Chapter 4 Quick Quiz
1. The birth process involves ___________ stages, the final culminating with the expulsion of the umbilical cord
and the placenta.
a. two
c. four
b. three
d. five
2. Preston was relatively healthy at birth and had a(n) ___________ score of 8. This standard score evaluates the
general health of the newborn on five different dimensions.
a. Asgar
c. Apgar
b. Health status
d. Acute health
3. Willard and his wife were concerned that their newborn was taken from the delivery room before they had a
chance to establish any type of close physical and emotional contact with their son immediately following his
birth. Willard and his wife are concerned about their ___________ with their son.
a. attachment
c. modeling
b. imprinting
d. bonding
4. Maria decided that she wanted an anesthesia for the birth of her first child. After consulting her doctor, she
decided on a dual spinal or a ___________ because she would still be able to move about freely during labor.
a. walking epidural
c. dermal epidural
b. neuro epidural
d. waking epidural
5. Sylvie just recently gave birth to a daughter who weighed just 5 pounds at birth. Although she was born on her
due date, the doctors classified her as
a. preterm.
c. post-term.
b. very-low-birthweight.
d. small-for-gestational-age.
6. The number of Cesarean deliveries has soared in the United States. According to the textbook, which of the
following is a contributor to the rapid rise in Cesarean deliveries?
a. demand for convenience
c. use of midwives
b. presence of a doula
d. fetal monitors
7. The factor most closely linked to infant mortality is
a. low-birthweight.
c. race.
b. socioeconomic status.
d. maternal age.
8. For some new mothers the time after the birth of their child is marked by a period of depression, a pervasive
feeling of sadness and unhappiness also known as
a. parental depression.
c. postpartum depression.
b. baby blues.
d. prenatal depression.
9. All of the following are ways that newborns learn EXCEPT
a. habituation.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. observational learning.
10. An example of the earliest forms of social interaction between parent and infant involves the regulation of the
infant’s ___________, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness.
a. REM sleep
c. emotional expressions
b. states of arousal
d. attention
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Chapter 4 Quick Quiz Answers
1. Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 91, 92
Type: Factual
Rationale: The birth process involves three stages, the last culminating with the expulsion of both the umbilical
cord and the placenta.
2. Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 92, 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Preston received an 8 as his Apgar score. The Apgar evaluates the relative health of the child at birth
on five dimensions. Each dimension is given a score between zero and two. A score of 7 or more indicates good
health; less than 4 requires a life-threatening intervention.
3. Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 93, 94
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Bonding is the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period
immediately following birth.
4. Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 98
Type: Factual
Rationale: A walking epidural, or a dual-spinal epidural, uses a system for administering continuous doses of
anesthetic. It permits women to move about more freely during labor and has fewer side effects than traditional
epidural anesthesia.
5. Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: d
Page(s): 101
Type: Applied
Rationale: All of the choices are various types of birth complications. Preterm is an infant born prior to 38
weeks and post-term is an infant born 2 weeks after the mother’s due date. Sylvie’s baby was neither early nor
late. However, the baby’s weight was below the average newborn (7.5 pounds). Very-low-birthweight infants
weigh less than 2.25 pounds. However, Sylvie’s baby was born on time, but weighed less than 90% of the
average weight of infants of the same gestational age.
6. Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: d
Page(s): 104
Type: Factual
Rationale: The routine use of fetal monitors, devices that measure the fetus’s heartbeat during labor, has
contributed to the soaring rate of Cesarean deliveries.
7. Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: a
Page(s): 106
Type: Factual
Rationale: Low-birthweight is the factor most closely linked to infant mortality. In 1996, the United States
ranked 26th among industrialized countries in terms of infant mortality; this is in large part due to the higher
rate of low-birthweight and preterm deliveries in the United States.
8. Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 108
Type: Factual
Rationale: A period of deep depression following the birth of a child affects some 10% of all new mothers.
Symptoms include an enduring, deep feeling of sadness and unhappiness, lasting in some cases for months or
even years.
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9. Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: d
Page(s): 111, 112 Type: Factual
Rationale: Newborns learn through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and habituation. They are not
yet capable of observational learning.
10. Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 113
Type: Factual
Rationale: The regulation of states of arousal is the earliest evidence of social interaction between infant and
adult. The caregiver assists the infant in re-establishing a regular cycle of states of arousal, which was disrupted
at birth.
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Chapter 4
Birth and the Newborn Infant
Multiple Choice Questions
4.1
At birth, a newborn is a called a(n) ___________.
a. newnate
c. baby
b. infant
d. neonate
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 90
Type: Factual
Rationale: The term used for newborns is neonates.
