Chapter 21
21.2 How plants grow
Review
Fletcher, J. C., 2002. Shoot and floral meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis. Annu. Rev.
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21.3 The meristem provides new growth modules in a repetitive manner
Review
Fletcher, J. C., 2002. Shoot and floral meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis. Annu. Rev.
Plant Biol. v. 53 p. 45–66.
Sussex, I. M., and Kerk, N. M., 2001. The evolution of plant architecture. Curr. Opin.
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21.4 The plane in which a cell divides is important for tissue organization
Review
Costa, S., and Dolan, L., 2000. Development of the root pole and cell patterning in
Arabidopsis roots. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. v. 10 p. 405–409.
Gunning, B. E. S., Hughes, J. E., and Hardham,A. R., 1978. Formative and proliferative
cell divisions, cell differentiation and developmental changes in the meristem of
Azolla roots. Planta v. 143 p. 121–144.
Research
Pickett–Heaps, J. D., and Northcote, D. H., 1966. Cell division in the formation of the
stomatal complex of the young leaves of wheat. J. Cell Sci. v. 1 p. 121–128.
Smith, L. G., Hake, S., and Sylvester, A. W., 1996. The tangled-1 mutation alters cell
division orientations throughout maize leaf development without altering leaf
shape. Development v. 122 p. 481–489.
21.5 Cytoplasmic structures predict the plane of cell division before mitosis begins
Review
Van Damme, D., Vanstraelen, M. and Geelen, D. 2007. Cortical division zone
establishment in plant cells. Trends Plant Sci. v.12 p. 458-64.
Research
Brown, R. C., and Lemmon, B. E., 2001. The cytoskeleton and spatial control of
cytokinesis in the plant life cycle. Protoplasma v. 215 p. 35–49.
Dixit, R., and Cyr, R. J., 2002. Spatio-temporal relationship between nuclear-envelope
breakdown and preprophase band disappearance in cultured tobacco cells.
Protoplasma v. 219 p. 116–121.
Goodbody, K. C., Venverloo, C. J., and Lloyd, C. W., 1991. Laser microsurgery
demonstrates that cytoplasmic strands anchoring the nucleus across the vacuole of
premitotic plant cells are under tension. Implications for division plane alignment.
Development v. 113 p. 931–939.
Traas, J. A., Doonan, J. H., Rawlins, D. J., Shaw, P. J., Watts, J., and Lloyd, C. W.,
1987. An actin network is present in the cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle of
carrot cells and associates with the dividing nucleus. J. Cell Biol. v. 105 p. 387–
395.
Walker, K.L., Muller, S., Moss, D., Ehrhardt, D.W. and Smith, L.G. 2007. Arabidopsis
TANGLED identifies the division plane throughout mitosis and cytokinesis.
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21.6 Plant mitosis occurs without centrosomes
Review
Lloyd, C.W. and Chan, J. 2006. Not so divided: the common basis of plant and animal
mitosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. v.7 p147-152.
Schmit, A. C., 2002. Acentrosomal microtubule nucleation in higher plants. Int. Rev.
Cytol. v. 220 p. 257–289.
Research
Dixit, R., and Cyr, R. J., 2002. Spatio-temporal relationship between nuclear-envelope
breakdown and preprophase band disappearance in cultured tobacco cells.
Protoplasma v. 219 p. 116–121.
Heald, R., Tournebize, R., Blank, T., Sandaltzopoulos, R., Becker, P., Hyman, A., and
Karsenti, E., 1996. Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around
artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts. Nature v. 382 p. 420–425.
Mazia, D., 1984. Centrosomes and mitotic poles. Exp. Cell Res. v. 153 p. 1–15.
21.7 The cytokinetic apparatus builds a new wall in the plane anticipated by the
preprophase band
Review
Seguí-Simarro, J.M., Austin, J.R. 2nd, White, E.A. and Staehelin, L.A. 2004. Electron
tomographic analysis of somatic cell plate formation in meristematic cells of
Arabidopsis preserved by high-pressure freezing. Plant Cell v.16 p836-56.
Verma, D. P., 2001. Cytokinesis and building of the cell plate in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant
Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. v. 52 p. 751–784.
21.8 Secretion during cytokinesis forms the cell plate
Review
Nebenführ, A., and Staehelin, L. A., 2001. Mobile factories: Golgi dynamics in plant
cells. Trends Plant Sci. v. 6 p. 160–167.
Staehelin, L. A., and Hepler, P. K., 1996. Cytokinesis in higher plants. Cell v. 84
p. 821–824.
Verma, D. P., and Hong, Z., 2001. Plant callose synthase complexes. Plant Mol. Biol. v.
47 p. 693–701.
Research
Cutler, S. R., and Ehrhardt, D. W., 2002. Polarized cytokinesis in vacuolate cells of
Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA v. 99 p. 2812–2817.
Gu, X., and Verma, D. P., 1996. Phragmoplastin, a dynamin-like protein associated with
cell plate formation in plants. EMBO J. v. 15 p. 695–704.
