Name _________________________ 19th Century Nationalism1)Nationalism 1) Pride. Love, loyalty to your country or group – used to unify central
Europe) 2) The desire to end foreign rule – used to destroy the East European Empires
2)Age of Revolution 1815 – 1848 – Europe in facing revolutions as the conservatives /
reactionaries attempt to return to the days of the Old Regime while the liberals sought to
realize the ideals of the Enlightenment
3)Nationalist Leaders men who were inspired by Enlightened ideas and led movements
for independence or to bring about unification of a group of people
4)
Italy * Cavour The “Brain” – was the Prime Minister of Sardinia, oversaw the
modernization of its industry and army, used diplomacy to create alliances as a way to
acquire territory after war
5)
* Mazzini The “Soul” – was the first to promote Risorgiemento or
unification of Italy. Founded the Young Italy Society, held meetings, gave speeches,
printed pamphlets. Spread the ideals of the Enlightenment
6)
* Garibaldi The “Sword” – put together an army called the “Red Shirts.”
Conquered Sicily and then Naples. Turn the land over to be ruled by Victor Emmanuel II
7)
* Sardinia The Italian state assumed the leadership role in the Italian
unification movement
8)
* Victor Emmanuel II the king of Sardinia who became the first ruler of
the unified Italy
9)
*Risorgimento – Italian unification
10)
* Plebiscite a vote by the people
11)
* Militarism to build up your army and navy
12)
*Diplomacy – when nations make agreements with other nations for trade
or for military reasons. These Alliances are formed with the Balance of Power of Euopre
in mind
13)
Germany
* Bismarck – a Junker (landed aristocrat) who became the
Prime Minister of Prussia who took the lead for unification. Was the unified Germany’s
first chancellor.
14)
* William (Wilhelm) I The king of Prussia who was to become
the first Kaiser of the unified Germany
15)
effort
* Prussia the German state that took the lead in the unification
16)
all, even principle
* Realpolitik the belief that the interests of the state come before
17)
* "Blood and Iron" Bismarck’s belief that diplomacy will not
work, that what is needed is blood (fighting wars) and iron (building industry)
18)
* Militarism – Danish War – fought with Denmark over
Schleswig and Holstein. Used to take the provinces and create conflict with Austria.
18a)
- Seven Week War (Austro-Prussian War) –
fought to remove Austria from German affairs. Sardinia’s alliance helped in the Italian
unification effort. North German Confederation organized.
19)
- Franco-Prussian War used to settle claims against
France and bring about the complete unification of the German states by bringing in the
South German states
20)
* Diplomacy – to get France to declare war, Bismarck alters two
telegrams Ems Telegram (Dispatch) between the rulers resulting in Napoleon III
declaring war
21)
* Zollverein a trade agreement between the German states that
dramatically increased their industrial development and facilitated the modernization of
their army
22)
* Social Programs to keep the socialists out of Germany,
Bismarck’s government has to abandon laissez-faire methods and create programs to win
over the workers. This included Old Age laws and Sick laws
23)
* Germanization the process where a nation attempts to require
all within the nation speak, dress, and act German
24) Russia - struggled against nationalism it multi-ethnic empire was in turmoil as
various national groups sought independence
24a) An autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is held by a
single self appointed ruler. Compare with oligarchy (literally means rule by the few) and
democracy (rule by the people).
25)
* Alexander I - "Savior of Europe" due to his role in defeating Napoleon,
advocated the formation of an alliance of nations to crush further attempts at revolution
26)
* Nicholas I made use of secret police, censorship and repression to suppress
revolution. Also implemented a few reforms
27)
* Alexander II - emancipated the serfs but the serfs rebelled since they were
restricted and still tied to the land. So, he backed off of the reforms and crushed the
rebellion. He was assassinated but he set in motion the urban migration of people who
become the workers in the growing Russian industries. He also created the zemstvos or a
a system of local government, introduced trial by jury, and eased censorship. Military
service terms reduced
28)
* Alexander III in retaliation for the assassination, he uses harsh, repressive
measures to maintain absolute control. Expanded the power of the secret police, imposed
censorship, and exiled critics of the government to Siberia. Also implemented a program
of Russification. He also authorized pogroms against Jews and placed severe restrictions
on them.
29)
* Nicholas II focused on economic development, building railroads (TransSiberian RR), factories and mines. Secured foreign investment, political and social
problems came with industrialization, and socialists spread the ideas of Karl Marx. Fired
on protestors on “Bloody Sunday”, Created the Duma (an elected legislature) with the
October Manifesto, but he dissolved it and used arrests, pogroms, and executions to keep
control. Also lost the Russo-Japanese war in 1905 that caused tremendous humiliation
30)
* Russification suppression of non-Russian culture, promoting the Russian
language, and the Russian Orthodox Church
31)
* anti-Semitism anti-Jewish policies / actions
32)
* pogroms state sponsored violence against a group (Jews)
33)
* jingoism extreme nationalism – my country or group before all others
34)
* dynasty rule by a power family or group
35)
* feudalism exchange of land and service for protection. In the 19th Century,
Russia was still feudal
36)
* ethnic diversity having many different ethnic groups within the empire
37)
* Crimean War Fought between Russia and Great Britain, France, Sardinia, and
the Ottoman Empire in 1853 - 54 over
a) Control of warm water ports in the Black Sea and access to the
Mediterranean
b) With Russia expanding its territory, Britain was concerned about its
possessions in the East
c) France under Louis Napoleon was seeking to increase French national
prestige by reasserting French claims to be the protector of the holy
places in Palestine, putting them in conflict with the Russians who
made claims. Russia initially won a major victory, however, Great
Britain and France forced it to give up its gains.
38)
* Mensheviks the conservative group of the Marxist / socialists who felt that it
was too soon for a working class revolution, so they had to wait.
39)
* Bolsheviks the radical group of Marxist / socialists who felt that they were a
revolutionary group that would carry out the revolution, that the revolution had to happen
now, and they would keep thing running until the working class emerged
40) Ottoman Empire - "Sick man of Europe" a multi-ethnic empire that was virtually
helpless as nationalities within the empire and nations from outside continued to weaken
and break up the empire
41) Austro-Hungarian Empire – referred to as the Duo-Monarchy, as special
arrangement was made with Hungary to pacify the Magyars
42)
* Francis Joseph a Hapsburg and emperor of Austria and king of Hungary
43)
* dual monarchy a political arrangement in which Hungary had some level of
autonomy but had the Austrian leader as their king
44)
* Magyars the largest ethnic group in the Austrian empire
45)Dynasties – Bourbon (France) , Hapsburg (Habsburg) (Austria, Span),
Hohenzollern (Prussia / Germany), Romanov (Russia), Ottoman (Turkey)