4.2
Marcia’s head was cone-shaped, she had some blood on the top of her head and was damp from amniotic
fluid, her body was covered with a cheesy substance, she had downy hair on her ears, and her nose was
flattened by its trip through the birth canal. This is a vivid description of a(n)
a. neonate.
c. baby.
b. infant.
d. newnate.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 90
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The description is of a neonate, or newborn.
4.3
About 266 days after conception, a protein called ___________ triggers the release of hormones and the
process that leads to birth.
a. corticotropin-releasing hormone
c. cortaide-releasing hormone
b. cortizone-releasing hormone
d. cortico-releasing hormone
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 91
Type: Factual
Rationale: For some still unknown reason, about 266 days after conception, a protein called corticotropin-releasing
hormone (or CRH) triggers the release of various hormones, and the process that leads to birth begins.
4.4
Braxton-Hicks contractions are sometimes called
a. transition labor.
c. belabored labor.
b. false labor.
d. oxytocin.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 91
Type: Factual
Rationale: After the fourth month of pregnancy, the uterus will occasionally contract to ready itself for the eventual
delivery. Although it may feel as if labor is beginning, it is not and therefore is often called false labor.
4.5
The ___________ stage of labor is the longest.
a. first
c. third
b. second
d. fourth
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 91
Type: Factual
Rationale: The first stage of labor (there are three stages) is the longest. Its duration varies significantly.
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4.6
During the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions increase in intensity, often occurring every
two minutes and lasting almost two minutes. This period is known as
a. transport.
c. transparent.
b. transition.
d. translucent.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 91
Type: Factual
Rationale: Toward the end of the first part of the first stage of labor, the contractions increase to their greatest
intensity, a period known as transition.
4.7
Typically, labor takes ___________ hours for firstborn children, but there are wide variations.
a. 2 to 4
c. 16 to 24
b. 4 to 6
d. 36 to 48
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 91
Type: Factual
Rationale: While the time for the firstborn child is usually between 16 to 24 hours, the duration of labor can
vary widely.
4.8
The ___________ stage of labor lasts about 90 minutes and ends when the baby has completely left the
mother’s body.
a. first
c. third
b. second
d. fourth
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 91, 92
Type: Factual
Rationale: The second stage of labor (there are three) typically lasts about 90 minutes and ends when the baby has
completely left the mother’s body.
4.9
An incision called an ___________ is sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to
allow the baby to pass.
a. equilateral
c. episiotomy
b. epitome
d. epidural
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 92
Type: Factual
Rationale: The episiotomy is an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow
the baby to pass.
4.10 During the second stage of labor, Carla’s obstetrician performed an ___________ in order to increase the size
of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass.
a. equilateral
c. episiotomy
b. epitome
d. epidural
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 92
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The episiotomy is an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow
the baby to pass.
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4.11 The ___________ stage of labor is the quickest and easiest and occurs when the child’s umbilical cord and
the placenta are expelled from the mother.
a. first
c. third
b. second
d. fourth
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 92
Type: Factual
Rationale: The third stage of labor (there are three in total) occurs when the child’s umbilical cord (still attached to
the neonate) and the placenta are expelled from the mother. This stage is the quickest and easiest, taking just a few
minutes.
4.12 A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns is known
as the ___________ scale.
a. Acute
c. Asgar
b. Apnea
d. Apgar
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 92, 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: The Apgar scale is a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health
in newborns.
4.13 The Apgar scale is designed to assess a neonate’s
a. emotional adjustment.
c. physical condition.
b. cognitive capabilities.
d. social adjustment.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: The Apgar scale is a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health
in newborns.
4.14 The Apgar scale measures a neonate on the following dimensions
a. head circumference, height, and weight.
c. taste, vision, and hearing.
b. appearance, pulse, and grimace.
d. reaction to social and physical stimuli.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: The Apgar scale measures appearance (A), pulse (P), grimace (G), activity (A), and respiration (R).
4.15 The Apgar scale allows health-care workers to assign the newborn a score ranging from 0 to 2 on each of the
five basic qualities, producing an overall score that can range from
a. 0 to 10.
c. 5 to 10.
b. 1 to 9.
d. 0 to 5.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: Health-care workers assign a score ranging from 0 to 2 on each of the five dimensions for an overall
score between 0 and 10.