Seguí-Simarro, J.M.and Staehelin, L.A. 2006. Cell cycle-dependent changes in Golgi
stacks, vacuoles, clathrin-coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies in
meristematic cells of Arabidopsis thaliana: a quantitative and spatial analysis.
Planta v223 p223-36.
Verma, D. P., 2001. Cytokinesis and building of the cell plate in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant
Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. v. 52 p. 751–784.
Völker, A., Stierhof, Y. D., and Jürgens, G., 2001. Cell cycle-independent expression of
the Arabidopsis cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE results in mistargeting to
the plasma membrane and is not sufficient for cytokinesis. J. Cell Sci. v. 114 p.
3001–3012.
21.9 Plasmodesmata are intercellular channels that connect plant cells
Review
Heinlein, M., 2002. Plasmodesmata: dynamic regulation and role in macromolecular cellto-cell signaling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. v. 5 p. 543–552.
Research
Brandner, K., Sambade, A., Boutant E., Didier, P.,, Mély Y., Ritzenthaler, C. and
Heinlein, M. 2008. Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein interacts with green
fluorescent protein-tagged microtubule end-binding protein 1. Plant Physiol.
v.147 p. 611-23.
Faulkner, C., Akman, O.E., Bell, K., Jeffree, C. and Oparka, K. 2008. Peeking into pit
fields: a multiple twinning model of secondary plasmodesmata formation in
tobacco. Plant Cell v20 p1504-18.
Reichelt, S., Knight, A. E., Hodge, T. P., Baluska, F., Samaj, J., Volkmann, D., and
Kendrick-Jones, J., 1999. Characterization of the unconventional myosin VIII in
plant cells and its localization at the post–cytokinetic cell wall. Plant J. v. 19 p.
555–567.
21.10 Cell expansion is driven by swelling of the vacuole
Review
Bassham, D. C., and Raikhel, N. V., 2000. Unique features of the plant vacuolar sorting
machinery. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. v. 12 p. 491–495.
Bethke, P. C., and Jones, R. L., 2000. Vacuoles and prevacuolar compartments. Curr.
Opin. Plant Biol. v. 3 p. 469–475.
Peters, W. S., Hagemann, W., and Deri Tomos, A., 2000. What makes plants different?
Principles of extracellular matrix function in “soft” plant tissues. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. v. 125 p. 151–167.
21.11 The large forces of turgor pressure are resisted by the strength of cellulose
microfibrils in the cell wall
Review
Baskin, T.I. 2005. Anisotropic expansion of the plant cell wall. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol.
v21 p203-22.
Peters, W. S., Hagemann, W., and Deri Tomos, A., 2000. What makes plants different?
Principles of extracellular matrix function in “soft” plant tissues. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. v. 125 p. 151–167.
Reiter, W. D., 2002. Biosynthesis and properties of the plant cell wall. Curr. Opin. Plant
Biol. v. 5 p. 536–542.
21.12 The cell wall must be loosened and reorganized to allow growth
Review
Cosgrove, D. J., 2000. Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins. Nature v. 407 p. 321–
326.
Research
Marga, F., Grandbois, M., Cosgrove, D. J., and Baskin, T. I., 2005. Cell wall extension
results in the coordinate separation of parallel microfibrils: Evidence from
scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Plant J. v. 43 p. 181–
190.
McQueen-Mason, S. J., Fry, S. C., Durachko, D. M., and Cosgrove, D. J., 1993. The
relationship between xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and in-vitro cell wall
extension in cucumber hypocotyls. Planta v. 190 p. 327–331.
21.13 Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane, not preassembled and secreted
like other wall components
Review
Brett, C. T., 2000. Cellulose microfibrils in plants: Biosynthesis, deposition, and
integration into the cell wall. Int. Rev. Cytol. v. 199 p. 161–199.
Mutwil, M., Debolt, S. and Persson, S. 2008. Cellulose synthesis: a complex complex.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. v.11 p. 252-7.
Verma, D. P. and Hong, Z., 2001. Plant callose synthase complexes. Plant Mol. Biol. v.
47 p. 693–701.
Research
Desprez, T., Juraniec, M., Crowell, E.F., Jouy, H., Pochylova, Z., Parcy, F., Höfte, H.,
Gonneau, M. and Vernhettes, S. 2007. Organization of cellulose synthase
complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA. v. 104 p. 15572-7.
Persson, S., Paredez, A., Carroll, A., Palsdottir, H., Doblin, M., Poindexter, P., Khitrov,
N., Auer. M, and Somerville, C.R. 2007. Genetic evidence for three unique
components in primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007 v. 104 p. 15566-71
21.14 Cortical microtubules organize components in the cell wall
Research
Paredez, A.R., Somerville, C.R. and Ehrhardt, D,W. 2006. Visualization of cellulose
synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science v. 312 p.
1491-5.
Review
Ehrhardt, D.W. and Shaw, S.L. 2006. Microtubule dynamics and organization in the plant
cortical array. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. v.57 p. 859-875.
