuries, first quarter of the 8th century in Pella of the Decapolis128;
in Rome they were revealed in the 5th century layers129. They are also well represented in the
Western Mediterranean where they are dated mainly to the 6th – 7th centuries130. On the western
Black sea coast three-handled lamps are found at Novae131, Sadovec132, Jatrus133; in Gabrovo the
early 5th century glass-making workshop that produced this kind of lamps has been uncovered134.
Different towns and settlements of the Northern Black Sea Coast also gave fragments of threehandled lamps where they were in use from the Early Byzantine period onwards135.
The forms of the lamps under question were extremely diverse: deep or shallow, with firerounded or folded rim, cylindrical or rounded body, with or without a base, sometimes even with a
foot. Regrettably completely preserved specimens or fragments that allow reconstructing the
complete shape of the vessel occur extremely rarely and usually the lamps of this kind are
identified by handles. There were several ways of their fashioning. The commonest ones were
shaped by applying of glass drop, trailing it upward and tooling it to rim or wall. Very often it
terminates in thread folded outward on the outer surface of a handle. They were typical of both
deep and less common shallow lamps with folded rims136, concave bottom sometimes with hollow
ring base (Isings-134) that appeared in the late 4th century137 and in the 6th – 8th centuries were
wide spread across the territory of Byzantine world138. In Constantinople and Corinth they occur
in the 11th – 12th deposits centuries139. At Chersonessos the earliest deposit containing handles of
this kind is dated to the last quarter of the 5th century and in the later ones they occur rather
often140.
In the presented assemblage 5 handles of this kind have been revealed.
USCHPA30. SF 1105-2002. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Section-cross irregular with
grooves on outer and inner surfaces. Shape of vessel is unreconstructed.
USCHPA115. SF 871-2002. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle applied to body. Sectioncross oval with two poorly pronounced grooves on outer surface and one on inner side. D. 0,400,55 cm. Shape of vessel is unreconstructed. Bluish. Hard whitish weathering.
USCHPA91. SF 1608-2002. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle applied to body. Sectioncross oval. D. 0,25-0,30 cm. Deep spherical body. Greenish. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering.
121
Zori 1967, ill. on p. 162.
Crowfoot 1957, 405, 418, fig. 98, 3; 99, 2-3.
123
Konrad 2001, 134, taf. 101, 14-17.
124
Katsnelson 1999, 78, fig. 1-3.
125
Meyer 1988, 205, fig. 10, N-Q; 12, P, R; Dussart 1998, 82-85, pl. 14, 16-27; 15.
126
Dussart 1998, 83, 84.
127
Patrich 1988, 134, pl. XII.
128
Smith, Day 1989, pl. 51, 23; 60, 4.
129
Whitehouse 1985, 170, fig. 5, 62-63.
130
Foy, Bonifay 1984, 297, fig. 4, 125; Foy 1994, 213, fig. 160, 143-148; Foy 1995, 197, 206-207, pl. 8, 1; 14, 172175; Whitehouse 1983, 117-118, fig. 5.
131
Billewich 1975, tabl. VI, 7; XI, 9.
132
Uenze1992, taf. 145 1-5; 146 22.
133
Gomolka 1979, 147.
134
Kojcheva 1990, obr. 5б, 9d.
135
Sorokina 1963, 156-157, ris. 4, 21-24; 10; Nikolaeva 1984, ris. 84, 7-8; Golofast 2001, 139-141; Golofast,
Ryzhov 2003, 220, ris. 23, 6; Maiko 2004, ris. 15, 16-20; Zasetskaya 2008, 32-34, ris. 11.
136
Hayes 1992, 400.
137
Tatton-Brown 1984, 202.
138
Whitehouse 1983; Tatton-Brown 1984, 202, fig. 66, 57; Jennings 1997-1998, 118, fig. 20, 11; Meyer 1988, 211212, fig. 12 P-R; Katsnelson 1999, 78, fig. 5, 1-3; Saldern 1980, 45-, pl. 23, 234-235, etc.
139
Hayes 1992, 404, fig. 152, 56, 65; Davidson 1952, 112, fig. 14, 733, 734.
140
Golofast 2001, ris. 16, 18; 87,2; 45, 12; 87, 4; 52, 20; 87, 5; 57, 7; 87, 3; 70, 7; Ryzhov, Sedikova 1999, 326,
ris.13, 2.
122
USCHPA164. SF 821-2002. Fragment of spherical-bodied lamp with vertical ear-shaped
handle made of oval-sectioned coil 0,45-0,70 cm in diameter. Pincer marks on pad. Lamp is
made of greenish glass; handle – of black opaque. Hard whitish weathering.
USCHPA115. SF 871- 2002. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Cross-section oval. D.
0,45-0,70 cm. Shape of vessel is unreconstructed. Greenish. Hard iridescent-silvery weathering,
black on surface.
USCHPA276. SF 1759-2002. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Terminates with thread at
top of handle. Cross-section oval. D. 0,40-0,7 cm. Pincer marks on pad. Greenish, numerous tiny
round and elongated vertical bubbles. Easily flaking weathering, dark on surface and iridescentsilvery underneath.
SR 354, room 32, floor-2004. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Cross-section circular. D.
- 0,45-0,50 cm. Light greenish gray, pinprick elongated vertical bubbles. On outer surface stripe
of light manganese glass. Hard whitish weathering.
SR 461, room 32-2004. Fragment of lamp with fire-rounded rim and deep spherical body.
Suspension vertical coil ear-shaped handle. Section-cross circular. D. 0,4 cm. Pincer marks on
upper attachment. Greenish bluish, pinprick round and elongated vertical bubbles. Iridescentsilvery weathering.
SR 411-2004, yard. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Cross-section oval. D. 0,30-0,35 cm.
Terminates in thread at top of handle. Light greenish gray, rare elongated vertical bubbles. Hard
whitish weathering with iridescence underneath.
РАОО1, room 36-2004. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Section-cross circular. D. 0,3
cm. Pincer marks on upper attachment. Light greenish-bluish, rare elongated vertical bubbles.
Hard white (lime?) weathering with iridescence underneath.
PAOO1, N.-E. extension-2004. Vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Cross-section circular.
D. 0,3 cm. Light greenish-bluish. Hard white weathering.
SR 407, room 33. Fragment of vertical coil handle. Cross-section D. 0,20 x 0,25 cm.
SR 410, room 33-2004. Fragment of vertical ear-shaped coil handle. Cross-section oval.
D. 0,30-0,40 cm. Pincer marks on upper attachment. Cobalt blue. Hard white weathering.
Sometimes handles were fashioned by applying a glass drop to a body, trailing it up and
round to form a loop and pressing an end onto a pad. At Chersonessos the earliest handles of this
kind came from the deposit of the last quarter of the 6th – early 7th century141.
SR 367, room 31. Vertical coil handle. Cross-section semicircular. D. 0,39 х 0,5 cm.
Greenish-bluish, numerous elongated bubbles. Easily flaking dark weathering with iridescence
underneath.
SR 360, SF 2170, room 28-2004. Vertical coil handle. Cross-section oval. D. 0,39 х 0,50
cm. Greenish-gray. Hard dark weathering.
SR 426-2004, room 37. Vertical coil handle. Cross-section. D. 0,39 х 0,50 cm. Greenish.
Hard silvery weathering on handle, iridescence and locally silvery thin weathering on inner
surface of vessel.
48-516-2001. Vertical handle made of oval-sectioned coil 0,40 х 0,50 cm in diameter
applied to body, trailed upwards then turned out and down and tooled to pad.
PA 134-53. Vertical handle made of round-sectioned coil 0,3 cm in diameter and fashioned
by applying glass drop to body, trailing it out, up and round to form loop and pressing one end
onto pad applied to body. Terminates in thread at top of handle.
PA 105-42. Vertical handle made of oval-sectioned coil 0,33 x 0,30 cm in diameter and
fashioned by applying glass drop to body, trailing it out, up and round to form loop and pressing
one end onto pad. Terminates in thread at top of handle.
PA 540-49-2001. Vertical ear-shaped handle made of oval-sectioned coil 0,60-0,45 cm in
diameter. Light greenish gray glass with rare light elongated vertical bubbles. Hard whitish
weathering with iridescence underneath. Может быть и не лампада!!!!
141
Golofast 2001, ris. 48, 10.
PA 134-54-2001. Vertical ear-shaped handle made of irregular-sectioned coil 0,40 cm in
diameter. Light greenish gray glass with rare light elongated vertical bubbles. Hard whitish
weathering with iridescence underneath.
PA 466-34-2001/ Vertical handle made of oval-sectioned coil 0,30-0,35 cm in diameter.
Terminates in thread at top of handle. Light greenish gray glass with rare light elongated vertical
bubbles. Hard whitish weathering with iridescence underneath.
PA 90-359-38. Fragment of lamp with shouldered body and vertical ear-shaped handles
made of triangular-sectioned coil 0,60-0,40 cm in size. Handle terminates in thread at top of
handle. Light greenish gray glass with rare light elongated vertical bubbles. Hard whitish
weathering with iridescence underneath. Shouldered lamps
Sometimes handles had additional flat straps drawn downwards to the base of the vessel
supposedly added to strengthen the handle. Lamps with this type of handles were characteristic for
Early Byzantine period. Comparably considerable amount of such lamps has been recorded at
Constantinople in the 6th – 7th century layers suggesting their manufacturing in one of the capital’s
glass-making factories142. They are also known from the excavations in Amorium143, on
Cyprus144, in Sadovec145; at Pathos they have been extracted from the mid-5th century layer146; in
Emporio – from the layer of the mid-7th century147. In the Crimea their finds are fixed in
Tiritaka148, Pantikapaion, Kitej, Il’ichyevka, General’skoe gorodische where they came from the
late 4th – 6th centuries deposits. In Chersonessos the only known fragment of a lamp with applied
strap has been revealed in the deposit sealed at the late 6th – early 7th century149.
In Constantinople they seem to have disappeared in the Mid-Byzantine period150. Yet this
type of oil lamps was in use not only in the Early Byzantine period. They occur in the 13 th century
deposits as well: at ‘Akko a fragment of such a lamp has been revealed in the context dated to the
years or decades preceding 1291151; at Corinth they came from the deposit of the very beginning
of the 14th century152.
PAOO1, N.-E. extension-2004. Fragment of lamp with vertical broad strap of glass trailed
upwards to form small vertical coil handle terminating in thread at top of handle. Section-cross
round, 0,3 cm in diameter. Light greenish-bluish, occasional elongated vertical bubbles.
Iridescent-silvery weathering.
Developed from the previous type were lamps decorated with additional crimped strap of
glass applied above the plain one that looped back upon itself and frilled. Such handles were
typical of lamps with tall outsplayed neck, bulbous body and base-ring or high outsplayed foot
that seem to have appeared in the 9th – 10th centuries in Moslem countries as mosque lamps and
were often decorated in gold and enamel technique. Later the form spread westwards. The
complete specimen of such lamp has been found in the cargo of the ship wrecked at Serce Liman
in the early 11th century153. Parallels dated to the 12th -13th centuries are known on the territory of
France154. In Constantinople a fragment of a lamp with analogous strap made of blue glass that
contrasted in color with body glass has come from the layer of 1100-50155. In Corinth they were
recovered from the layers dated to the 11th – mid-12th centuries156. Parallels can be also cited from
142
Hayes 1992, 400.
Gill 2002, 36-37, fig. 1/1, 15-18.
144
Young, 1993, 43.
145
Uenze 1992, taf. 145, 7-13.
146
Megaw 1971, 131, fig. 5, 21.
147
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 17 c,d.
148
Gaidukevich 1952, 117, ris. 146.
149
Golofast 2001, ris. 87, 7.
150
Hayes 1992, 401.
151
Gorin-Rosen 1997, 82, fig. 2, 19.
152
Williams II, Zervos 1993, 22-25, fig. 6, 7.
153
Tait1999, 155, ill. 154.
154
Foy, Démians d’Archimbaud 1996, 230-231, fig. 7.
155
Hayes 1992, 404, fig. 152, 73.
156
Davidson 1952, 86, pl. 57, 727, 728.
143
Amorium157, towns of Volga Bulgaria158. In Chersonessos a fragment of a similar lamp was found
in the layer of the first half of the 13th century in the quarter X of the Northern district159.
Such decoration is likely to have stemmed in the Late Roman/Early Byzantine period.
Fragments of lamps with small coil handles and single strap of glass applied to body and tooled
into a series of ribs have been found in the Early Byzantine contexts at Emporio160, Beirut161 and
Sardis162.
PA 589-46-2001. Fragment of a handled lamp with deep spherical body and wide strap.
Handle vertical made of plain oval-sectioned 0,4-0,6 cm in diameter trailed downwards to form a
strap. Decorated with (frilled) crimped trail applied on top of lower part of handle and strap.
Applied strap is of the same gray-bluish tinge as handle. Hard white weathering.
PA 589-45-2001. Fragment of a handled lamp with deep spherical body and wide strap.
Handle vertical made of plain oval-sectioned 0,4-0,6 cm in diameter trailed downwards to form a
strap. Decorated with crimped trail applied on top of lower part of handle and strap. Applied
strap is of the same gray-bluish tinge as handle. Hard white weathering.
2. USCHPA164. SF-2002 г. Fragment of a vertical handle made of plain oval-sectioned
0,4-0,6 cm in diameter decorated with a glass strap 0,35 cm width that is folded up at lower
attachment and applied on top in a crimped way. Applied strap is of the same gray-bluish tinge
as handle. Hard white weathering.
SR 602-2005, room 38. Fragment of straight vertical handle made of plain roundsectioned rod 0,6 cm in diameter decorated with two straps of glass applied on each other: the
lower broader one and the upper narrower and crimped. Both trails are of the same color as the
handle itself. Light olive, rare elongated bubbles. Local iridescence.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Fragment of vertical handle made of plain circularsectioned rod 0,5 cm in diameter and decorated with two straps of glass applied on each other: the
lower broader one and the upper narrower and crimped. The upper part of the lower strap is
fashioned as a small coil handle. Both trails are of the same greenish-bluish color as the handle
itself. Hard white weathering.
SR 606, Room 38-2005. Fragment of vertical coil handle. Cross-sectioned triangular. 0,35
х 0,5 cm. Greeinish-bluish, pinprick elongated bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering.
SR 615, room 31-2005. Fragment of vertical coil handle. Cross-section irregular with
grooves. 0,40 х 0,50 cm. Light green. Thin silvery weathering.
SR 579, main street-2005. Fragment of vertical coil handle. Cross-section semicircular.
0,35 х 0,45 cm. Greeinish, pinprick elongated bubbles. Milky weathering.
SR 338-2004. Vertical handle. Cross-section circular. D. 0,3 cm. Black opaque. Dulling.
Pendant Lamps
Pendant lamps fall into two main groups – conical and stemmed. Among the first ones
two groups can be distinguished: with tapering plain bases and with small drop bases (base knob)
formed at the end of the inflated bubble.
Conical lamps
The first ones with cracked-off rims have already been regarded. Yet there were lamps
with slightly flaring sides, plain convex bottom and pontil mark that suggests fire-rounded rim
that seems to have been more massive than those of three-handled lamps and stemmed goblets.