4.16 The vast majority of newborns receive Apgar scores of 7 or above, indicating that they are in ___________
physical condition.
a. poor
c. unstable
b. fair
d. good
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
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Rationale: Health-care workers will assign a score of 0 to 2 for each of the five dimensions for an overall score
between 0 and 10. The vast majority of children score 7 or above, indicating good physical condition.
4.17 Apgar scores below 4 often indicate that the newborn is in ___________ physical condition.
a. poor
c. excellent
b. fair
d. good
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: Newborns who score under 4 need immediate, life-saving interventions.
4.18 According to the Apgar scale, reflex irritability refers to
a. color.
c. grimace.
b. heart rate.
d. activity.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: One of the five dimensions included in the Apgar scale, grimace refers to reflex irritability.
4.19 According to the Apgar scale, muscle tone refers to
a. color.
c. grimace
b. heart rate.
d. activity.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: One of the five dimensions included in the Apgar scale, activity refers to muscle tone.
4.20 According to the Apgar scale, respiratory effort refers to
a. color.
c. grimace.
b. heart rate.
d. respiration.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: One of the five dimensions included in the Apgar scale, respiration refers to respiratory effort.
4.21 Kristen was born with a pink body and blue extremities. She would score a ___________ on the Apgar scale
for appearance (color).
a. zero
c. two
b. one
d. three
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: One of the five dimensions included in the Apgar scale is appearance, which indicates skin color.
Because Kristen has a normal color except for her extremities, she would score 1 point on this dimension.
4.22 When Tamara was born she was unable to breathe on her own. She would score a ___________ on the Apgar
scale for respiration (breathing).
a. zero
c. two
b. one
d. three
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: One of the five dimensions included in the Apgar scale is respiration. Because Tamara was unable to
breathe on her own, she would score a zero on this dimension.
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4.23 Hilda was born flailing her arms and legs about. She would score a ___________ on the Apgar scale for
activity (muscle tone).
a. one
c. zero
b. two
d. four
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: One of the five dimensions included in the Apgar scale is respiration. Because Hilda was flailing her
arms and legs about, indicating active movement, she would score a two on this dimension.
4.24 Mazi came into the world with a robust cry. He would score a ___________ on the Apgar scale.
a. one
c. zero
b. two
d. four
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The presence of crying indicates good respiration, so Mazi would receive a score of two.
4.25 A restriction of oxygen lasting a few minutes can produce cognitive deficits such as language delays and even
mental retardation due to brain cell death. This restriction of oxygen is called
a. anorexia.
c. apgar.
b. anoxia.
d. appropriate.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: A restriction of oxygen, or anoxia, lasting a few minutes can produce cognitive deficits such as language
delays and even mental retardation due to brain cell death.
4.26 When Cameron was born, he was blue from head to toe as a result of having his umbilical cord wrapped
around his neck. This severe restriction of oxygen to his body is called
a. anorexia.
c. anomaly.
b. anoxia.
d. animism.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: A restriction of oxygen, or anoxia, lasting a few minutes can produce cognitive deficits such as language
delays and even mental retardation due to brain cell death.
4.27 A complication resulting from a restriction of oxygen at birth is a(n)
a. increase in blood pressure that leads to bleeding in the brain.
b. decrease in blood pressure that leads to bleeding in the brain.
c. lack of change in blood pressure that leads to bleeding in the brain.
d. increase in body temperature that leads to bleeding in the brain.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: A restriction of oxygen, or anoxia, lasting a few minutes can produce cognitive deficits such as language
delays and even mental retardation due to brain cell death.
4.28 A thick, greasy, cheese-like substance that covers a newborn is called
a. virtue.
c. vernix.
b. baby cheese.
d. new cheese.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: A thick, greasy substance called vernix covers the child and eases the passage through the birth canal.
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4.29 Newborns are often born with fine, dark fuzz covering their bodies. This fuzz is known as
a. cilia.
c. lashes.
b. baby hair.
d. lanugo.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 93
Type: Factual
Rationale: Newborns’ bodies are covered with a fine, dark fuzz known as lanugo, which soon disappears.
4.30 The close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following
birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength, is known as
a. bonding.
c. attachment.
b. union.
d. connection.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 93, 94
Type: Factual
Rationale: Bonding is the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period
immediately following birth. Some have argued that this bonding period affects later relationship strength.
4.31 When Leticia was born, she was placed immediately on her mother’s abdomen in order for __________, or
the establishment of a close physical and emotional attachment to each other.
a. bonding
c. attachment
b. union
d. connection
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 93
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Bonding is the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period
immediately following birth.