21.15 Cortical microtubules are highly dynamic and can change their orientation
Review
Lloyd, C., and Chan, J., 2004. Microtubules and the shape of plants to come. Nat. Rev.
Mol. Cell Biol. v. 5 p. 13–22.
Lucas, J. and Shaw, S.L. 2008. Cortical microtubule arrays in the Arabidopsis seedling.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. v.11 p. 94-8.
Sedbrook, J.C. and Kaloriti, D. 2008. Microtubules, MAPs and plant directional cell
expansion. Trends Plant Sci. v.13 p. 303-10.
Research
Burk, D. H., Liu, B., Zhong, R., Morrison, W. H., and Ye, Z. H., 2001. A katanin-like
protein regulates normal cell wall biosynthesis and cell elongation. Plant Cell v.
13 p. 807–827.
Chan, J., Calder, G., Fox, S. and Lloyd, C. 2007. Cortical microtubule arrays undergo
rotary movements in Arabidopsis hypocotyl epidermal cells. Nat Cell Biol. v. 9 p.
171-5.
Chan, J., Jensen, C. G., Jensen, L. C., Bush, M., and Lloyd, C. W., 1999. The 65-kDa
carrot microtubule–associated protein forms regularly arranged filamentous crossbridges between microtubules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA v. 96 p. 14931–14936.
Dixit, R., and Cyr, R., 2004. Encounters between dynamic cortical microtubules promote
ordering of the cortical array through angle–dependent modifications of
microtubule behavior. Plant Cell v. 16 p. 3274–3284.
Shaw, S. L., Kamyar, R., and Ehrhardt, D. W., 2003. Sustained microtubule treadmilling
in Arabidopsis cortical arrays. Science v. 300 p. 1715–1718.
Wightman, R. and Turner, S.R. 2007. Severing at sites of microtubule crossover
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Yuan, M., Shaw, P. J., Warn, R. M., and Lloyd, C. W., 1994. Dynamic reorientation of
cortical microtubules, from transverse to longitudinal, in living plant cells. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA v. 91 p. 6050–6053.
21.16 A dispersed Golgi system delivers vesicles to the cell surface for growth
Review
Hawes, C., Osterrieder, A., Hummel, E. and Sparkes, I. 2008. The plant ER-Golgi
interface. Traffic. v.9 p.1571-1580.
Nebenführ, A. and Staehelin, L.A. 2001. Mobile factories: Golgi dynamics in plant cells.
Trends Plant Sci. v. 6 p. 160-7.
Sanderfoot, A. A., and Raikhel, N. V., 1999. The specificity of vesicle trafficking: coat
proteins and SNAREs. Plant Cell v. 11 p. 629–642.
Research
Boevink, P., Oparka, K., Santa Cruz, S., Martin, B., Betteridge, A., and Hawes, C., 1998.
Stacks on tracks: The plant Golgi apparatus traffics on an actin/ER network. Plant
J. v. 15 p. 441–447.
Vitale, A., and Denecke, J., 1999. The endoplasmic reticulum-gateway of the secretory
pathway. Plant Cell v. 11 p. 615–628.
21.17 Actin filaments form a network for delivering materials around the cell
Review
Staiger, C.J. and Blanchoin, L. 2006. Actin dynamics: old friends with new stories. Curr
Opin Plant Biol. v. 9 p. 554-62.
Hussey, P.J., Ketelaar, T. and Deeks, M.J. 2006. Control of the actin cytoskeleton in plant
cell growth. Annu Rev Plant Biol. v. 57 p. 109-25.
Research
Deeks, M.J., Rodrigues, C., Dimmock, S., Ketelaar, T., Maciver, S.K., Malhó, R. and
Hussey, P.J. 2007. Arabidopsis CAP1 - a key regulator of actin organisation and
development. J Cell Sci. v. 120 p. 2609-18.
Reichelt, S., Knight, A. E., Hodge, T. P., Baluska, F., Samaj, J., Volkmann, D., and
Kendrick–Jones, J., 1999. Characterization of the unconventional myosin VIII in
plant cells and its localization at the post-cytokinetic cell wall. Plant J. v. 19 p.
555–567.
Wang, Y.S,, Yoo. CM, and Blancaflor, E.B. 2008. Improved imaging of actin filaments
in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a green fluorescent protein fusion to
the C- and N-termini of the fimbrin actin-binding domain 2. New Phytol. v. 177
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21.18 Differentiation of xylem cells requires extensive specialization
Review
Roberts, K., and McCann, M. C., 2000. Xylogenesis: the birth of a corpse. Curr. Opin.
Plant Biol. v. 3 p. 517–522.
Research
Mao, G., Buschmann, H., Doonan, J.H. and Lloyd, C.W. 2006. The role of MAP65-1 in
microtubule bundling during Zinnia tracheary element formation. J Cell Sci.
v.119 p. 753-8.
21.20 Plants contain unique organelles called plastids
Research
Pyke, K. A., 1999. Plastid division and development. Plant Cell v. 11 p. 549–556.
21.22 What’s next?
Research
Tabata, S., et al., 2000. Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis
thaliana. Nature v. 408 p. 823–826.