This kind of lamps is likely to have appeared approximately at the same time as conical vessels
with cracked-off rims: in the Western Europe – at about 4th century163 and from the mid-5th
century onwards dominate over conical vessels with cracked-off rims164. A lot of them have been
157
Gill 2002, 37, fig. 1/1, 19, 20
Busyatskaya 1976, 54, tabl. VIII, 6.
159
Golofast, Ryzov 2004, 219-220, ris. 23, 9.
160
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 17 e,f.
161
Jennings 1997-1998, 118, fig. 20, 20.
162
Saldern 1980, 48.
163
Subic 1976, 52, tabl. VII, 53, 58.
164
van Lith 1988, 62.
158
recovered from the 6th – 7th century layers in Aquitania where they were decorated with applied
threads of opaque white glass165. In Saint-Blaise they are also revealed in the 6th – early 7th
centuries166. These vessels also came from the territory of Pannonia167, Italy168, Egypt169 and so
on.
Complete vessels of this kind have been found in the vault 154/1904 dated to the 5th
century170 and in the cemetery Sovkhoz 10. In Chersonessos the earliest deposit containing
fragment of such a lamp is assigned to the last quarter of the 5th century171. Some more fragments
came from the deposits of the mid/third quarter of the 6th century, of the late 6th – early 7th
centuries and of the third quarter of the 7th century. All of them are made of bluish-gray glass,
has massive bottoms (3-4 mm) with pontil marks.
SR 639-2005, room 37. Fragment of a rounded bottom. Pontil mark (round knock-off 0,9
cm in diameter). Light greenish, numerous round bubbles. Thick easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering.
Lamps with pendent stems
Lamps with pendent stems that served the purpose of keeping the lamp steady in the
carrier are represented with four types of stems: with long pendant hollow stem; with partially
hollow stem; with drop-like stem; with plain solid stem and with bulbous stems.
Lamps with long hollow toe
In the Early Byzantine period this lamp-type undoubtedly was the commonest one
throughout the whole Byzantine world. They had fire-rounded or folded rim, cylindrical or bowlshaped body sometimes with a slight constriction and a hollow stem tapering downward 172. It
can’t be excluded that they developed from lamps with small (1,3-2,5 cm) drop-like stem, which
numerous fragments were found in Jalame glass-making workshop dated to the late 4th – early 5th
centuries173.
The latest excavations date their appearance to the late 5th century. To this very time the
earliest deposits containing fragments of this lamp-type uncovered in Chersonessos and Rome
are dated174. They were wide spread all over the Mediterranean in Early Byzantine period till the
8th century175 but in the Near East the shape with some modifications has survived till now176.
Their finds are fixed in Gerasa177, Samaria178, Beirut179, Magen180, Sabratha181, Ashqelon182,
Ma’oz Hayyim183, Beth-Shean184, Rehovot-in-the-Negev185; in Jerash, Bosra, Apamea186,
Amman and Pella of the Decapolis they were met in the deposits of the 7 th early 8th century187.
165
Foy, Hochuli-Gysel 1995, 161. Fig. 14, 19-24.
Foy 1994, 213, fig. 160, 133-137.
167
Saranovic-Svetek 1986, 18, tabla IV, 4; Subic 1974, tav. VII, 53.
168
Sternini 1995, fig. 17, 23.
169
Harden 1936, pl. XVI, 464, 465.
170
Zasetskaya 1993, 78, tabl. 51, 254; Aibabin 1990, ris. 2.
171
Golofast 2001,
172
Abadie-Reynal, Sodini 1992, 93, fig. 38, V23; Boardman et al. 1989, 125, fig. 50, 16; Hayes 1992, 403, fig. 150,
37, 38.
173
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 85, fig. 4-44, 389-396.
174
Sternini 1995, 260; Golofast 2001,.
175
Foy 2000, 248-249.
176
Crowfoot 1957, 405, 415; Saldern 1980, 49; Dussart 1998, 87.
177
Baur 1938, 524, fig. 18, 374.
178
Crowfoot 1957, 405, fig. 96, 2, 6.
179
Jennings 1997-1998, 117, fig. 20, 3-5; Foy 2000, 245-248, fig. 4, 6, 8.
180
Feig 1986,38, 3:5.
181
Hayes 1986, 311, fig. 121, B53.
182
Katsnelson 1999, 79, fig. 5, 5.
183
Tzaferis 1982, 240, fig. 12, 2.
184
Zori 1967, ill. on p. 162.
185
Patrich 1988, 136, 138, pl. XIII, 14-16
186
Napoleone-Lemaire, Balty 1969, 111, fig. 26, 1.
187
Crowfoot, Harden 1931, 198; Meyer 1988, 203, fig. 10, H-L; Kehrberg 1986,383, fig. 9, 62-65; Smith, Day 1989,
pl. 51, 23; 60, 10; Dussart 1998, 86-85, pl. 16, 1-8.
166
They occur on Cyprus188, Samos189, Carthage190, Sardis191, Constantinople192, on many Bulgarian
sites193, in Italy194 and Western Mediterranean195. At Jerash fragments of such lamps have been
revealed in a large early 8th century hoard of glass vessels used for church lights along with
conical and three-handled lamps including the stemmed ones196. On Thasos about 80 stems of
such lamps have been recovered from the layer of the second half of the 6th century197. Their
numerous fragments have been revealed in many Early Byzantine deposits of Chersonessos 198.
It’s suggested that along with stemmed goblets they were produced in the local glass-making
factory though such lamps didn’t constituted its main product: in the deposits of the late 6th –
early 7th centuries they are considerably outnumbered by stemmed goblets199. It seems to be
explained by much less need in lamps than in goblets that also were used as lamps. The same
proportioned are observed on other sites of the Mediterranean-Pontic region where the signs of
glass-making production have been revealed.
PA230, 1446, 385. Fragment of a hollow toe tapering downwards. Smooth flattened break
from pontil. Bluish-gray, bubbly. Iridescent-silvery weathering.
Goblet-shaped Lamps with Solid or Partially Hollow Stems
of Baluster Form
On the East they were in use simultaneously with lamps of previous type and also were
used in polycandelons200 common all over the Mediterranean area in Early Byzantine levels. On
the West they are rather rare: their innumerous fragments came from the excavations at Roman
forum201, Naple202, Amorium203. At Emporio (Chios) they were found in the layer of the midseventh century204. Several examples made of very clean glass of nice aquamarine tinge with
pontil mark were recovered from the Early Byzantine deposits of Chersonessos205.One of the
workshops that in the second half of the 7th century manufactured similar lamps has been
uncovered in Beirut206. In Constantinople they came from the 12th century layer207. Similar lamps
are in use up to the modern time and made at Hebron208.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Partially hollow stem of baluster form. Smooth flattened
break from pontil. Greenish. Hard white weathering. D. of stem 1,2 cm; preserved H. of stem 1,6
cm.
SR 435, room 36-2004. Solid stem of baluster form. Smooth flattened break from pontil.
Greenish of aquamarine tinge. Iridescence. D. of stem 1,1 cm; preserved H. of stem 2,1 cm.
PA112-1559-384-13. Solid stem of baluster form. Smooth flattened break from pontil.
Greenish glass of aquamarine tinge. Iridescence on the surface. D. of stem 1,2 cm; preserved H. of
stem 2,3 cm.
188
Young 1993, 43; Chavane 1975, 66, fig. 3, e; pl. 63, 174.
Isler 1969, 226, abb. 57.
190
Tatton-Brown 1984, 202, fig. 66, 59.
191
Saldern 1980, 49-52, pl. 23, 274, 280.
192
Hayes 1992, 400, 402, 403, fig. 150, 14, 31; 151, 37, 38.
193
Uenze 1992, taf. 146, 25; Biernacki 1973, tabl. XI, 14-15; Gomolka-Fuchs 1992, abb. 1,6; 2,11.
194
Stevenson 1988, 203,fig. 4, 1-5; Miraglia 1994, 339, fig. 148, 113-116.
195
Foy, Bonifay 1985, 299, fig. 5, 138-140; Foy 1994, 213, fig. 160, 137; Foy 1995, 206, pl. 14, 168-171.
196
Crowfoot, Harden 1931, 198-199, pl. XXIX, 25-26.
197
Abadie-Reynal, Sodini 1992, 91, fig. 38, V1-V4.
198
Golofast 2001.
199
Golofast 2001,
200
Harden 1971, 81, fig. 4d.
201
Sternini 1995, 264.
202
Miraglia 1994, 339, fig. 148, 117.
203
Gill 2002, 38, 134, fig. 1/3, 33; 2/2, 32.
204
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 16b.
205
Golofast 2001, fig. 20, 14; 86, 17; 86, 14-16. Проверить
206
Jennings 1997-1998, 117, fig. 20, 7-10; Foy 2000, 243-245, fig. 4, 1-4.
207
Hayes 1992, 404, fig. 152, 70-71.
208
Boardman 1989, 124; Baur 1938, 516.
189
SR 358. 8. Partially hollow rod stem bulbous at bottom. Smooth break from pontil. Close
analogies have been found in the layer of the 7th century at Emporio (Chios)209, Bosra210 and
Marseille211. The find of analogous specimen from Constantinople is assigned to the 12th
century212.
Lamps with Drop-like Stems
Numerous stems of this type have come from the 5th – 6th century layers at Novae where
they are considered to be of local made213 and Sadovec (Bulgaria)214. Parallels can also be cited
from Beirut and Jalame where the drop base was made of deep blue glass added to the bottom of
lamps that are considered to have been decorated with blue thread 215, Marseille where they came
from the 7th- 10th century layers216. Of note is that on many sites the stems of this kind both with
and without pontil mark occur217 suggesting that lamps with cut-off and fire-rounded edge were
equally in use. The fragments with preserved lower body testify to the conical form of these
lamps that allows considering them to be descendants of earlier conical ones.
A by-form of conical lamps was a beaker, often bell-shaped with knobbed base. They
were in use from the 5th century and have lasted down to modern times. Representations of such
lamps occur on mosaics and frescoes: the earliest, dated to the late 4th – early 5th century is found
on the mosaics in the dome of St. George church at Salonika218.
USCHPA 248. SF 1866. 2002. Fragment of conical lamp with convex bottom and solid
short solid drop-like stem shaped from glass drop gathered at bottom of bubble. Smooth flattened
break from pontil suggests that the lamp had fire-rounded rim. Grayish-greenish-bluish,
occasional bubbles. Iridescence with local iridescent-silvery weathering on inner surface, easily
flaking silvery weathering with iridescence underneath on outside. D. of stem 0,95 cm. H. of
stem 1,0 cm.
The following fragment belonged to the lamp that can be considered to be a variant of the
previous specimen.
SR 592-2005, room 37. Fragment of a lamp with stretched narrow conical-sectioned
bottom with drop-like stem shaped of the same paraison of glass as the vessel itself. Pontil mark
of triangular form. Greenish. Thick iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of stem 1,1 cm.
Bulbous Stem Lamps
The stems of this kind are considered to have been possessed to oil lamps that could be
suspended or placed into a lamp holder and developed from the conical vessels of the 4 th- 5th
centuries. They were used from the 5th – 6th centuries up to the 8th – 9th centuries219. Yet similar
lamps are still in use in the Near East220. The shape of lamps with such stems and the form of
stems themselves varied greatly. We failed to find exact analogies to our examples but the first
resembles those revealed in Medinet Madi (Egypt) and Ashqelon221. Bulbous stem but without
deepening has been found at Amorium222. Hollow bulbous one with deepening on underside dated
back to the Late Roman/Early Byzantine period (before the early 6th century) has come from
Beirut223. Solid globular one with deepening on the underside was excavated in Jerusalem224.
209
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 16a.
Dussart 1998, 88, plz. 16, 11.
211
Foy, Bonifay 1984, fig. 4, 111-113; Foy 1995, 206, pl. 14, 164.
212
Hayes 1992, 405, fig. 153, 77.
213
Biernacki 1973, 134, 138, tabl. XII, 1-6; XIII, 1-6; XVI; Filarska 1973, 140-141.
214
Uenze 1992, taf. 145, 15; 147, 15-16;.
215
Jennings 1997-1998, 117, fig. 21; Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 64, fig. 4-26, 205.
216
Foy, Bonifay 1985, fig. 5, 154.
217
Uenze 1992, taf. 146, 2-5, 7-10; 147, 1-10, 13, 24-27; Foy 1995, 206, pl. 14, 162-167.
218
Crowfoot, Harden 1931, 202.
219
Silvano 1988, 17, 20; Saldern 1980, 52.
220
Saldern 1980, 52.
221
Katsnelson 1999, 80, fig. 5, 9.
222
Gill 2002, 131, 135, fig. 2/2, 45.
223
Jennings, 1997-1998, 117, fig. 20, 16.
224
Katsnelson 1999, 80, fig. 5, 9.
210
Fragment of lamp made of opaque reddish-brown glass with similar small spherical knob and
widely flaring body was found in Corinth in the 11th – mid-12th century layer225. A group of lamps
with short solid bases that varies in diameter from 1,3 to 2,7 cm came from the Early Byzantine
contexts at Sardis226. A bell-shaped lamp with similar solid globular stem with conical deepening
on the underside was found in Kerch (ancient Pantikapaion) in the crypt 162/18. The vessel is
made of clear olive-green glass and decorated with embossed design of ovals made with applied
self-colored threads. It is dated to the 4th-5th centuries and considered to have been produced in
Syria227.
By the small fragments preserved it’s difficult to define surely whether it was a base of a
hanging lamp or a knob of a domed lid.
SR 431-2004, room 37. Conical-sectioned stem of lamp (?) with deep conical indentation
on base of stem and narrow deep bottom. Stem is fashioned from the same paraison as the vessel
itself. Pontil and tool (reamer?) marks. Green. Iridescence. D. of stem 2,0 cm; H. of stem 1,2 cm.
Judging from the inclination of lower part of sides the lamp was conical or bell-shaped. The exact
analogy came from the 13th century layer uncovered in the quarter X of the Northern district of
Chersonessos228.
PA20-1305-362 Globular hollow stem. Close analogy assigned to the Early Byzantine
period came from Beirut229.
SR 609-2005, room 38. Fragment of a lamp with convex rounded bottom with solid
elliptic stem shaped of the same paraison of glass as vessel itself. 0,7 х 1,5 cm. Pontil mark 1,01,1 cm in diameter. Bluish, elongated horizontal bubbles. The outer surface is glossy and smooth
without traces of weathering, on the inner one iridescent-silvery weathering. Close analogy of
dark green glass came from mid-11th century deposit of Constantinople230.
STEMMED GOBLETS
Stemmed or footed goblets (Isings-111231) were the most wide spread type of glass
vessels in the Byzantine world from the second half of the 5th century and continued to be the
chief vessel-shape into the Mid-Byzantine period232. Their fragments (fire-rounded thickened
rims which mostly belonged to such goblets and their better preserved thicker feet) comprise the
largest group of glass vessels in the 6th – 7th century layers. Finds of complete vessels of this type
are extremely rare but those preserved have U-, poppy- or bell-shaped bodies with fire-rounded
thickened rim. Usually they are identified as glasses for drinking233. It is confirmed by the
complete absence of ceramic vessels for drinking in the 6th – 7th century deposits and by the
ceramic assemblage recovered from dwelling houses at Karanis where stemmed goblets were
revealed side by side with other tableware234. Yet the large quantity of such vessels recovered
from basilicas235 suggests them to have been also used as standing lamps along with their threehandled variant236 that could be suspended237.