4.32 There is a critical period just after birth when new organisms showed a particular readiness to learn, or
___________, from other members of their species who happened to be present.
a. brand
c. imprint
b. impress
d. stamp
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 94
Type: Factual
Rationale: Research conducted on non-human species showed that there was a critical period just after birth when
organisms showed a particular readiness to learn from other members of their species who happened to be present.
This learning is also referred to as imprinting.
4.33 The following are all birthing options available today EXCEPT
a. the Lamaze method.
c. a birthing center.
b. use of a midwife.
d. in vitro fertilization.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 95, 96
Type: Factual
Rationale: All of these are alternative birthing options available except in vitro fertilization. The Lamaze method is
a form of natural childbirth that focuses on breathing and relaxation techniques; a midwife may be used in home
deliveries or in coordination with an obstetrician; and a birthing center provides a more “home-like” atmosphere
than the traditional hospital delivery room.
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4.34 Prospective parents who do not want a traditional delivery may opt to attend a ___________, where rooms
are decorated like homey bedrooms and contain only a limited amount of medical equipment.
a. hospital
c. birthing center
b. home
d. doctor’s office
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 96
Type: Factual
Rationale: Parents may find the birthing center, with its home-like atmosphere, more inviting than the sterile feel of
the traditional hospital delivery room. The birthing center will usually have access to medical equipment that might
not be available in a home delivery.
4.35 Jill and Milos wanted to have their third child in a comfortable setting rather than at a hospital. They chose to
have their child at a ___________ that was home-like and equipped with a limited amount of medical
equipment.
a. hospital
c. birthing center
b. home
d. doctor’s office
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 96
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Parents may find the birthing center, with its home-like atmosphere, more inviting than the sterile feel of
the traditional hospital delivery room. The birthing center will usually have access to medical equipment that might
not be available in a home delivery.
4.36 A physician who specializes in delivering babies is called a(n)
a. midwife.
c. instructor.
b. coach.
d. obstetrician.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: d
Page(s): 97
Type: Factual
Rationale: Obstetricians are medical doctors who specialize in delivering babies.
4.37 Kelly was grateful that she had a childbirth attendant to stay with her through the labor and delivery. This
childbirth attendant, often a nurse, specializes in childbirth and is known as a(n)
a. midwife.
c. instructor.
b. coach.
d. obstetrician.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 97
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: A childbirth attendant, often a nurse with some additional training in birthing, is known as a midwife.
4.38 Misha had a type of anesthesia administered to her before her delivery that produced a numbness from the
waist down. This is called a(n)
a. epidermal.
c. epitome.
b. epidural.
d. episiotomy.
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: b
Page(s): 98
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Traditional epidurals are a form of epidural anesthesia, which produces numbness from the waist down.
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4.39 Asha had an epidural when her first child was born, but her obstetrician told her that they now had a newer
form of an epidural that permits the woman to move about more freely during labor and has fewer side
effects. This form of epidural anesthesia is known as a ___________ epidural.
a. sitting
c. walking
b. standing
d. running
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: c
Page(s): 98
Type: Factual
Rationale: The spinal-epidural, or the walking epidural, uses smaller needles and a system for administering
continuous doses of anesthetic. It permits women to move about more freely during labor and has fewer side effects
than traditional epidural anesthesia.
4.40 Today, the average hospital stay following normal birth is __________ hours.
a. 48
c. 72
b. 24
d. 96
Chapter Section: Birth
Answer: a
Page(s): 98
Type: Factual
Rationale: The average hospital stay continues to become shorter based on the demands of insurance companies. In
the United States, Congress passed legislation mandating a minimum insurance coverage of 48 hours for childbirth,
thereby making this the standard for hospital stays.
4.41 Joyce’s baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception. Her baby is known as a __________ infant.
a. mature
c. post-term
b. preterm
d. full-term
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 100
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Preterm, or premature, infants are infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception.
4.42 Tamara entered this world weighing only 12.5 ounces as a result of being born prior to the 38th week.
Tamara would be considered a ___________ infant.
a. mature
c. post-term
b. preterm
d. full-term
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 100
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Tamara, born prior to the 38th week, would therefore be considered a preterm or premature infant.
4.43 The single best predictor of preterm infant survival is the infant’s
a. height.
c. weight.
b. temperature.
d. blood pressure.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 100
Type: Factual
Rationale: An infant’s weight has great significance as an indicator of the extent of the baby’s development.