On the basis of manufacturing techniques stemmed goblets are usually subdivided into
three main groups: 1) with hollow stems and tubular feet made by pushed-in base method; 2)
with drawn solid stems and 3) with separately fashioned and applied solid stems238.
Goblets with Hollow Stems and Tubular Feet
225
Davidson 1940, 316, fig. 19, 48; Davidson 1952, 121, pl. 60, 802.
Sardis 1980, 52-53, pl. 23, 287-298.
227
Kunina 1997, 339, № 426; Zasetskaya 2008, 108, ris. 10, 3.
228
Golofast, Ryzhov 2003, 220, ris. 23, 17.
229
Jennings 1997-1998, 117, fig. 18, 20, 16.
230
Hayes 1992, 404, fig. 152, 50.
231
Isings 1957, 139-140.
232
Hayes 1992, 401.
233
Tzaferis 240, fig. 12, 8; Foy 1990, 135; Abadie-Reynal, Sodini 1992, 91; Hayes 1992, 400 etc.
234
Harden 1936, 167.
235
Crowfoot 1957, 415; Hayes 1975, 86; Foy 1995, 207; Young 1993, 40.
236
Baur 1938, 524, fig. 20, 376; Isings 1957, 139.
237
Isings 1957, 139.
238
Isings 1957, 140.
226
This type considerably outnumbers all the rest recovered from the Early Byzantine layers
at different sites of the Mediterranean and Pontic region and seems to have been manufactured in
many centers239. The goblets of this type were made of one glass bulb that was constricted to form
two joined bulbs. The lower one was then pushed up into the upper one thus forming a bottom of
the bowl, double-layer hollow stem and base with tubular edge240. The feet of this type can be
subdivided into those with plain cylindrical and beaded stems. Pontil mark on underside of most
feet of this type indicates their rims were fire-rounded.
For the first time they were distinguished by D.B. Harden who assigned them to “the 4th
century and later”241. This date is supported by C. Isings242, N.P. Sorokina243 and some other
scholars244. Yet the latest investigations allow surely dating their appearance to the period after the
mid-5th century or a little bit earlier. At Karanis (Fayum), which lasted until the mid-5th century,
only one example with a pushed-in foot was revealed245. This date is also confirmed by the
complete absence of these vessels in the layers dating before the 6th century in Gaul, Britain,
Germany, Constantinople, etc.246 They have not been found in the course of excavations of the
glass-making workshop at Jalame that functioned in the second half of the 4th – early 5th
centuries247. At the late 5th – early 6th centuries at the earliest they appeared in Italy and Western
Mediterranean248. Analogous situation is observed on the Northern Black Sea coast. Stemmed
goblets have not been revealed in the 4th century assemblage of glassware at Tyra249 and Tanais
abandoned by the mid-5th century250. On the Bosporan cemetery these goblets appear only in the
burials of the second half of the 5th – first half of the 6th centuries251, on the cemeteries of the
South-Western Crimea – much later, in the 7th – 8th centuries252, on the Caucasus – in the second
half of the 6th century253. In Chersonessos the earliest deposit with several feet of this kind was
sealed in the late 5th – early 6th century at the earliest254.
If in the 5th century they were comparably rare (just a few have been revealed in the layers
of the second half of the 5th century at Cartage255, in the cities of Syria and Jordan256; in Karasura
(Bulgaria) in the layer of the second half of the 5th century only one pushed-in stem was found257),
in the second half of the 6th century and through the whole 7th century they considerably prevail
over all other glass forms. They makes up 20% of all glass finds at Sardis258, considerably
dominate in Constantinople259, on Argos they are abundant in the destruction layer of 585260. In
the cities of the southern France they comprise 75-95% of all glass fragments revealed in the
layers of the second half of the 6th – 7th centuries261. In Chersonessos deposits of the late 6th – 7th
239
Young 1993, 39, 41;
Isings 1957, 140; Sorokina 1963, 148.
241
Harden 1936, 167-168, pl. XVI, 489.
242
Isings 1957, 140.
243
Sorokina 1963, 147-148.
244
Katsnelson 1999, 71;
245
Harden 1975, 22.
246
Hayes 1975, 84; 1992, 402; Foy 1995, 208; Sternini 1995, 258.
247
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988.
248
Foy, Bonifay 1985, 303; Foy 1994, 216; Foy 1995, 208; Sternini 1995, 261.
249
Son 1988, 47-55.
250
Knipovich 1949, 82; Shelov 1961; Alekseeva, Arsen’eva 1966, 176-188; Arsen’eva, Naumenko 1992, 4.
251
Zasetzkaya 1993, 27; Zasetzkaya 2008, 36.
252
Aibabin 1976, 30; Veimarn, Aibabin 1993, 194-195.
253
Ambroz 1989, 53, 55, ris. 20, 22.
254
Golofast 2001.
255
Foy 1994, 216.
256
Dussart 1995, 347, fig. 7, 16-21.
257
Gomolka-Fuchs 1992, 261, abb. 1, 24; 2, 1-5.
258
Hanfmann 1959, 52-53, fig. 2.
259
Hayes 1992, 400.
260
Aupert 1980, 447, 449, fig. 50, 410-414.
261
Foy 1990, 136; Fоу 1994, 216; Foy 1995, 208.
240
centuries they make up 25-83% of all glass fragments262, predominate in the layer of the second
half of the 6th century on Il’ichyevka site destroyed in the third quarter of the 7th century263,
comprise the largest group of glass fragments in Taman264 and on the Caucasus265.
Vessels under question have a long life: in the 8th – 9th centuries they were wide spread in
the South-Western Crimea266; on the Northern Caucasus in the cemetery on the river Dyurso they
occur in the burials dated up to the 8th century267; in Jatrus – became the only type of glass vessels
in the 8th-9th centuries268; in Italy they were produced in the glass-making workshop of Torcello269
now presumably dated to the second half of the 9th century270; in Corinth and Sugdeya they came
from the layers of the 10th - 11th centuries271; as far as we know from the publications available
this type of stemmed goblets continued to be in use into the Ayyoubide epoch (1071-1250) in
Jordan272; in Derbent they are revealed in the layers of the 11th – mid-13th centuries273; in
Chersonessos they occur in the layer of fire assigned to the first half of the 13th century though in
this case it’s difficult to understand whether they are or represent survival pieces or 274.
USCHPA176-2002. Fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Greenishbluish, pinprick round bubbles. Easily flaking dirty weathering with iridescent-silvery film
underneath. D. of foot 3,4 cm.
USCHPA176-2002. Fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge and hollow
knobbed stem. Greenish-gray, numerous round bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. of stem 0,9 cm.
CHРA, SF 850-2002, room 26. Small fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular
edge. Greenish-olive, numerous pinprick round bubbles. Iridescence. D. is not estimated.
SR 620-2005, room 37. Fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge and
knobbed hollow stem. Round pontil mark 0,9 cm in diameter. Greenish, numerous pinprick
bubbles. Dulling. D. of foot 3,0 cm; D. of stem 1,1 cm; H. of stem 1,0 cm.
SR 620-2005, room 37. Fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Round
pontil mark 0,9 cm in diameter. Greenish, numerous pinprick bubbles. Hard iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. of foot 3,9-4,0 cm.
SR 338-2004, SF 2108. Conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Greenish, pinprick
bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of foot 4,5 cm.
SR 359, collapse, room 31-2004. Fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge.
Greenish. Hard iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of foot 4,0 cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Light greenish,
pinprick round bubbles. Thin iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of foot 4,4 cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004. Conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Light greenish,
pinprick round bubbles. Thin iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of foot 6,0 cm.
SR 364, room 29-2004, SF 2601. Pushed-in base with knobbed hollow stem and conicalsectioned foot with tubular edge. Pontil mark 0,8 cm in diameter. Greenish, numerous round and
occasional vertical elongated bubbles. Iridescence. D. of stem 1,1 сm; H. of stem 0,7 cm; D. of
foot 4,0 cm.
262
Golofast 2001, tabl. 9.
Nikolaeva 1981, ris. 77, 91; 1984, ris. 83, 86; 1986, ris. 34, 10; 1989, ris.49; 1991, 183.
264
Сорокина 1963, 143;
265
Voronov 1974, 78, ris. 3, 3а, 6, 8,10,11.
266
Veimarn, Aibabin 1993, 195, ris. 85, 3; 88, 4; 98, 16; Aibabin 1976, 28-29, ris. 1, 10-12.
267
Dmitriev 1979, 54, ris. 1, 42.
268
Gomolka 1979, 161, 164. Taf. 64, 132, 188; Gomolka-Fuchs 1991, 183.
269
The date of this workshop was changed by the excavators several times: at first it was assigned to the 7th – 8th
centuries, then to the late 6th c.– 650, at last to the second half of the 9th c. that seems to be more reliable.
270
Leciejewicz 2007, 99-104.
271
Davidson 1952, 86, fig. 12, 720; Maiko 2004, ris. 15, 24-25.
272
Meyer 1988, 199, fig. 8 Y-cc; Dussart 1998, 121, pl. 27-28.
273
Kudryavtzev, 1988, 68.
274
Golofast, Ryzhov 2003, 221, ris. 23, 18-20.
263
SR 375, room 33-2004. Fragment of conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Light
greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Hard dark weathering with iridescence underneath. D. of
foot 4,0 cm.
SR 375, room 33-2004. Fragment of hollow knobbed stem of pushed-in base. Light
greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Hard iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of stem 1,0 cm.
SR 511-2005, yard. Conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Bluish, occasional round
bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of foot 4,1 cm.
SR 520, yard-2005. Conical-sectioned foot with tubular edge. Pontil mark. Greenish,
numerous pinprick bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of foot 5,0 cm.
SR 367-2005, room 31. Small fragment of thin-walled carefully fashioned conicalsectioned. Light olive, occasional round and elongated bubbles. Light iridescence. D. of foot 5,0
cm.
Out of 12 stems revealed on the area only 2 came from the 5th – 7th century context (SR
620), all the rest – from the 12th – 13th century ones but with considerable admixture of earlier
materials. 11 of them are made of bluish-gray bubbly glass and one – of light olive one. On the
underside of almost all feet there is pontil mark. Diameter of feet varies from 4,0 (4) to 4,4/4,5 (2)
cm. Three feet are 3,0, 5,0 and 6,0 cm in diameter. The stems are knobbed or cylindrical though
for the rare exceptions the stem-shape seems to have been occasional and dependant on numerous
manufacturing nuances.
One of the stems seems to represent a variant of the type under question.
SR 411, north-west exit-2004, yard. Small fragment of pushed-in flattened thick-walled
foot. Greenish bubbly. Iridescence. D. of foot ca. 4,2 cm.
The analogous bases have been found at Jalame275, in Naples in the layer of the late 5th –
first third of the 6th centuries276; close parallels came from Torchello from the deposit of the
second half of the 6th century277, from the layer of the mid-7th century at Emporio (Chios)278;
Kourion (Cyprus) where three feet of this rare type were found in association with a coin of
Justinian II (685-695)279; in Constantinople one stem was revealed in the deposit of the early 9th
century though with much residual mid-7th century material280. On the whole the type is not
common and considered to represent a later stage in the development of feet with tubular baserings. Many feet of this type were discovered on the presumed late 8th – early 9th centuries glasshouse site at Sarands Kolones (Cyprus) where they were probably been made281. They are also
typical of the Crimean sites of the 7th – 9th centuries282.
Goblets with Drawn Solid Stems
They were drawn from the metal of the cup and were usually hollow in the upper part and
solid in the lower one. The feet shaped in this way as a rule were very thin and rarely survive. The
preserved ones are uneven and fire-rounded.
The earliest finds of such stems came from the Mithraeum under the church of Santa
Prisca at Rome that is considered to have been filled up at the end of the 4th century283 thus
providing the date of the appearance of this stem-type. Yet this date remains tentative for along
with material dated from the time of its destruction C. Isings mentions some “materials of
different date among the rubbish thrown in”284. In the 5th – 6th centuries they continued to be
275
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 62, fig. 4-24.
Miraglia 1994, 337, fig. 147, 101.
277
Tabaczyńska 1971, rys. 5.
278
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 14d.
279
Young 1993, 41, fig. 2.
280
Hayes 1992, 403, fig. 151, 40, 41
281
Young 1993, 41, fig. 2.
282
Aibabin 1976, 27-29, ris. 1, 10-18.
283
Isings 1957, 139.
284
Isisng 1957, 139.
276
manufactured in small amounts. Only in the 7th – 9th they became very common and continued to
be used up to the 12th – 13th centuries285.
The distribution of the stems of this type covers a vast territory that includes Cyprus286,
Chios287, Otranto288, Karanis in the Fayum289, Constantinople where such stems of yellowish glass
were revealed in the deposits of the second quarter of the 5th and of the 7th centuries290; judging by
drawings in Saint-Blaise analogous stems occur in the layers of the 6th – 7th centuries291; their rare
specimens were found in the layer of 535 on Argos292. One of the centers of their production dated
to the 5th - 6th centuries seems to have been at Galilee293. In Jordan and Syria analogous stems are
common in the Byzantine layers and even more often in the layers of Umayyad period (661750)294. In Pella of Decapolis such vessels are found in the deposit of the first quarter of the 8th
century295. Several goblets with bell-shaped body and drawn solid stem have been revealed in the
7th – 8th century in the burials of Eski-Kermen and Skalistoe cemeteries296 and in the layers of the
8th – 9th centuries on the sites of Kyz-Kermen297 and Kordon-Oba298 (the Crimea). The complete
goblet of this kind was found in the Pereschepin treasure sealed in the third quarter of the 7th
century299. In Tmutarakan they were found in the Early Byzantine layers300. In Chersonnesos
innumerous stems of this kind were recovered from the deposits of the second/third quarter of the
6th century and of the last quarter of the 7th century301.
In assemblage presented there are only three fragments of bases that are likely to have
been drawn from bottom.
РА 30-2002. Conical solid slightly twisted stem that is likely to have been drawn from
the bottom. Pontil mark 1,0 cm in diameter. Bluish. Dulling. The narrowest D. of stem 0,55 cm.
SR 468, room 36-2004. Fragment of lower body with almost horizontal bottom and
cylindrical stem, hollow at top and solid in lower part. Stem is likely to have been drawn from
bottom. Greenish, numerous pinprick round and elongated bubbles. Easily flaking silvery
weathering with iridescence underneath. D. of bottom 4,8 cm; D. of stem in lower part 0,7 – 0,8
cm.
SR 420, room 34 (yard 2)-2004. Low solid waisted stem drawn from bottom. The thin
foot is applied separately. Pontil mark 0,7 cm in diameter. H. of stem ca. 2,1 cm; D. of stem at
mid-height 1,05 cm. Green with aquamarine tinge, pinprick round and occasional elongated
vertical bubbles. Heavy white weathering. Close analogies were revealed in Marseille in the layer
of the second half of the 5th century302 and in Cheronessos deposit sealed in the last quarter of the
6th century at the earliest303.