4.44 The Nussbaums baby weighed less than 2,500 grams (around 5.5 pounds). This new baby is referred to as a
a. low-birthweight infant.
c. very-low-birthweight infant.
b. small-for-gestational-age infant.
d. small-fry infant.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: a
Page(s): 100–101 Type: Conceptual
Rationale: An infant who weighs less than 2,500 grams (about 5.5 pounds) at birth is referred to as a lowbirthweight infant.
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4.45 An infant who, because of delayed fetal growth, weighs 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the
same gestational age is referred to as a(n)
a. low-birthweight infant.
c. unexpected weight infant.
b. small-for-gestational-age infant.
d. small-fry infant.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 101
Type: Factual
Rationale: A small-for-gestational-age infant, because of delayed fetal growth, weighs 90% (or less) of the average
weight of infants of the same gestational age.
4.46 Chances of a fetus’s survival greatly improve after ___________.
a. 12 to 18 weeks
c. 28 to 32 weeks
b. 18 to 21 weeks
d. 22 to 24 weeks
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 101
Type: Factual
Rationale: The longer the period of development is beyond conception, the higher are a newborn’s chances of
survival. A baby born earlier than 25 weeks has less than a 50-50 chance of survival.
4.47 Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the
womb fewer than 30 weeks, are called
a. low-birthweight infants.
c. very-low-birthweight infants.
b. small-for-gestational-age infants.
d. small-fry infants.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 101
Type: Factual
Rationale: A very-low-birthweight infant is one who weighs less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or,
regardless of weight, has been in the womb fewer than 30 weeks.
4.48 The point at which an infant can survive a premature birth is called
a. age of capability.
c. age of innocence.
b. age of feasibility.
d. age of viability.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: d
Page(s): 101
Type: Factual
Rationale: The age of viability is the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, currently at about 22 weeks.
4.49 Natalia, a preterm infant, maintained skin-to-skin contact with her parents in an effort to promote
development. This skin-to-skin contact is called
a. pouch care.
c. marsupial care.
b. kangaroo care.
d. massage care.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 102
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: One form of responsive, stimulating, and organized care for preterm infants is kangaroo care, in which
the infant is held skin-to-skin against the parents’ chests, helping the preterm infant develop.
4.50 Preterm and low-birthweight deliveries are associated with all of the following EXCEPT
a. the mother’s immature reproductive system.
b. multiple births.
c. high-quality health care.
d. stressful environments.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 102
Type: Factual
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Rationale: Among the many influences on preterm births are the mother’s immature reproductive system (mothers
under the age of 15), multiple births, and a stressful maternal environment.
4.51 Simona’s baby was still not born two weeks after her due date. This infant is considered to be a ___________
infant.
a. postmature
c. postdate
b. premature
d. predate
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: a
Page(s): 102
Type: Factual
Rationale: A postmature infant is one still not born two weeks after the mother’s due date.
4.52 Doris waited expectantly for the arrival of her first child. However, the baby did not seem to be in any great
hurry to make his appearance. Doris waited in vain. Finally, two weeks past her due date her doctor decided
to induce labor. Doris gave birth to a healthy baby boy. Doris’s baby would be considered a ___________
infant.
a. postmature
c. postdate
b. premature
d. predate
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: a
Page(s): 102
Type: Applied
Rationale: A postmature infant is one still not born two weeks after the mother’s due date.
4.53 In a(n) ___________ delivery, the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through
the birth canal.
a. surgical
c. medical
b. Cesarean
d. emergency
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 103
Type: Factual
Rationale: A Cesarean delivery is a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than
traveling through the birth canal.
4.54 Elena and Pablo had planned to have their first child with only a minimum of medical intervention. However,
when the fetal monitor revealed that their child was in distress, their obstetrician recommended a(n)
___________ delivery.
a. surgical
c. medical
b. Cesarean
d. emergency
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 103
Type: Applied
Rationale: A Cesarean delivery is one in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus rather than traveling
through the birth canal. For Elena and Pablo, a Cesarean delivery would be less stressful for the baby.
4.55 The routine use of ___________, devices that measure the baby’s heartbeat during labor, is associated with
an increase in the rate of Cesarean deliveries.
a. germinal monitors
c. fetal monitors
b. embryonic monitors
d. infant monitors
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 104, 105 Type: Factual
Rationale: The routine use of fetal monitors, devices that measure the baby’s heartbeat during labor, has contributed
to a soaring rate of Cesarean deliveries.
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4.56 When Iris went to the hospital to have her baby, she was immediately hooked up to a(n) ___________ so that
the hospital staff could monitor the baby’s heartbeat during labor.
a. germinal monitor
c. fetal monitor
b. embryonic monitor
d. infant monitor
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: c
Page(s): 104
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Fetal monitors are devices that measure the baby’s heartbeat during labor.