Goblets with Solid Stem Applied Separately
Bases of this type were made by the two-piece method: first the bowl was made and then
a second paraison was added to form a stem and a base thus causing a convexity on the bottom
285
Foy, Démians d’Archimbaud 1996, 230, fig. 6, 1.
Isings 1957, 140.
287
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 14e.
288
Giannotta 1992, fig. 8:1, 28.
289
Harden 1975, 22.
290
Hayes 1992, 402, fig. 150, 7, 22-23.
291
Foy 1994, fig. 161, 165, 166.
292
Aupert 1980, fig. 50, 415.
293
Hayes 1975, 86, 109-110. Fig. 11, 406-408.
294
Dussart 1995, 347, fig. 7, 22, 24, 25.
295
Smith, Day 1989, pl. 60, 11.
296
Aibabin 1976, 27, ris. 1, 6, 7, 8; Veimarn, Aibabin 1993, 194, ris. 92, 25
297
Belyj 1993, 56, ris. 12.
298
Aibabin 1976, 27
299
Aibabin 1976, 27, ris. 1,1.
300
Sorokina 1963, 152-153, ris. 5, 11-12; 7, 17-21.
301
Golofast 2001, ris. 22, 5; 73, 10; 92, 10, 11.
302
Foy, Bonifay 1985, fig. 3, 86.
303
Golofast, Ryzhov, 2000, 220, ris. 22, 13.
286
of the bowl. The stems of this type can be both tall and slender or thick and low. The junction
between the bowl and base is usually very distinct. Base disks are usually flattened with the edge
either fire-rounded or folded downward. Due to their thinness they are often missing.
Goblets with this stem-type are not very common and believed to have appeared a little bit
later than those with hollow stems304. At Cartage for example the earliest context with bases of
this kind predates 533305. J. Hayes restricts them to the 7th century306. Yet in the already mentioned
disputable fill of the Mithraeum under the church of Santa Prisca at Rome that is considered to
have been dated to the end of the 4th century several stems of this kind have been revealed307.
Besides such stems are present at Karanis that existed till he mid-5th century308.
Goblets with this stem-type were distributed widely throughout Mediterranean: they were
found at Armant309, Chios310, Torchello311; on Argos they were extracted from the layer of the
third quarter of the 6th century312; in Constantinople such stems were recovered from the 7th
century deposit313, at Pella of Decapolis – from the deposit of the first quarter of the 8th century314.
Short solid stems considerably dominate in the 6th - 7th century deposits at Tunis and Cartage
suggesting their production in one of the Northern African centers315. On the Northern Black Sea
coast they are often in the layers of the second half of the 6th century at Il’ichyevka site316, in the
Early Byzantine layers of Tmutarakan317. In the South-Western Crimea where their production is
proposed they were in use till the 9th century318. In Cersonessos their innumerous specimens were
revealed in the deposits sealed in the second-third quarters of the 6th – third quarter of the 7th
centuries319. One was uncovered in the layer that contained mainly the 9th - 11th century material
and a few objects of the 12th - 13th centuries320. Such goblets appear to have been the commonest
form of drinking cups at Corinth during the 11th and 12th centuries321.
In the assemblage preserved only one stem of the said type has been revealed.
SR 785 353530, room 38-2006. High solid waisted stem with part of foot. Shaped
separately. Foot outsplayed, with slightly sloping sides and edge folded downward. Pontil mark
0,8 cm in diameter. H. of stem ca. 2,2 cm; D. of stem at midheight 0,7 cm; D. of stem in lower
part 1,2 cm; D. of foot ca. 4,6 cm. Greenish, numerous pinprick bubbles. Easily flaking silvery
weathering with iridescence underneath. Exact analogies have been excavated in Amorium322, a
lot of them came from Carthage (earliest context before 533)323; analogous slender examples of
the 7th century were yielded by the excavations at Khirbat al-Karak, Nebo and Jerash324. In Naples
the analogous stem came from 7th – 8th century deposit325. In Constantinople similar stems were
revealed in the deposits dated to the early 10th and 11th centuries326; in Derbent (Northern
304
Foy 1995, 209.
Tatton-Brown 1984, 200-201, fig. 66, 41-53; Tatton-Brown 1994, 284, 286, fig. 15.2, 28-37.
306
Hayes 1992, 400.
307
Isings 1957, 139.
308
Harden 1936, 167.
309
Harden 1975, 22
310
Boardman 1989, 125, fig. 50, 14a.
311
Tabaczynska 1971, ryc. 5,5
312
Aupert 1980, fig. 50, 419.
313
Hayes 1992, 400, 404, fig. 150, 22-24; 152, 61.
314
Smith, Day 1989, pl. 60, 19.
315
Foy 1995, 208.
316
Nikolaeva 1991, 53.
317
Sorokina 1963, 151, ris.5, 9, 10; 7, 14-16.
318
Veimarn, Aibabin 1993, 194, ris. 22, 24.
319
Golofast 2001,
320
Golofast, Ryzhov 2003, 221, ris. 23, 15.
321
Davidson 1952, 84-85, fig. 12, 711-718.
322
Gill 2002, 39, fig. 1/4, 41-42.
323
Tatton-Brown 1984, 201, fig. 66, 50; Tatton-Brown 1994, 284, 286, fig. 15.2, 36-37.
324
Tatton-Brown 1984, 201.
325
Miraglia 1994, 337, fig. 147, 100.
326
Hayes 1992, 404, fig. 152, 47, 49, 61.
305
Caucasus) fragments of solid low stems with an edge folded downward were found in the layers
of the 11th – mid-13th centuries327.
Miscellaneous Stems
РАОО1, Room 36-2004. SF 2272-2004. Solid beaded stem of large vessel. Underside
smooth Foot deliberately knocked-off. Green. Iridescent-silvery weathering with easily flaking
almost black film above. D. of stem 2,3 cm; H. of stem 1,0 cm. Can’t be assigned to some type of
vessel for can be equally belong to goblet, lamp, footed beaker or bowl.
SR 456, room 33-2004. Fragment of beaker with tall broad hollow stem spreading
downwards. Body represents truncated cone with flat bottom. Tooled-out hollow fold on lower
body. Light greenish gray with tiny light bubbles. Inner surface shiny and smooth, no traces of
weathering; easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering on outer surface. D. of body 3,1 cm. D. of
fold 4,0 cm.
Body itself, its part with fold and foot are made separately. The process of manufacturing
of such beakers was rather complicated and consisted of three phases. G. Davidson reconstructs it
as follows: “The lower part of the bowl was first blown into the shape of a bulb, which was folded
in upon itself, leaving a tubular ring around the edge. This paraison was then held by a pontil,
while the paraison for the stem was added and formed, and the edge of the base rounded off. The
first pontil was then removed, another attached to the base, and a third paraison applied to the top
of the bowl in the form of a very thin sheet of glass which projected beyond the edge of the
tubular ring…”328. This reconstruction is likely to be confirmed by the presented fragment with
two pontil marks visible. The first mark is on the underside of the stem bottom, the second one is
on the bottom of the body but under the thin layer of glass applied on the lower body with a
hollow fold. Both marks are circular, 0,8 cm in diameter.
Beakers with a broad stem in the form of truncated cone were wide spread at the end of the
12th – 13th century on the territory of France. Some of them were decorated with a tool-out hollow
fold or applied solid coil on the lower body329. Goblets with analogous hollow fold on the lower
part of the body but solid cylindrical stem were found in Corinth at one of the glass-making
workshops330 that is now dated to the late 13th – early 14th centuries331, in Italy332. In Chersonessos
a fragment of a vessel with analogous fold was found in the 13th century layer333. A fragment of a
vessel on a hollow high broad base-ring was found in Turov in the layer of the 12th -13th
centuries334.
PA64-5-2001. Fragment of a shallow wide bowl resting on a flaring separately fashioned
foot. A footed bowl on stem or a salver. The salver shape derived from shallow bowls and plates
common in mid-Roman Imperial times335. Well dated parallels came from the contexts datable to
the 6th – 7th centuries in Sardis336. Fragment of a high flaring base with attached to it widely
spreading body made of separate paraison of glass came from Corinth and dated to the 11th – mid12th centuries337.
BASES
Concave Bottoms
Concave or kick-up bottoms with pointed or rounded kick are the commonest base-type
in the Roman, Early Byzantine and later times. They are associated with a great variety of
different vessels from different periods and vary in size and thickness. All bases revealed on the
327
Kudryavtzev 1988, 68-69, ris. 1, 2.
Davidson 1940, 311.
329
Foy, Démians d’Archimbaud 1996, 229, 232, fig. 2, 3; À travers le verre… 1989, 161-165, 392-393.
330
Davidson 1940, 210-211, fig. 12, 5; Davidson 1952, 86, fig. 12, 723.
331
Sanders 2002, 652.
332
Giannotta 1992, fig. 8:2, 63, 64.
333
Golofast, Ryzhov 2003, ris. 23, 10.
334
Poluboyarinova 1963b, 234, ris. 1, 3.
335
Saldern 1980, 60.
336
Saldern 1980, 60, pl. 24, 374.
337
Davidson 1940, 314, fig. 15, 30; Davidson 1952, 85, 109, fig. 12, 695.
328
area are made of greenish bubbly glass and most of them have a pontil mark on the underside.
Diameter of some bottoms is impossible to estimate due to their small sizes. Diameter of the well
preserved ones varies from 2,1 to 11,0 cm. Inconsiderable sizes of fragments usually found
without a body section don’t allow identifying the type of the vessels which part the presented
bases constituted as well as it’s practically impossible to date them by appearance: the base of an
ordinary bottle or bowl made in Roman time is in most cases indistinguishable from the one
made in Byzantine or later periods.
РА 181-2002. Fragment of massive concave bottom with rounded kick. Perhaps large
flask. Pontil mark 1,2 cm in diameter. Green with olive tinge, occasional round bubbles. Dulling.
D.
SR 619, 2005, room 37. Fragment of lower body of flask (?). Side outsplayed. Bottom
concave with rounded kick. Pontil round wad 0,7 cm in diameter. Greenish, numerous round and
elongated vertical bubbles. Thick iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of bottom ca. 2,2 cm.
SR 358, room 30, collapse-2004. 2 fragments of concave bottoms with rounded kick.
Greenish. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D.
SR 456, room 33-2004. Fragment of concave bottom with deep pointed kick. Crude pontil
scar. Greenish, pinprick round bubbles. Black weathering. D. of bottom ca. 6,0 cm.
SR456, room 33-2004. Fragment of thick concave bottom with rounded kick. Greenish,
pinprick round bubbles. Local iridescence on underside; iridescent-silvery weathering on inner
surface. D. of bottom ca. 5,6 cm.
SR 410, room 33-2004. Fragment of concave bottom with rounded kick. Pontil mark.
Light greenish gray. Hard iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of bottom ca. 5,4 – 5,7 cm.
SR 507-2005, yard. Fragment of vessel with straight side and concave bottom with
rounded kick. Olive, pinprick round and elongated bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. of bottom ca. 3,2 cm.
SR 592, 2005, room 37. Fragment of vessel with outsplayed side and concave bottom with
pointed kick. Greenish, numerous round bubbles. Milky weathering. D. of bottom ca. 3,0 cm.
SR 393, room 33-2004. 2 fragments of concave bottom with pointed kick. Pontil mark.
Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Iridescence. D. of bottom ca. 5,0 cm.
SR 469, room 36-2004. Fragment of concave bottom with pointed kick. Bluish-green,
pinprick round bubbles. Easily flaking silvery weathering with iridescence underneath. D. of
bottom ca 4,2 cm.
SR 456, room 33-2004, SF 2687. Fragment of concave bottom with deep pointed kick.
Pontil mark (1,1 х 1,5 cm). Greenish, numerous round bubbles. Iridescence. Concave bases with
deep kick were very characteristic for the vessels of the 12th -13th centuries338.
SR 456, room 33-2004. Fragment perhaps of large flask. Concave bottom with pointed
kick. Pontil mark (1,7 х 1,1 cm). Greenish, pinprick round bubbles. Iridescence with local silvery
weathering on underside; hard dark weathering on inner surface. D. of bottom ca. 7,0 cm.
SR 372, room 36-2004. Small fragment of concave bottom with pointed kick. Pontil mark
(0,9 х 0,6 cm). Light greenish gray, pinprick round bubbles. Dulling on outer surface.
SR454, room 29-2004. Small fragment of concave bottom with rounded kick and almost
flat underside. Pontil mark. Greenish, numerous pinprick round bubbles. Easily flaking silvery
weathering with iridescence underneath on outer surface. D. of botton is not estimated.
SR 359 (west exit) -2004. Fragment of concave bottom with pointed kick. Pontil circular
scar 1,8 cm in diameter. Light greenish gray, rare round bubbles. On inner surface наплывами of
blue (cobalt) bubbly glass. Iridescence. D. of bottom ca. 4,0 cm.
Such decoration most likely was intended to imitate rather expensive twofold three-colored
glass of the 11th – 12th centuries distinguished by very complicated production technique. The
inner layer of such vessels represents the joined blue and white opaque glass forming marble-like
pattern, the outer one is colorless and transparent. Fragments of resembling vessels including
338
Davidson 1952, fig. 17, 780-782.
those with pushed-in bases decorated with stripes of violet glass came from the 12th – 13th century
layers in Novgorod339, Staraya Ryazan340, Novogrudok, Egypt and Syria341. Multicolored
technique already known in the Roman period included several phases: on the first parison of
usually monochrome glass small pieces of colored glass were superimposed and while heating of
the parison for the second time they dipped into molten colorless glass and only after it the desired
form was shaped.
Pushed-in Bases with Tubular Base-rings
This “pushed-in” variety may be formed either from the first parison used to make the
entire vessel, or from the added one. In the first case the vessel floor is usually concave, in the
second – flat. The ring was formed by pushing the lower part of the bulb up to form the tubular
base-ring. The bottoms revealed on the area are concave, mainly pointed.
РА 181-2002. Small fragment of carefully fashioned pushed-in base with tubular basering. Greenish, no visible bubbles. Dulling. D. of base-ring ca. 3,0 cm.
US CHРA 248. SF1864-2002. Small fragment of pushed-in base with tubular base-ring.
Bluish-gray bubbly. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of base-ring ca. 4,0 cm.
USCHPA293. SF 1924. Fragment of carelessly fashioned pushed-in base with tubular
slightly splaying base-ring. Bottom flat with convexity in centre that corresponds to indentation
on underside. Seemed to have been fashioned separately and then applied to bottom. Bluish gray,
pinprick round bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of base-ring 2,4-2,7 cm.
USCHPA20. SF 1289-2002. Fragment of vessel with pushed-in base with splaying
tubular base-ring. Bottom concave with pointed kick. Greenish, numerous pinprick bubbles.
Inner surface glossy and smooth, almost unweathered; hard white weathering on outer surface.
D. of base-ring ca. 5,0 cm.
USCHPA176. SF 1085-2002. Fragment of pushed-in base with tubular base-ring.
Greenish, occasional pinprick round bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-siolvery weathering. D. of
base-ring ca. 5,0 cm.
USCHPA190. SF 1027-2002. Fragment of pushed-in base with tubular splaying basering. Greenish, clean, no bubbles. Outer surface glossy and smooth, unweathered; on inner
surface local yellowish weathering. D. of base-ring 4,0 cm.
РА66-2001- 543, 24. Pushed-in base with tubular base-ring of small diameter. Similar
bases were typical of two-handled cups with rounded rim and nearly strait sides curving into a
small pushed-in base, which numerous fragments have been found at Corinth in the 11th – 12th
century deposits342.
SR 434, Поперечная street-2005. Fragment of vessel with pushed-in base with tubular
base-ring. Bottom concave with rounded kick. Pontil mark. Light greenish, clean, no visible
bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of base-ring 4,6 cm. Roman (?).
SR 407, room 33-2004. Tiny fragment of pushed-in base with splaying tubular base-ring.
Light green, pinprick round bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. of base-ring
is not estimated.
SR 351, room 29-2004. Fragment of pushed-in base with tubular base-ring. Greenish.
Easily flaking whitish weathering. D. of base-ring ca. 3,0 cm.
SR 580, 2005, room 38. Fragment of beaker with outsplayed side and splay solid basering. Bottom concave with rounded kick. Base-ring is very likely to have been shaped with body,
yet on inner surface of bottom there is convexity that corresponds to base-ring. Greenish,
numerous pinprick and large round and elongated horizontal bubbles. Inner surface is smooth
and glossy with light iridescence; hard iridescent-silvery weathering on outer surface. D. of basering ca. 3,0 cm.
Coil Base-rings
339
Plokhov 2007, 170, ill. 4, 10-12.
Schapova 1974, 88, tabl. 9.
341
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 10-11, tabl. XII, 23-31.
342
Davidson 1940, 313, fig. 12, 9; Davidson 1952, 86, fig. 12, 724; Weinberg 1975, 140, fig. 29.
340
The contexts presented produced 7 fragments of bottoms with coil base-rings varying in
diameter from 2,5 to 5,0 cm. A coil was applied on a bottom: at the beginning it is usually thick
and spins out to a thin thread at the end. This base-type was in use from the 4th century onwards
and was widely spread throughout the Mediterranean though occurs much rarer than pushed-in
bases. The finds of the 4th century bowls and beakers with this base-type are known in Italy343;
4th century flasks and jugs with massive coil bases came from Egypt344. Several bottoms with
this type of base have been unearthed at Migdal Ashquelon, North Sinai, southern Israel and
some other Syria-Palestinian centers345; in Constantinople one of them came from the deposit of
the second quarter of the 5th century346, parallels have been also revealed at Carthage347; several
globular-bodied beakers with outturned thickened fire-rounded rim and this base type were
found in the 4th century burials of the cemetery Sovkhoz 10348 and from Taman349. In the
Byzantine period coil base-rings were characteristic for shallow bowls and beakers350.
Hemispherical bowls with colored trailing and blue or self-colored coil bases were very common
at Amorium where they came from contexts containing material dating from 7th to 11th centuries
and were probably of local manufacture351.
SR 365, church (floor?)-2004. Fragment of lower body of vessel with self-colored coil
base-ring. Greenish, pinprick round bubbles. Inner surface is more shiny and smooth than outer
one. Iridescence. D. of base ca. 7,0 cm.
SR 456, room 33-2004. Fragment of slightly concave bottom with self-colored coil basering. Greenish, occasional pinprick round bubbles. Slight iridescence and dulling on glossy and
smooth surface. D. of base ca. 7,0 cm.
SR 456, room 33-2004. Fragment of lower body of vessel with flaring side, slightly
concave bottom, self-colored coil base-ring two times wound under bottom. Greenish, numerous
pinprick round and elongated bubbles. Hard dark layer of severe weathering with iridescentsilvery layer underbeneath. D. of base ca. 4,5 cm.
SR 372, room 36-2004. Fragment of slightly concave thickened bottom with self-colored
coil base-ring. Pontil mark. Light greenish-gray, pinprick round bubbles. Inner surface is glossy
and smooth with slight iridescence. On outer surface slight silvery weathering with iridescence
underbeneath. D. of base ca. 3,1 cm.
SR 701, yard, 2005. Fragment of lower body of vessel with outsplayed side and flat,
slightly deformed bottom with self-colored coil base-ring. Circular pontil mark 1,7 cm in
diameter. Light greenish. Inner surface is glossy and smooth with slight iridescence. On outer
surface hard thick weathering. D. of base ca. 3,0 cm.
PA1-31. Fragment of flat bottom with double self-colored coil base-ring, consisting of two
concentric rings. Circular pontil mark 1,7 cm in diameter. Light greenish. Inner surface is glossy
and smooth with slight iridescence. On outer surface hard thick weathering. D. of base ca. 3,0 cm.
!!!!!Similar spiral coil base came from the deposit of the mid-11th century in
Constantinople352. Very close analogies came from Novgorod: fragments of mold-blown vessels
of light blue and yellowish glass with two concentric circles formed of thin round-sectioned
trails353.
Trail-wound Bases
343
Tatton-Brown 1984, 208.
Harden 1936, 215.
345
Katsnelson 1999, 69-70, fig. 2, 3-7.
346
Hayes 1992, 402, fig. 150, 9.
347
Tatton-Brown 1984, 208, fig 68, 100-101.
348
Vysotskaya 1997
349
Sorokina 1963, 154, ris. 4, 11.
350
Davidson 1940, 308, 310, fig. 12, 3, 4, 25-27; Davidson 1952, 86, fig. 12, 691-693.
351
Gill 2002, 44-45, fig. 1/9, 111-116; 1/11, 118-123.
352
Hayes 1992, 404, fig. 152, 60
353
Schapova 127, ris. 5, 9.
344
This base-type is likely to have appeared in the 4th century but became common only in
the 5th century354. The wide spread of their proveniences seems to be evidence for both Eastern
and Western origins. Centers for the production of vessels with this base-type seem to have been
at Cologne and on the Balkans; in Pannonia where jugs with this base-type were in use till the
mid-5th century there were supposedly several workshops of their production355. At Jalame they
were found both around the site and in the dump of the glass-making workshop dated to the very
end of the 4th century though some amount of glass vessels from Jalame can be dated up to the
mid-5th century356. Yet it should be noticed that at Jalame and in the Syria-Palestinian region this
base-type occur rarely357. Vessels with this base-type made of ultra-marine glass and dated to the
first half of the 5th century came from the French Mediterranean where they seem to have been
manufactured358. One more center of their production dated to the 5th century appears to have
been in Rome359 where bases of colorless glass dominated360. They are also well represented at
Ostia and Carthage361. In Chersonessos only one base of this kind revealed in the deposit of the
last quarter of the 5th century has been published: it is made of dark olive glass, 12,0 cm in
diameter and has a circular pontil mark 4,5 – 5,0 cm in diameter362.
Vessels with this base-type were in use up to the 13th century. For example they have
been revealed in Novgorod in the 12th -13th century layers363.
Published complete vessels with this kind of base are bowls 364 but mostly jugs. A lot of
them were found in Pannonia where the earliest specimens dated to the first half – mid-4th
century have been revealed365.
SR 372, room 36-2004. Fragment of massive multi-coil base. Brown. Hard white
weathering. D. of base 10,0 cm.
VESSELS WITH VERTICAL RIBBING
Scattered in several contexts (SR 410 (5 fragments); SR 407 (12 fragments); SR 393 (4
fragments) in the room 33) in the room 33-2004 were body fragments of a thin-walled vessel
with spherical body decorated with vertical ribs; at the lower part of the body they are marvered
into the surface. Light greenish gray; numerous pin-prick bubbles. Easily flaking silvery
weathering with iridescence beneath.
The technique of mold blowing established in the Roman time continued into the later
period and was widely exploited by the medieval artisans. They produced various forms of vessels
including the ribbed ones that often resemble the Roman ones. The fragments preserved don’t
allow reconstructing the shape of the vessel but the decoration of this type occurs on the vessels
beginning from the 7th century onward366. In the 12th – 13th centuries they were common on the
territory of France367.
COLD-PAINTED GOLD AND ENAMEL VESSELS
Painting in gold and polychrome enamels described as “Greek” by the German monk
Theophilus in his De diversis artibus (early 12th century) was practiced by Byzantine
glassmakers from the 10th – 11th centuries onwards. Ground glass mixed with coloring material
was applied to the cold glass surface and then fired at a low temperature (‘muffle-firing’). This
354
Sternini 1995, 261.
Barkoczi 1988, 187, 190, 197.
356
Hayes 1975, 3.
357
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 58-59, fig. 4-22, 152, 153, 155.
358
Foy 1994, 213, fig. 159, 124-126; Foy 1995, 196, pl. 7, 40-44.
359
Foy 1995, 196.
360
Whitehouse 1985, 165, 170. Fig. 5, 55-58.
361
Tatton-Brown 1984, 208, fig. 68, 103-105.
362
Golofast 2001.
363
Plokhov 2007, 170, fig.2, 14.
364
Weinberg, Goldstein 1988, 58, fig. 4-21, 152.
365
Barkoczi 1988, 187.
366
Liepmann 1982, 115, № 150.
367
À travers le verre.. 1989, 183-186.
355
technique was also used for decoration of glass bracelets. Most bottles and goblets of greenish,
dark blue, manganese and other colors decorated with gilt and enameled designs are now
accepted as Byzantine and very probable from the capital368. By the end of the 12th century the
technique was introduced into Islamic world369 and from about 1170 north Syrian workshops of
Raqqa, Aleppo and Damascus quickly developed but only after the 4th Crusade their production
replaced the products of the Byzantine masters.
Fragments of vessels with this kind of decoration have been found in Fustat (Egypt),
Britain (Berkshire), Corinth, Paphos (Cyprus), Istanbul, Chersonessos, Novogrudok, Dvin.
On the area presented fragments of at least two painted vessels of different origin have
been revealed.
SR 410, room 33-2004, SF 2499. Fragment of beaker with flaring mouth. On the upper
body an ornamental band in gold and enamel: horizontal frieze consisted of плетенка, with a vine
and bunches of blue grapes above. Olive-green. Fire-softened. Heavy dulling.
The form of the vessel (cylindrical body, flaring upper part, fire-rounded rim and added
solid coil base-ring) is considered to be characteristic for the earliest (late 12th century) products of
Syria, possibly of Raqqa370. Raqqa’s origin of the vessel seems to be confirmed by the character of
painted ornament that includes relief dots typical of products manufactured in this centre in the
second quarter of the 13th century371.
Similar frieze decorates the fragment of the analogous beaker made of greenish-yellowish
glass and also attributed to Raqqa group from Novogrudok372. Analogous elements (relief blue
dots, плетенка) in gold, blue and red comprise the decoration of several fragments found in the
building of the late 13th - 15th centuries in Novgorod373.
393. Small fragment of bottom with rounded kick surrounded with trail of glass of the
same color as the vessel. Likely to have belonged to analogous beaker.
SR 393, 407, 410, room 33-2004 (116/37406). Fragments of vessel with flaring mouth and
fire rounded rim. Gild and enamel decoration: just under the rim a band of two horizontal lines
that are likely to have been painted in gold (only faint traces have survived); between them are
oblique end-lines in red with oblique zigzag lines framed by oblique straight ones. The latter ones
in gold. On some body fragments remains of ornament in gold (background, vertical lines, etc.).
On 4 body fragments areas of crossing lines in gold with small red enameled crosses with dots
between arms within square areas. Light greenish gray, bubbly. Heavy dirty whitish weathering on
inner surface. Outer side is more glossy and smooth. D. of rim 12,0 cm; Тh. of rim 0,2 сm.
Close parallels dated to the 10th – 12th centuries came from different sometimes very
remote centers. They are characterized with large representations of birds with massive body,
broad beak, large paws as well as discs with grill in gold and small red enameled crosses with dots
between arms within square areas. Such ornament decorates vessels found in Novogrudok374 and
Egypt375. Very similar pattern – round medallion filled with a grill with crosses in the cells –
decorates the cylindrical bottle of blue glass found on Cyprus376.
The motives that decorated the vessel presented (golden horizontal lines with a band of
diagonal straight and zigzag lines, small enameled red crosses in squares, poorly preserved
fragments of ornament resembling the vegetable pattern that usually fills the space between
medallions and birds) are similar to those on the vessels made of opaque white glass found in
368
Megaw 1968; Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 5; Harden 1972, 99; Djanpoladyan 1974.
Harden 1972, 96; Tait 1999, 130-131.
370
Busyatskaya 1976, 54; Tait 1999, 131.
371
Lamm 1929, taf.91, 13, 15, 16; 92, 11; 93, 20; Lamm 1930, 268, 269, 271.
372
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 13, tabl. XII, 16.
373
Plokhov 2007, 173, ill. 6, 1-11, 17.
374
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 9-10, tabl. III-VI, XII, 3, 6.
375
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 10.
376
Megaw 1972, 341, fig. 34-36, 39.
369
Novogrudok377 and it can’t be excluded that our fragments belonged to a similar bowl with flaring
mouth and globular body.
Great similarity of ornamental patterns suggests provenance of vessels from Chersonessos,
Novogrudok and Egypt from one center situated as chemical and spectrographic analysis have
shown somewhere in the Mediterranean region: some scholars attribute them to Syrian glass
factories378; others (A.H.S. Megaw, R.M. Djanpoladian, A. Grabar) give arguments in favor of
Constantinople as their place of origin379.
It should be noted that the glass of gold-pained and enameled vessels is not of striking
quality. Along with vessels made of high-quality colored or opaque white glass imitating
porcelain there were vessels of greenish or light brownish glass with high bubble content380. To
this group all presented vessels made of greenish or yellowish bubbly glass belong. Besides only
pitiful remains of painting usually survive and in some cases due to the hard weathering the
painting can miss the attention and remains unnoticed. So it would be reasonable to suggest that
the quantity of gold and enamel painted vessels in Chersonessos was much larger than
archaeologists manage to reveal.
MISCALLANEOUS VESSELS
Vessels with Spirally Wound Thread
SR 372, room 36-2004. Body fragment decorated with applied spiral self-colored thread.
Light greenish gray, round bubbles. Iridecsence.
WINDOW GLASS
Of not is the small amount of fragments of window panes revealed not only on the area
presented and in Chersonessos but on the whole territory of Byzantine empire. For example in
St. Polyeuktos church in Constantinople with its numerous windows the amount of the revealed
fragments of panes was unexplainably small381. In the Central Balkans windowpanes were used
in small quantities only in representative church architecture382. Yet at Sardis window panes
were found in large quantities: over 1000 panes383, many of which were found in two early 7th
century shops where they were sold384. This seems to counter the opinion that window glass was
restricted to more important buildings.
The thickness of the fragments revealed on the area varies from 0,15 cm to 0,5 cm, the
thickness of the edge also varies greatly. No fragment allows defining the original size of the
panes.
Most fragments are small and heavily weathered, making it difficult to determine the
precise technique of manufacture.
Cylinder Blown or Muff Glass
Muff glass produced by blowing a cylinder, cutting it open and flattening it out is usually
characterized by double-glossy faces and elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. This
way seems to have appeared in ca. 300.