4.57 Sometimes a child does not live beyond its passage through the birth canal. The delivery of a child who is not
alive is called a
a. stiffbirth.
c. quietbirth.
b. silentbirth
d. stillbirth.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: d
Page(s): 105
Type: Factual
Rationale: Stillbirth is the delivery of a child who is not alive, which occurs less than once every 100 births.
4.58 Two weeks before Helga was to deliver her baby, she noticed her baby had not moved in quite some time.
Concerned, she made an appointment with her obstetrician. Her obstetrician confirmed that the baby had
died. The eventual delivery of a child who is not alive is called a
a. stiffbirth.
c. quietbirth.
b. silentbirth
d. stillbirth.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: d
Page(s): 105
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Stillbirth is the delivery of a child who is not alive.
4.59 Death within the first year of life is called
a. infant mortality.
b. infant morality.
c. infant bereavement.
d. baby loss.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: a
Page(s): 105
Type: Factual
Rationale: Infant mortality is death within the first year of life.
4.60 Jan eagerly anticipated the birth of her first child. However, following the birth of a healthy baby, she found
herself in the depths of depression. She was constantly crying and confused, and she felt incapable of caring
for her child. Jan’s physician diagnosed her with a classic case of
a. prepartum depression.
c. prepartum oppression.
b. postpartum depression.
d. postpartum oppression.
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Answer: b
Page(s): 108
Type: Applied
Rationale: Postpartum depression is a period of deep depression following the birth of a child.
4.61 Unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli are
termed
a. refluxes.
c. reflexes.
b. reactions.
d. responses.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 109
Type: Factual
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of
certain stimuli.
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4.62 Long before Kaita Castro was born, she was able to soothe herself in utero by sucking on her thumb. Once
Kaita was born, she utilized the sucking reflex along with the ___________ reflex to nurse.
a. turning
c. walking
b. swallowing
d. swimming
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 109
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The sucking and swallowing reflexes permit Kaita to begin to ingest food right away.
4.63 Whenever Taraneh gently stroked her newborn daughter’s cheek, the baby would turn in that direction as if
she were searching for food. This is known as the ___________ reflex.
a. sucking
c. rooting
b. swallowing
d. swimming
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 109
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The rooting reflex causes the infant to turn in the direction of a source of stimulation.
4.64 The neonate’s digestive system initially produces feces in the form of ___________, a greenish-black
material that is a remnant of the neonate’s days as a fetus.
a. mucus
c. bile
b. stool
d. meconium
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: d
Page(s): 110
Type: Factual
Rationale: Meconium, a greenish-black material, is the feces initially produced by the neonate’s digestive system.
4.65 Because the liver does not always work effectively, almost half of all newborns develop neonatal
___________, a yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes.
a. jaundice
c. liveritis
b. yellow belly
d. meconium
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: a
Page(s): 110
Type: Factual
Rationale: Neonatal jaundice is the distinctly yellowish tinge to the neonate’s body and eyes when the liver does
not work effectively at first.
4.66 Mr. and Mrs. Rajoria became concerned when their newborn daughter, Sunita, developed a yellowish tinge to
her body and eyes soon after birth. Their pediatrician told them not to worry, but recommended that Sunita be
placed under fluorescent lights to help her overcome ___________.
a. jaundice
c. liveritis
b. yellow belly
d. meconium
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: a
Page(s): 110
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Neonatal jaundice is the distinctly yellowish tinge to the newborn’s body and eyes when the liver does
not work effectively at first. Treatment most often consists of placing the baby under fluorescent lights or
administering medicine.
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4.67 As an infant, Lara Saenz’s parents were amazed by the fact that when they moved a toy from one point to
another she seemed aware that the toy remained the same size even though the size of the image on the retina
varied with distance. Lara’s ability is known as ___________ constancy.
a. shape
c. size
b. color
d. distance
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 110
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Size constancy is the awareness that objects stay the same size even though the size of the image on the
retina varies with distance.
4.68 As an infant, Chandler could distinguish different colors such as the difference between red, green, yellow,
and blue, even though he didn’t know the names of the colors. His two favorite colors were probably
a. blue and green.
c. red and yellow.
b. red and green.
d. blue and yellow.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: a
Page(s): 110
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: Newborns seem to ne able to distinguish between red, green, yellow, and blue. They take more time
staring at blue and green objects, suggesting a partiality for those colors.