РА 181. Fragment of muff (?) glass with fire-rounded thickened edge. Greenish gray;
numerous elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Iridescent-silvery weathering. Тh. of
edge 0,25 cm.
РА 181-2002. 3 small fragments of muff (?) glass. Greenish gray, elongated bubbles
oriented in the same direction. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. Th. 0,15; 0,25; 0,35
cm.
377
Gurevich, Djanpoladyan, Malevskaya 1968, 9-10, tabl. III-VI, XII, 3, 6.
Stolyarova 1997, 104, ris. 8, 1.
379
Harden, 100.
380
Busyatskaya 1976, 53; Tait 1999, 132.
381
Harrison, Gill, 1996, 204.
382
Han 1975, 114.
383
Saldern, 1980, 35, 91-92.
384
Henderson, Mundell Mango 1995, 338.
378
US CHРA 54. R 22-2002. 2 fragments of muff (?) glass. Bluish gray; pinprick round and
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Easily flaking silvery weathering with
iridescence underneath. Th. 0,3 and 0,4 cm.
SR 338-2004, SF 2104. Small fragment of muff (?) glass. Greenish gray, occasional
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Hard milky weathering. Th. 0,35 cm.
SR 338-2004, SF 2105. Small fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish-green, pinprick
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Hard milky weathering on one side; other side
is smooth and glossy with slight dulling. Th. 0,4 – 0,5 cm.
SR 356-2004. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish-green, numerous pinprick elongated
bubbles oriented in the same direction. Hard milky weathering on one side; other side is smooth
and glossy with slight dulling. Th. 0,3 cm.
SR 472, room 32-2004. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish-green, numerous elongated
bubbles oriented in the same direction. Iridescent-silvery weathering on both sides. Th. 0,35 cm.
SR 435, room 36-2004. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish-green, elongated bubbles
oriented in the same direction. Hard milky weathering on one side; other side is smooth and
glossy with slight dulling. Th. 0,35 cm.
РА001 Northern-eastern addition. Small fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish-green,
numerous elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Irirdescence, locally silvery
weathering. Th. 0,4 cm.
SR 431, fill of pit-2004, room 37. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Greenish, numerous
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Th. 0,45 cm.
SR 420, room 34 (yard 2) -2004. 2 fragments of muff (?) glass. Greenish, numerous
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Thick easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering. Th. 0,3 and 0,5 cm.
SR 411, north-west exit-2004, yard. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Greenish, numerous
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Hard dirty-white weathering with iridescentsilvery layer beneath. Th. 0,3 cm.
SR 469, room 36-2004. Small fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish; pinprick round and
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Iridescence; locally silvery easily flaking
weathering. Th. 0,4 cm.
SR 469, room 36-2004. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Bluish-greenish; pinprick round and
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Iridescence; locally silvery easily flaking
weathering. Th. 0,3 cm.
SR 372, room 36-2004. Fragment of muff (?) glass. Greenish; pinprick round and
elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. Iridescent-silvery weathering. Th. 0,3 cm.
Mold Cast Glass
Cast glass was common in Italy and western provinces of the Roman Empire. Glass
simply poured into a mold and rolled or tooled until it reached the edge of the mold. Panes of this
kind are usually characterized with small round haphazardly distributed bubbles and one glossy
and one dull surface.
CHРA SF 1146, 2002. Fragment of glass pane with fire-rounded edge. Greenish-bluish;
numerous round bubbles. Iridescent-silvery weathering. Th. 0,35 cm.
US CHРA 248, room 27-2002. Fragment of window glass with fire-rounded edge.
Bluish-grey; numerous round bubbles. Silvery easily flaking weathering with iridescence
beneath. Th. 0,15 cm.
SR 468, room 36-2004. Fragment of window glass. Greenish; rare round bubbles.
Dulling. Th. 0,25 cm.
SR 461, room 32-2004. Fragment of window glass. Greenish; pinprick round bubbles.
Iridescent-silvery weathering. Th. 0,2 cm.
SR 372, room 36-2004. Fragment of window glass with fire-rounded edge. Greenish;
numerous pinprick round bubbles. No weathering. Th. 0,4 cm; Th. of edge 0,3 cm.
Помещение 37, SR 592-2005. Fragment of window glass with fire-rounded edge.
Greenish; occasional pinprick round bubbles. Hard dulling. Th. 0,15-0,2 cm.
Crown or “Bull’s Eye” Glass
It was made by blowing a bubble, opening it out and then rotating it on a pontil until it
spreads into a disk thick in the center and thin on the edge that was usually folded over to form a
double rim. Both surfaces are fire-polished. Crown glass seems to have been invented in about
the 4th century385 and was used mainly in the churches that is testified by the churches models in
the hands of devout founders, painted on frescoes.
USCHPA181. SF 1153-2002. Fragment of crown glass with folded edge 0,6 cm in width.
Greenish, elongated bubbles oriented in the same direction. One side glossy and smooth, without
signs of weathering; iridescent-silvery weathering on the other. D. ca. 22,0 cm.
SR 423, stenopos-2004. Fragment of crown glass with folded edge. Manganese, no
visible bubbles. Iridescence. D. is not estimated.
SR 392, room 33-2004. Small fragment of large open vessel or crown glass with folded
edge 1,1 cm in width. Light greenish gray; occasional round bubbles. Hard white weathering.
Помещение 38, SR 569-2005. Fragment of crown glass with folded edge. Bluish;
elongated bubbles. Hard white weathering. D. 20,0 cm.
SR 407, room 33-2004. Fragment of large open vessel or crown glass with folded rim.
Light greenish gray; tiny elongated bubbles. Easily flaking silvery weathering with iridescence
beneath. D. ca. 17,0 cm.
SR 469, room 36-2004. Fragment of horizontal broad rim of open vessel or crown glass
with small rim-roll with folded edge. Greenish. Hard yellowish weathering. D. ca. 20,0 cm.
SR 373, room 36-2004. Fragment of large open vessel or crown glass with folded edge
1,1 cm in width. Light greenish gray (10Y 8/1); rare round bubbles. Hard white weathering.
TESSERAE
Smalt mosaic cubes or glass tesserae were used for wall decoration and made by knocking
off with a hammer from glass “cakes”. On the area only a few of them have been revealed though
in Chersonessos they were found in great amounts in basilicas. All of them have been found out of
their original contexts and represent admixture in the later contexts.
SR 336, room 28-2004. SF 2120. Part of trapezoid sandwiched gold leaf tessera: one of
the facets of the cube is likely to have been faced with gold foil with a thin protective layer of
clear glass fused above. Transparent, light green, clear. Iridescence. 0,7 х 0,7 cm.
SR 420, room 34 (yard 2)-2004. Trapezoid tessera. 0,7 х 1,0 х 0,45 cm. Yellow opaque.
SR 603, 37425-2005, room 30. Fragment of rectangular tessera. One of facets is knockedoff. Turquoise opaque. Dulling.
BRACELETS
Glass bracelets imitating those of various minerals appeared in the second half of the 2 nd
century. At this very time they are likely to have appeared in Chersonessos. Seamless bracelets
mainly of black opaque glass, occurred in the 2nd – 4th century burials of Chersonessos
necropolis386. The bracelets made in one piece were regarded as more valuable. In the chapter
“De anulis” from the glassmakers’ compendium by the monk Theophilus, he explains making
hoops without joins (a gob of hot glass was pieced with metal rod and rotated until it stretched to
the required diameter) and promotes the view that this technique was an admired glassmakers’
method and that such bracelets were highly appreciated products387.
SR 431-2004, room 37. Cross-section planoconvex. Transverse ribbing on the outer
surface. The color is so dense that appears black. Iridescent-silvery weathering. W. 0,7 cm; Тh.
0,35 cm.
385
Harden 1972, 83.
OAK 1894, 119; OAK 1895, 68, 70; OAK 1898, 184; OAK 1899, 120; Kostsyushko-Valyuzhinich 1911, 6, 8,
69; Golofast 1996в; Golofast 2001, 161.
387
Han 1975, 115.
386
This specimen supplements the group of bracelets of this kind revealed in Chersonessos
earlier . Find spots of five bracelets made of black glass are not known (excavations of the 19th
century), one, of green glass, was revealed in the pit that contained along with some Roman
material a coin of Justinian I389. The color of the bracelet allows assigning it to the second half of
the 4th century when colored bracelets (made of brown, green and blue glass) became especially
popular390. Of note are also 2 fragments of bracelets made of black opaque glass with deep
oblique ribbing dating back to the 3rd - 4th centuries391 and with spiral indentations on the outer
surface revealed in the cistern with the late 5th century filling392. Bracelets of this kind were very
popular in the Eastern Mediterranean and on the surrounding territories. Some specimens were
revealed in Western Europe. They are likely to have been produced simultaneously in several
centers on Palestine territory. The most probable of them is Jerusalem393.
Glass bracelets occurred rarely394 up to the 9th century when their mass production began
and they became the most wide spread articles of adornment. To this very time the earliest
bracelets of Sarkel395 and Tmutarakan396 are dated. Complete absence of their fragments among
materials from the deposits dated back to the period within the first half of the 9th century397
suggests that in Chersonessos they also appear in or immediately after the mid-9th century.
Late bracelets were not made in one piece as the earlier ones, but were formed by joining
the ends of an extended glass cane or band. Depending on their cross-section they are classified
as: circular, oval, planoconvex, planoconvex grooved, flattened with both surfaces more or less
flat, carinated, triangular, square and twisted. The process of manufacturing of the simplest and
thus the commonest circular-sectioned ones included drawing of a glass rod from the pot;
planoconvex-sectioned ones were made by drawing of a glass rod on a flat surface; sometimes on
this strip still lying on the flat surface an additional narrower strip of glass was applied thus
bracelets of complicated cross-section were made; the grooved ones were produced by one or
more longitudinal grooves on the upper surface of a glass strip while it still lied on a flat surface;
bracelets triangular- and square-sectioned as well as ribbed ones were manufactured with the help
of figured tubes; at last twisted bracelets were made by twisting of round-, triangular-, squaresectioned or ribbed rods; the cross-section depended on a form of dip-mould and determined the
type of spiral. Then the rods were cut to length, to their mid-point a pontil was attached for
reheating, then the softened rod was bent round and its ends were joined by overlapping or more
rarely by butting. The area around the join as a rule demonstrates distortion and tool, usually
pincers’, marks.
The prevalent glass color is blue of different hues. Other colors (black, green and
manganese) are represented with occasional specimens. Black glass of bracelets is not true black
but dark green, brown or manganese that are so dense that appear black. At least some of the
bracelets made of “black” and manganese glass were manufactured in the workshops of TransCaucasus, where they were wide spread in the 11th – 13th centuries. Most of them are roundsectioned though twisted and ribbed ones occur as well398. Two 13th - 14th century workshops
producing such bracelets have been uncovered in Orbeti and Natbeuri399. Besides chemical
analysis of one of Chersonessos bracelets made of “black” glass showed high proportion of
388
388
Golofast 1996.
Golofast 1996, 184, ris. 1, а-г.
390
Spaer 1988, 55-56.
391
Golofast 1996, 184.
392
Golofast 2001, 161.
393
Spaer 1988, 60, 61.
394
Saldern 1980, 91.
395
L'vova 1959, 307.
396
Schapova 1963, 111, 125.
397
Sedikova 1997.
398
Ramishvili 1970,104-105, tabl. XXVIII, 6; XXVII, 2; XXXIII; Djanpoladyan 1974, 42, tabl. 129; Ramishvili
2003, 313; L'vova 1959, 311-312.
399
Ugrelidze 1959.
389
manganese400 that is considered to be the sign of its provenance from Trans-Caucasian region
where there are large deposits of manganese ores401. Beside the “black” and manganese colors for
bracelets of Trans-Caucasian origin the decoration of joins either with pinches or deliberately
tooled double transverse grooves are characteristic. While everywhere only occasional specimens
of bracelets with this kind of decoration occur402, in the said region they are excavated in great
quantities403.
By state of weathering bracelets presented are subdivided into two distinct groups. The
first one is constituted by bracelets of different state of weathering that are considered to have
been manufactured in small provincial workshops. It is believed that the local glass-making
workshops were capable to meet the requirements of the comparatively simple production of easyto-make joined bracelets that could be performed by a single person. Relatively small quantity of
glass necessary for the production of glass bracelets could be melted in single furnaces or in
pottery kiln. Such workshops datable to the 9th - 10th centuries are attested in Pliska and Preslav
(Bulgaria)404.
The second group is comprised by fire-polished bracelets that still retain their original
gloss and translucency and are usually assigned to the products of Constantinopolitan
workshops405. Along with fire-polishing one more reason of their excellent preservation is
considered to be the high portion of Al²O³406.
At the straight-rod stage, i.e. before the final shaping of bracelets (before being reheated
and curved into a circle), some bracelets, mostly planoconvex, circular- and square-sectioned,
were decorated with cold painting. The motives are usually simple, chiefly geometric: straight or
undulating lines, zigzags, dots, rosettes, hatching, spirals, lozenges, ovals, St. Andrew’s crosses,
bands of diagonal line-ends); much rarer are floral ornaments. Often these motives are given in
various combinations. The ornament is painted in white (6), yellow (5), light blue (1) and gold (2);
two specimens are painted in two colors – red in combination with white and yellow enamels. Of
note is a complete identity of painted bracelets from Chersonessos with those found on other sites
of the Black Sea coast (Sarkel407, Tmutarakan408, Djadovo409, Pliska-Preslav410, Aboba-Pliska411
some other Bulgarian sites412) and other regions of Byzantium413. Their uniformity and wide
distribution have led to the conclusion that painted rods were created and decorated at some
innumerous centers, then widely sold and finished by less experienced glassworkers elsewhere.
Painted bracelets were especially widespread in the period between the 10th and mid-12th
centuries, after which they became much more frequent414.
On the area presented none of fire-polished bracelets revealed bear painting and painted
decoration appears to have been a privilege of weathered bracelets and in most cases due to wear
and weathering design is hardly visible. In some cases only faint shadows of designs have
survived in the form of dulling. Weathering often delete or conceal painted decoration and the
amount of painted bracelets was greater than it appears.
400
Bezborodov tabl. XX, 607.
Ugrelidze 1955, 15; L'vova 1959, 322; Schapova 1963, 108; Bezborodov 1969, 161.
402
L'vova 1959, 311; Redford 1986, 122, fig. 13, M.
403
Ramishvili 1970, 104-105, tabl. XXVIII, 6; XXVII, 2; XXXIII; Ugrelidze 1959; Djanpoladyan 1974, 42, tabl.
129; L’vova 1959, 310-312
404
Han 1975, 116.
405
Schapova 1983, 176.
406
L’vova 1959, 320.
407
L’vova 1959, 314-321, ris. 1-4, 7.
408
Schapova 1963, ris. 4.
409
Borisov 1989, fig. 348.
410
Dimitrov 1995, obr. 58, 9. 21-22.
411
Aboba Pliska, tabl. VII
412
Changova 1972, obr. 98; Shejleva 1995, 253, obr. 28; Shejleva 2001, 174, fig. 16.
413
Davidson 1952, table 112, 113; Gill
414
Borisov 1989, 292-293.
401
As it was already noted complicated stratigraphy of the area does not allow dating
bracelets by the layer in which they were found. But it’s logic to suggest that most of them are of
the Middle Byzantine date though there is a possibility that some of them might be of earlier
periods.
Blue
Circular-sectioned
SR 798 3884, Church-2006. Cross-section circular. Light bluish with aquamarine tinge.
Heavy white unflaking weathering. D. ca. 6,0 cm; Th. 0,41 cm.
SR 712 3392-2006, room 38. Cross-section circular. Overlapping ends. Flattened at join.
Pincers’ mark. Tool marks on inner surface: oblique indentations. Deep blue. Heavy silvery
weathering. Slightly deformed. D. ca. 9,0 cm; Th. 0,5-0,9 cm. Complicated vegetable ornament in
white and red is visible through the layer of weathering. Similar designs occur on glass bracelets
from Amorium415.
SR 603, room 30-2005. Cross-section circular. Cobalt blue. Dulling on surface. D. 6,4 cm;
Th. 0,6 cm.
SR 420, room 34 (yard 2)-2004. Cross-section circular. Cobalt blue. Heavy white
weathering with iridescence beneath. D. 6,0 cm; Th. 0,5 cm. Painted decoration in yellow: small
fragments of enamel have survived.
SR 672-2005, room 33. Cross-section circular. Cobalt blue. Iridescence. D. ca. 6,8 cm;
Th. 0,55 cm.
SR 674-2005, room 33. Cross-section circular. Cobalt blue. Dulling on surface. D. 4,8 cm;
Th. 0,4 cm.
Semicircular-sectioned
SR 610-2005, room 38. Cross-section semicircular. Cobalt blue. Dulling on surface. D.
6,4 cm; Th. 0,45-0,60 cm.
Oval-sectioned
SR 649-2005 (86/37425), room 38. Cross-section oval. Cobalt blue. Iridescence. D. 7,2
cm; Th. 0,6-0,7 cm.
SR 519, 2005, room 33. Cross-section oval. Cobalt blue. Iridescence. D. 7,4 cm; Th. 0,650,75 cm.
Ribbed
USCHPA202. SF 1290-2002. Ribbed. Blue. Thick silvery weathering with iridescence
beneath. D. ca 4,0 cm; Th. 0,55 cm.
SR 423, stenopos-2004. Ribbed. Blue. Hard silvery-white weathering. D. ca. 6,0 cm; Th.
0,6 – 0,7 cm.
Twisted
Used terms elaborated by Gill
USCHPA20. SF 1304-2002. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals; cross section circular
with numerous grooves. Blue. Thick iridescent-silvery weathering. D. is not estimated; Th. 0,7
cm.
SR 0152 SF 3606, yard-2006. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals; cross section round
with numerous grooves. Blue. Heavy silvery weathering. D. ca. 8,5 cm; Th. 0,7 cm.
SR 575-2005, room 37. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals; cross section round with
numerous grooves. Flattened at join. Blue. Easily flaking thick silvery weathering with
iridescence beneath. D. ca. 9,0 cm; Th. 0,7 cm.
SR 411-2004, yard. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals; cross section round with
numerous grooves. Blue. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca. 9,0 cm; Th. 0,6 cm.
SR 674-2005, room 33. Twisted; cross-section four-petalled. Blue. Dulling. D. 8,0 cm;
Th. 0,6 cm.
415
Gill 96-97, fig. 1/28; 2/36, 734, 736.
SR 519, (89/37425)-2005, room 33. Twisted; cross-section. Flattened where the ends
joins. Dark blue opaque. Slight iridescence. D. ca. 8,0 cm; Th. 1,0 cm.
SR 519, (№ 3261; 88/37425)-2005, room 33. Fluted spiral twist; cross-section square.
Blue. Slight iridescence. D. ca. 10,0 cm; Th. 0,35 cm.
SR 401, room 33-2004. Fluted spiral twist; cross-section square. Overlapping ends. Shows
traces of wear. Blue. Fire-polished; no traces of weathering. D. is not estimated. Th. 0,6 cm.
USCHPA00. SF 1308-2002. Fluted spiral twist; cross-section square. The exterior is
slightly worn out. One end is slightly flattened, maybe near to the join. Blue. Fire-polished; no
traces of weathering. D. ca.4,0 cm; Th. 0,45 cm.
Twisted with Colored Threads.
Round-sectioned coil with an inlaid thread of colored glass was twisted to produce
colored spirals.
SR 414, room 36-2004. Twisted with colored thread; cross-section round. Basic coil is
dark blue. Glass of thread is completely disintegrated. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. ca. 5,0 cm; Th. 0,45 cm.
Planoconvex and Flattened
32/37384-2002. Cross-section planoconvex. Faint traces of painting in white.
Overlapping join. Blue. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca. 6,4 cm; W. 1,0 cm;
Тh. 0,4 cm.
РА 190-2002. Cross-section planoconvex. Painting in bluish-green. Blue. Easily flaking
iridescent-silvery weathering. D. is not estimated. W.; Тh. 0,4 cm.
US CHРA 112, SF 1599-2002. Cross-section planoconvex. Faint traces of painting in
light green. Blue. Easily flaking silvery weathering with iridescence beneath. D. ca. 4,0 cm; W.
0,9-1,1 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
USCHPA108. SF 1481. Cross-section flattened. Blue. Hard white weathering with
remains of painting in red above: oval containing St. Andrew’s cross. Painting lying above
weathering layer is considered to be an indication that the bracelet was not baked after being
painted416. D. ca. 5,0 cm; W. 1,0 cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
USCHPA112. SF 1534-2002. Cross-section planoconvex with poorly pronounced
longitudinal groove on the interior. Blue. Faint traces of painting in blue: lozenges containing
dots and oval with dot in the center. Iridescence, locally enamel-like film. D. ca 7,0 cm; W.
1,4cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
SR 407, room 35-2004. Cross-section planoconvex. Deformed. Faint traces of painting in
white. Blue. Severe white weathering. D. is not estimated; W. 1,1 cm; Тh. 0,7 cm.
SR 364, room 29-2004. Cross-section planoconvex. Overlapping join. Partially preserved
painting in white: spiral. The spiral-pattern is one of the most frequently occurred motives417.
Blue. Silvery weathering with iridescence beneath. D. is not estimated; W. 1,2 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
SR 456, room 33-2004. Flattened. Painting in yellow. Blue. White weathering. D. is not
estimated; W. 0,55 cm; Тh. 0,3 cm.
SR 411-2004, yard. Cross-section planoconvex, carinated (triangular with flat interior and
ridged exterior). Blue. Easily flaking grayish weathering with iridescence beneath. Painting in
white. D. is not estimated; W. 1,0 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 454, room 29-2004. Cross-section planoconvex, carinated (triangular with flat interior
and ridged exterior). Blue. Easily flaking silvery weathering with iridescence beneath. D. ca 7,0
cm; W. 1,11 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 373, room 36-2004. Flattened, sub-rectangular in section. Painting in white: zigzagwavy line with some uncertain figures on both sides. Dark blue. Heavy white weathering. D. is not
estimated; W. 1,1 cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
SR 348, room 29-2004. Cross-section planoconvex. Overlapping join. Blue. Fire-polished.
D. ca 5,8 cm; W. 0,8 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
416
417
Borisov 1989, 291-292.
Gill, fig. 1/27; 2/35, 694-706, 713.
SR 414, room 36-2004. Carinated (triangular with flat interior and ridged exterior).
Overlapping join. Deep short groove left by a hot tool at join. Blue; elongated bubbles. Firepolished. Surface is slightly worn out. D. is not estimated; W. 0,8 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 452, room 29-2004. Дневная поверхность 12-13 вв. без примеси (?). Carinated
(triangular with flat interior and ridged exterior). Blue; fire-polished. The exterior is slightly worn
out. D. is not estimated; W. 1,2 cm; Тh. 0,45 cm.
USCHPA278. SF 1834-2002. Cross-section planoconvex, sub-triangular. Blue; firepolished. D. ca 5,0 cm; W. 1,05 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
SR 603, 2005, room. Cross-section flattened. Overlapping join. Blue. Partially preserved
painting in white (three oblique lines). Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. is not estimated due to
deformation at join. D. is not estimated; W. 1,4 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
SR 367-2005, room 31. Cross-section planoconvex. Blue. Iridescent-silvery weathering.
D. ca 7,4 cm; W. 1,15 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 668, 3331-2005, room 38. Cross-section planoconvex. Complicated painting in light
green: lozenges containing dots and oval with dot in center, single or double quirks filling
interstices. Analogous pattern: Amorium418. Blue. Dulling. D. ca. 5,8 cm; W. 1,05 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 423 (№№ 27). Поперечная улица-2005. Cross-section planoconvex. Partially
preserved painting in white: three oblique lines. Blue. Iridescent-silvery weathering and numerous
cavities. D. ca. 7,1 cm; W. 1,3 cm; Тh. 0,45 cm.
SR 606-2005, room 38. Carinated (triangular with flat interior and ridged exterior).
Overlapping join. Faint traces of painting: oval on one facet and oblique lines on the other. Blue.
Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. is not estimated; W. 1,0 cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
SR 627-2005, room 37. Cross-section planoconvex. Painting in yellow: zigzag-wavy lines
alternating with double oblique lines. Dark blue. Milky weathering. D. 3,0 cm; W. 0,9 cm; Тh.
0,45 cm.
Flat Grooved
SR 560, room 32, floor-2004. Grooved: flat with two exterior grooves. Blue. Easily
flaking silvery weathering with iridescence beneath. D. is not estimated; W. 1,2 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
SR 461, room 32-2004. Grooved: flat with two exterior grooves. Blue. Iridescent-silvery
weathering. D. is not estimated; W. 1,25 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 340, room 28-2004. Grooved: flat with exterior groove. Dark blue. Easily flaking
silvery-iridescent weathering. D. 5,0 cm; W. 1,2 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
Planoconvex in Section with a Broad Central Ridge
Grooves near either edge produced flanges either side of a broad central ridge.
32/37384-2002. Planoconvex with grooves near edges and prominent middle part. Traces
of painting in white: a band of end-lines with a spiral at a place of join. Blue. Easily flaking
iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca. 5,0 cm; W. 1,0cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
SR 509 (SF 2911), yard-2005. Planoconvex with grooves near edges and prominent
middle part. Blue; fire-polished. D. is not estimated; W. 0,7 cm; Тh. 0,45 cm.
SR 454, room 29-2004. Planoconvex with grooves near edges and prominent middle part.
Flattened at join. Blue. Fire-polished. D. is not estimated; W. 1,0 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 672, (№ 3372; 87/37425)-2005, room 33. Planoconvex with grooves near edges and
prominent middle part. Blue. Fire-polished. Exterior is slightly worn out. D. ca. 4,6 cm; W. 1,1
cm; W. of central ridge 0,55 cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
Green
Circular- and Oval-sectioned
SR 579, 3113-2005, Main Street. Cross-section oval, slightly twisted and deformed. Light
green; numerous pin-prick round and elongated bubbles. Slight iridescence. D. is not estimated;
Th. 0,5-0,7 cm.
418
Gill, 215-216, fig. 2/36, 726-728.
SR 431, fill of pit-2004, room 37. Cross-section circular. Green. Dulling on surface. D.
ca. 5,5 cm; Th. 0,45 cm.
USCHPA15. SF 1118-2002. Cross-section circular. Dark green. Heavy thick silverygolden weathering. D. ca. 6,5 cm; Th. 0,5-0,6 cm.
SR 407, room 33-2004. Cross-section circular slightly spreading downward (stem of
lamp?) Greenish; no bubbles. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. is not estimated; Th.
0,5 cm.
SR 367, 2005, room 31. Cross-section oval. Green. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca.
7,2 cm; Th. 0,6-0,7 cm.
SR 507, 2005, yard. Cross-section three-petalled rosette. Dark, green or brown. Smooth
surface, locally hard white weathering.
SR 423, stenopos-2004. Ribbed. Greenish-blue of aquamarine hue; numerous elongated
bubbles. Locally heavy white weathering. D. ca 7,0 cm; Th. 0.65-0,75 cm.
SR 543, 3258, 2005. Cross-section circular; ribbed (?). Green (?). Overlapping join
decorated with two deep transverse grooves. Glass is almost completely disintegrated. D. 7,0 cm;
Th. 0,6 cm.
SR 792 3598-2006, room 31а. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals, cross section round
with numerous grooves. Pincers’ mark near to join. Dark (dark green?), opaque. Heavy yellowish
weathering almost completely disintegrated the glass. D. ca. 6,8 cm; Th. 0,6-0,7 cm.
32/37384-2002, church. Cross-section flattened. Painting in white: wavy line. Green.
Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca 5,0 cm; W. 1,4 cm; Тh. 0,4 cm.
SR 0912 SF 3937, yard-2006. Cross-section planoconvex with round-sectioned rod on
exterior. On one of the ends there are oblique double grooves that decorated the join. Dark
(green?), opaque. Strips of marvered red opaque glass on outer surface and one of lateral ones.
Dulling. D. ca. 5,5 cm; W. 0,5 cm; Тh. 0,39 cm.
SR 603 (3168; 85/37425), room 30-2005. Cross-section planoconvex. Dark green.
Dulling. D. 6,8 cm; W. 0,85cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
Black
Circular- and Oval-sectioned
SR 643 (3260), room 30-2005. Cross-section circular. The color is so dense that appears
black, inferior quality. Deep weathering. D. 5,0 cm; Th. 0,5 cm.
SR 569, (3067; 84/37425)-2005, room 38. Cross-section circular. The color is so dense
that appears black. Dulling on surface. D. 6,8 cm; Th. 0,4 cm.
SR 0929 3966, 2006, yard. Cross-section circular. The color is so dense that appears
black. Painted decoration in gold and enamel encircling rod. Light iridescence. D. ca. 8,2 cm; Th.
0,65 cm.
SR 560, room 32, floor-2004. Cross-section circular. The color is so dense that appears
black. Painted decoration in yellow. One of the ends, possibly near to join is deformed and
became sub-squarer in section. Easily flaking thin silvery weathering with iridescence beneath. D.
ca. 6,5 cm; Th. 0,7 cm.
SR 461, room 32-2004. Cross-section circular. The color is so dense that appears black.
Heavy white weathering with iridescence beneath. D. 6,5 cm; Th. 0,7 cm.
USCHPA. SF 1015-2002. Cross-section circular. The color is so dense that appears black.
Locally heavy white weathering; locally shiny, unweathered. D. ca. 8,0 cm; Th. 0,55 cm.
SR 434, Поперечная улица-2005. Cross-section oval. Deep groove on side surface. The
color is so dense that appears black. Painted decoration in yellow: series of ovals between double
end-lines on three faces. Parallels: Sarkel419. Heavy white weathering. D. ca. 7,0 cm; Th. 0,50 х
0,55 cm.
SR 0509 SF 3796, yard-2006. Cross-section oval. The color is so dense that appears
black. Dark silvery weathering with iridescence beneath. D. ca. 6,0 cm; Th. 0,60x0,65 сm.
419
L’vova 1959, ris. 1, 5.