4.69 In ___________, an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does
not bring about that type of response.
a. instrumental conditioning
c. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
d. reflex conditioning
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 111
Type: Factual
Rationale: Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a
neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response.
4.70 Ivan Pavlov found that by pairing the sound of a bell with the appearance of food, he could eventually get
dogs to salivate at just the sound of the bell without the appearance of food. This illustrates
a. instrumental conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 111
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The key features of classical conditioning is stimulus substitution. In other words, this is the process of
pairing a previously neutral stimulus (sound of the bell) with a stimulus that does evoke a response (appearance of
food). The learning has occurred when the stimulus substitution has occurred. In other words, this is the event when
the formerly neutral stimulus (sound of the bell) now evokes the response formerly evoked by the original stimulus
(the appearance of the food).
4.71 Aaron loved to tease his best friend Sam. Aaron would say, “I bet I can make you blink at the sound of your
name.” When Aaron clapped his hands, Sam would blink. But now, Aaron clapped his hands just before
calling out “Sam!” Eventually, Sam discovered that whenever anyone called his name loudly he would blink.
This illustrates
a. instrumental conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 111
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: This is an example of classical conditioning. Sam blinks to the sound of the clap, but then Aaron paired
the clapping sound with Sam’s name. Eventually, after the learning took place, Sam would blink (the response
originally evoked only by the clap) to the sound of his name (the formerly neutral stimulus).
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4.72 Mrs. Park always caressed her daughter’s forehead whenever she nursed her. Soon her daughter made
sucking noises whenever anyone stroked her forehead. This illustrates
a. instrumental conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 111
Type: Applied
Rationale: There is evidence of early learning through classical conditioning. In this example, Mrs. Park is
substituting the stroke on her daughter’s forehead for the presence of food. The original stimulus, presence of food,
causes the child to suck. Substituting a neutral stimulus (stroking the forehead, which originally evoked no response)
eventually causes the child to suck whenever her forehead is stroked.
4.73 Eleven-month-old Albert loves furry animals and shows no fear of rats. However, one day while playing with
a white rat he was startled by a loud noise and began to cry. Every time he played with the white rat after that
he heard the same loud noise. Eventually, the sight of the white rat alone made him cry. This illustrates
a. instrumental conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: b
Page(s): 111
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: In this classic example of classical conditioning, Albert associates the loud noise (a stimulus that evoked
a startle response and crying) with a previously neutral stimulus (the white rat). Learning has occurred in that Albert
now startles and cries to the previously neutral stimulus (white rat).
4.74 A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its association
with positive or negative consequences is called
a. operation conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 111–112 Type: Factual
Rationale: Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,
depending on its association with positive or negative consequences.
4.75 As a baby, Anu learned that whenever she fussed her mother would come running to comfort her. Thus,
whenever Anu was distressed she would fuss for her mother. This illustrates
a. operation conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 111–112 Type: Conceptual
Rationale: This is an example of operant conditioning in that a voluntary response (fussing) is strengthened (occurs
more often) because it is associated with positive consequences (maternal attention).
4.76 Eight-month-old Landon loves to hear himself talk. He babbles “ma ma ma ma” over and over. Soon he
found that whenever he made the sounds “ma ma ma,” his mother would come and give him lots of positive
attention. Landon soon began to associate the sounds “ma ma ma” with his mother and would say the sounds
whenever he wanted her. This illustrates
a. operation conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 111–112 Type: Applied
Rationale: This is an example of operant conditioning in that a voluntary response (babbling ma, ma, ma) is
strengthened (occurs more often) because it is associated with positive consequences (maternal attention).
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4.77 Six-week-old Elia learned that whenever she smiled her mother would smile back and sometimes would pick
her up. Elia started to smile more often so that she could get her mother’s attention. This illustrates
a. operation conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 111–112 Type: Applied
Rationale: This is an example of operant conditioning in that a voluntary response (Elia’s smile) is strengthened
(occurs more often) because it is associated with positive consequences (maternal attention).
4.78 Alexander's mother tied his foot to a piece of ribbon and tied the other end of the ribbon to his mobile.
Alexander quickly learned that by tugging on the ribbon he could make the mobile move. This soon became a
favorite pastime for him. This illustrates
a. operation conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
d. reflex conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: c
Page(s): 111–112 Type: Conceptual
Rationale: As in operant conditioning, a voluntary response (tugging the ribbon) is strengthened (done more often)
because it is associated with positive consequences (moving mobile).
4.79 The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus is
called
a. habit.
c. disinterest.
b. boredom.
d. habituation.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: d
Page(s): 112
Type: Factual
Rationale: Habituation is the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the
same stimulus.
4.80 Three-month-old Natasha shook her new rattle vigorously; however, after a short time she would appear
bored with the new toy and would stop playing with it. If her mother gave her a different rattle, she would
again play. This illustrates
a. habit.
c. disinterest.
b. boredom.
d. habituation.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: d
Page(s): 112
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: This is an example of habituation, in which there is a decrease in the response to a stimulus after
repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Natasha stopped shaking the rattle after a period of time.
4.81 The foundation for early social interaction can be seen an infant’s ability to
a. imitate faces.
c. watch faces.
b. look at faces.
d. remember faces.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: a
Page(s): 113
Type: Factual
Rationale: Newborns’ ability to imitate provides them with an important foundation for social interaction later in
life, which relies in part on the ability to react to other people in an appropriate manner and to understand the
meaning of others’ emotional states.
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4.82 Newborns cycle through various ___________, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness, which range from
deep sleep to great agitation.
a. states of arousal
c. states of wakefulness
b. states of sleep
d. states of boredom
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Answer: a
Page(s): 113
Type: Factual
Rationale: Infants cycle through various states of arousal, or different degrees of sleep and wakefulness, that range
from deep sleep to great agitation.
Essay Questions
4.83 What is the normal process of labor?
Chapter Section: Birth
Page(s): 91, 92
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Corticotropin-releasing hormone triggers release of various hormones that begins process of birth
 Three stages of birth
 First stage – uterine contractions known as labor
 Longest stage, varies significantly
 Transition ends first stage
 Second stage – baby moves through the cervix and birth canal
 lasts about 90 minutes
 Baby emerged completely ends second stage
 Third stage – umbicial cord and placenta are expelled
 Quickest and easiest stage
4.84 What are some of the alternative birthing procedures?
Chapter Section: Birth
Page(s): 95, 96
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Lamaze birth techniques
 Use of breathing and relaxation techniques
 Family birthing center
 Relaxed, home-like atmosphere with hospital resource if needed
4.85 What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of anesthetic drugs during birth?
Chapter Section: Birth
Page(s): 97, 98
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Positive
 Reduce or eliminate pain
 Minimal risk to fetus
 Negative
 Affect mother and fetus
 May slow labor and decrease oxygen to fetus
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4.86 What is the Apgar scale?
Chapter Section: Birth
Page(s): 92, 93
Type: Factual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Standard measurement system for health of newborn
 Five dimensions of evaluation
 Appearance
 Pulse
 Grimace
 Activity
 Respiration
 Newborn receives a score from 0 to 2 on each dimension
 Scores 7 or above indicate good health; between 4 and 6 indicate need for some assistance; less than
4 indicates the need for life-saving intervention
4.87 What are the major reasons for infant morality?
Chapter Section: Birth Complications
Page(s): 99–107
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Preterm infants and low-birthweight
 Very-low-birthweight infants due to organ immaturity
 Role of income and race in infant mortality rates
 Availability of prenatal health care and education for mothers-to-be
4.88 We now know that newborns are not as helpless as we once thought they were. What are some of the
capabilities of a newborn?
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Page(s): 109–113
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Physical capabilities
 Respiration, reflexes, nourishment, digestion
 Sensory capabilities
 Ability to distinguish objects in visual field and colors
 Ability to hear and identify familiar sounds
 Sensitivity to touch, odors, and tastes
4.89 Define and provide an example of classical conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Page(s): 111
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Classical conditioning
 Stimulus substitution – pairing a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that does evoke a
response
 Involuntary behaviors – the response to the original stimulus is involuntary; then pairing a new
stimulus with that involuntary response
 Learning occurs when the formerly neutral stimulus now evokes the response formerly evoked by
the original stimulus
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4.90 Define and provide an example of operant conditioning.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Page(s): 111, 112
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Operant conditioning
 Voluntary behaviors – the response is voluntary behavior
 Reinforcement – the response is strengthened in frequency or intensity by the presence of positive
or negative reinforcements
 Learning occurs when a voluntary response is strengthened because it is associated with positive
consequences
4.91 Define and provide an example of habituation.
Chapter Section: The Competent Newborn
Page(s): 112
Type: Applied
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 Habituation
 Novel stimulus presents an orienting response (quiet and attentive)
 Repeated exposures to the stimulus reduces the orienting response (no longer attentive)
 Learning to recognize original and distinguish from new stimulus occurs when habituation occurs
followed by another orienting response to a different novel stimulus
85