SR 643 (3259), room 30-2005. Cross-section oval. The color is so dense that appears
black. Surface shiny and smooth, unweathered. D. is not estimated; Th. 0,65-0,8 cm.
Square-sectioned
SR 753 3432-2006, room 38. Cross-section square. Overlapping ends. The color is so
dense that appears black. Painted decoration in yellow: series of ovals between double end-lines
on three faces. Dulling. D. ca. 5,5 cm; W. 0,55 cm.
Square-sectioned bracelets with similar painted design in yellow and white were spread on
a vast territory. They are made of glass of different colors. For example excavations in Amorium
produced two bracelets of colorless glass, 2 – of dark reddish-brown, 1 – of bluish-green and 1 –
of pale green420. In Corinth 2 bracelets of dark blue and amethyst glass were revealed421. In
Novgorod one of two revealed bracelets is made of dark green glass, the other – of grayishblue422. The exact analogies come from excavations in Sarkel423 and Tmutarakan424
Planoconvex and Flattened
USCHPA176. SF 1117-2002. Cross-section flat with slightly concave facets on exterior.
The color is so dense that appears black. Locally dulling, locally thin silvery weathering with
iridescence beneath. D. ca. 6,0 cm; W. – 1,0; Тh. 0,35; 0,6 cm.
USCHPA176. SF 922-2002. Cross-section sub-rectangular. The color is so dense that
appears black. Hard iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca. 6,5 cm; W. 1,05 cm; Тh. 0,5 cm.
38. USCHPA307. SF 1991-2002 г. Cross-section flattened. The color is so dense that
appears black. Hard iridescent weathering. D. ca. 4,5 cm; W. 0,9 cm; Тh. 0,3 cm.
SR 434, Поперечная улица-2005. Cross-section planoconvex. Cold-painted in yellow
and red. The color is so dense that appears black. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca. 7,0 cm; W.
1,0 cm; Тh. 0,39 cm.
Flat grooved
SR 785 3614-2006. room 38. Grooved: planoconvex with two grooves between three
ridges on exterior. Faint traces of painting: transverse lines. The color is so dense that appears
black. Iridescence. D. ca. 5,5 cm; W. 0,8 cm; Тh. 0,35 cm.
SR 0785 3555, room 38, 2006. Grooved: planoconvex with two grooves between three
ridges on the exterior. Threads of white opaque glass along grooves. Additional painted
decoration in gold. The color is so dense that appears black. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. ca.
7,0 cm; W. 1,95 cm; Тh. 0,3 cm.
SR 575, 2005, room 37. Planoconvex with poorly pronounced rib on exterior and slight
groove on interior. The color is so dense that appears black. Iridescence, locally hard white
weathering. D. 7,0 cm; W. 1,35 cm; Тh. 0,55 cm.
Twisted
USCHPA197. SF 1350-2002. Mechanical twist with thin red thread; fine regular spirals,
cross section round with numerous grooves. Flattened at join. The color is so dense that appears
black. Heavy white weathering. D. ca 6,0 cm; Тh. 0,6 cm.
SR 369, room 30-2004. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals, cross section round with
numerous grooves. The color is so dense that appears black. Thick hard golden weathering with
iridescence beneath. D. is not estimated; Th. 0,6 cm.
USCHPA110. SF 1727-2002. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals, cross section round
with numerous grooves. The color is so dense that appears black. Dulling. D. ca 6,0 cm; Th. 0,8
cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004, SF 2269. Mechanical twist; fine regular spirals, cross
section round with numerous grooves. The color is so dense that appears black. Heavy white
weathering. D. is not estimated; Th. 0,5 cm.
420
Gill, 94, 211, fig. 1/26, 512, 513; 2/34, 678, 683.
Davidson 1952, 265, pl. 113, 2160-2161.
422
Poluboyarinova 1963, 175.
423
L’vova 1959, 320, ris. 1, 6;
424
Schapova, 1963, 113.
421
Manganese
SR 461, room 32-2004. Carinated (triangular with flat interior and ridged exterior). Near
to overlapping join is flattened. Exterior is slightly worn-out. Dark manganese with longitudinal
strips of blue glass inside. Fire-polished. D. is not estimated; W. 0,8 cm; Тh. 0,3 cm.
SR 336, room 28-2004. Grooved: planoconvex with two grooves between three ridges on
exterior. Manganese. Easily flaking iridescent-silvery weathering. D. 8,0 cm; W. 1,0 cm; Тh. 0,4
cm.
On the area …fragments of glass bracelets have been found.
Their diameter varying from about … to … cm is estimated approximately by their
fragments for most of complete bracelets did not represent a true circle and were deformed
especially near to the join.
The most numerous group is constituted by weathered bracelets made of blue glass (?) that
comprise % of total. Those made of “black” one are much rarer () - %. Bracelets made of green
and manganese glass are represented correspondingly with…fragments. In all groups bracelets of
simple technological types prevail: circular-, oval- sectioned () and planoconvex (?). Twisted,
planoconvex grooved, ribbed, square-sectioned are represented in much less quantities:
correspondingly… Of note is the fact that bracelets of blue glass are mostly planoconvex and
round-sectioned, of “black”, manganese, green and brown are round-sectioned and twisted. For
the first cold painting is more typical, for the latter - . In the group of unweathered bracelets of
Constantinople make carinated and palnoconvex ones predominate. Painting decorates
predominantly flattened and square-sectioned bracelets.
FINGER RINGS
USCHPA216. SF 1317-2002. Fragment of finger ring with disk-shaped (oval flat) bezel.
Cross-section plano-convex. Likely to have been fashioned by winding. Blue. Hard white
weathering. D. ca 1,8 cm; W. 0,5; Тh. 0,3 cm.
SR 407, room 35-2004, SF 2423. Fragment of finger ring flattened on inside. Black
opaque. Dulling. D. ca. 1,8 cm; W. 0,35 cm; Тh. 0,2 cm. Difficult to understand whether it was
fashioned by winding or by drawing of a glass rod on a flat surface with further bending the
softened rod round and joining its ends.
Glass Insets for Finger Rings
Glass insets were inserted into the bezel of bronze and even silver rings. Their
manufacturing was rather simple and required rather modest facilities.
Room 31-2006, SR 828 3719. Round inset. Cross-section plano-convex. Bright dark-blue.
Hard thick silvery weathering. D. 1,7 cm; H. 0,65 cm. 3 century BC.
Room 33, SR 519, (№ 2989; 95/37425) -2005. Round inset. Cross-section semicircular.
Almost colorless. Weathering was probably deleted in the course of restoration. D. 1,15-1,2 cm;
H. 0,6 cm.
Church-2006, SR 132 3840. Inset. Truncated cone in section, polyhedron in plan. Upper
and lower surfaces are flat. Polished. Glass semitransparent, with slight greenish tinge; occasional
pinprick elongated bubbles. Slight iridescent-silvery weathering. D. 1,2 cm; H. 0,2 cm. Polyhedral
glass insets were intended to imitate rock crystal.
BEADS
Although beads have always been the item of thorough examination it’s difficult to date
them or to define their origin for many types were made over the extensive period of time, in
many places and were widely exported. Besides most beads produced by the excavations on the
area came from the contexts with large admixture of residual materials.
The beads presented are fashioned either by winding of soften glass thread on a cylindrical
or conical rod or by drawing of a glass tube with its further division into separate beads.
Room 6, завал внутри помещения, 2001, 82/37363. Faceted cylindrical. Centered
cylindrical canal 0,4 cm in diameter. Convex even edge. Fashioned by winding with further
shaping into faceted bead. Black opaque. Locally dulling. D. 0,7 cm; H. 1,45 cm.
USCHPA164. SF 1133-2002, grave 1. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,3 cm in
diameter. Fashioned by winding. Yellowish. Heavy white weathering. D. 0,7 cm; H. 0,35 cm.
USCHPA164. SF 824-2002, grave 1. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,2 cm in
diameter. Fashioned by winding. Glass color is unidentified due to weathering and small
dimensions of bead. Heavy white weathering. D. 0,5 cm; H. 0,35 cm.
30/37384-2002, room 26. Fragment of spherical double-layer “eyed” bead. Centered
cylindrical canal 0,9 cm in diameter. Preserved edge even and convex. Kernel of bead is
fashioned of greenish glass with thick (0,3-0,6 cm) layer of opaque bright yellow glass applied
above. Separately made “eyes” of black and white opaque glass are deepened into upper layer.
No weathering. D. ca. 3,0 cm; H. ca. 2,7 cm.
30/37384-2002. Rounded, biconical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,5 cm in diameter.
Edges even. Black. Rolls of yellow opaque glass around both inlets of canal. Marvered
decoration of yellow and white glass or enamel. Dulling. D. 1,2 cm.
Room 30, 31/37384-2002. Rounded, biconical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,3 cm in
diameter. Fashioned by winding. Black opaque. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. 0,6 cm.
31/37384-2002. Spherical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,3 cm in diameter. Fashioned by
winding. Black opaque. White weathering. D. 0,9 cm; H. 0,75 cm.
31/37384-2002. Rounded, biconical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,2 cm in diameter.
Fashioned by winding. Blue. Locally white weathering, locally dulling. D. 0,7 cm; H. 0,5 cm.
SR 336, room 28-2004, SF 2119. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,4 cm in
diameter. Slight ridge around one of inlets. Fashioned by winding. Black opaque. Heavy white
weathering. D. 1,2 cm; H. 1,0 cm.
SR 362, church, tomb 2-2004, SF 2223. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal 0,35 cm in
diameter. Slight ridge around one of inlets. Fashioned by winding. Yellowish opaque. Dulling.
D. 0,65 cm; H. 0,4 cm.
SR 435, room 36-2004. SF 2599. Rounded biconical. Centered cylindrical canal ca. 0,4
cm in diameter. Fashioned by winding. Blue. Dulling. D. 1,1 cm; H. 0,5 cm.
Room 38, SR 609, (3183; 90/37425)-2005. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal.
Fashioned by winding. Greenish-yellow. Heavy white weathering. D. 1,2 cm; H. 1,15 cm.
Room 31, SR 618, (3887; 91/37425)-2005. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal.
Fashioned by winding. Yellow opaque. Dulling. D. 0,7 cm; H. 0,45 cm.
SR 509 (SF 2893), yard-2005. Elliptical. Centered cylindrical canal. Fashioned by
winding. Green opaque. Dulling. D. 0,6 cm; H. 0,35 cm.
Church, apsis-2006. SR 0798 3725. Rounded biconical. Centered conical canal 0,35 0,41cm in diameter with convex canal. Fashioned by winding. Glass color is unidentifiable.
Heavy white weathering. D. 0,9 cm; H. 0,75 cm.
Room 31, SR 713 3401-2006. Rounded biconical. Centered conical canal. Fashioned by
winding. Blue. Heavy silvery weathering. D. 0,8 cm; H. 0,5 cm.
Room 31, SR 615, (3231; 94/37425)-2005. Cylindrical with three yellow round plastic.
Centered cylindrical canal. Fashioned by winding. Black opaque. Heavy white weathering. D. 1,0
cm; H. 0,8 cm. Beads with this kind of decoration were very common in the 11th - 14th centuries
on a vast territory that included North-Western and North-Eastern Russia, Bolgar, Nothern
Caucasus, the Volga region425.
SR 509 (SF а; 93/37425), yard-2005. Rounded cylindrical. Centered cylindrical canal.
Fashioned by winding. Marvered decoration with colored glass threads. Glass completely
disintegrated by weathering. D. 0,8 cm; H. 1,0 cm.
Yard, context 0772 SF 3728-2006. Elliptical. Decorated with bits of opaque white glass.
Centered conical canal with slight grooves around inlets of canal. Black opaque. Dulling. D. 2,02,1 cm; H. 1,5 cm.
425
Busyatskaya 1976, 41.
Yard, context 782 SF 3940-2006. Ribbed, cylindrical with constrictions made by pincers.
Centered cylindrical canal. Fashioned by drawing of a glass tube with its further division into
separate beads. Black opaque. Iridescent-silvery weathering. D. 0,5 cm; H. 1,55 cm.
So for the exception of one specimen all the beads presented are fashioned by winding of a
glass thread around a rod. Most of them are plain undecorated one-colored.
The presented corpus of glass ranges in date from the 1st up to the 13th centuries. Yet rare
fragments presented here can be safely dated through archaeological means, and most dates are
suggested by parallels from elsewhere. The glass found demonstrates a continuous succession of
many types dating from the first centuries to the medieval period: shapes of Roman and medieval
vessels are very similar and methods of manufacture and the types of decoration (applied threads,
marvered decoration and so on) are generally the same.
The amount of the revealed glass fragments precisely dated back to the 1st to the 5th
centuries is quite insignificant. The portion of later glass is much larger. Yet it should be noted
that the large portion of glass fragments revealed in the 13th century contexts is residual. The
assemblage of the late glass is constituted mainly by fragments of bracelets while fragments of
vessels datable to the same period are innumerous.
The greatest part of the presented corpus of glass finds revealed on the area is constituted
by stemmed goblets and lamps, the portion of other forms is much less. Partially it can be
explained by the fact that fragments of stemmed goblets and lamps (handles, stems, etc.) survive
practically intact and are easily identifiable. All the rest forms being more fragile have preserved
in very fragmentary condition and are hardly, if possible, recognizable.
For the exception of the 5th century426 we have no conclusive evidence for local glass
workshops and most glass articles are thought to have been imported from several places. To
define the exact center of manufacture is always difficult for technologies spread rapidly
throughout the Mediterranean that allows suggesting only a region of production but not an exact
centre. Among possible areas of supply are Caucasus, Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor, i.e. mainly the
Islamic world though Byzantine origin of some vessels can’t be excluded. Though little direct
evidence on manufacture of glass at Constantinople are known (neither factory has been
excavated nor glass makers or sellers are mentioned in the Book of the Prefect), C. Mango noted
an explicit reference in the 9th – 10th century text of Miracles of St. Photeine that confirms the
local manufacture of glass427.
In general the set of glass vessels is similar to the one from any other Byzantine center and
the presented catalogue reflects the assortment of glass forms that were in use through the
Byzantine period.
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Безбородов М.А. Химия и технология древних и средневековых стекол. – Минск, 1969.
Известия Русского археологического института в Константинополе. – Т. Х. – Албом
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Кропоткин В.В. О производстве стекла и стеклянных изделий в средневековых городах
Северного Причерноморья и на Руси. – КСИИМК. – 68. - 1957
Оммеяды - 661-750
SR 414, room 36-2004. 12-13 вв. с примесью более раннего материала,
убывающего в хронологическом порядке. 1. Fragment of cylindrical solid stem
расширяющейся в нижней части, у плоско срезанной подошвы. Greenish. Hard thick milky
weathering. D. of stem 0,5 cm.
SR 360, room 28-2004. Материал крайне малочислен. 12-13вв. (?)
1. Цилиндрическая, расширяющаяся книзу, сплошная ножка лампады (?) с косо
срезанной плоской подошвой и треугольным углублением в нижней части. Стекло с
зеленоватым оттенком. Поверхность покрыта плотным, трудно отслаивающимся черным
слоем продуктов выветривания. Сохр. В. ножки – 2,4 см. Д. ножки – 0,6 – 0,5 см.