Appendix S1: List of publications used for data extraction.
1. Anderson E.L., Welch E.B., Jacoby J.M., Schimek G.M. & Horner R.R. (1999). Periphyton
removal related to phosphorus and grazer biomass level. Freshwater Biol., 41, 633-651.
2. Armitage A.R. & Fong P. (2004). Upward cascading effects of nutrients: shifts in a benthic
microalgal community and a negative herbivore response. Oecologia, 139, 560-567.
3. Belliveau S.A. & Paul V.J. (2002). Effects of herbivory and nutrients on the early colonization
of crustose coralline and fleshy algae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 232, 105-114.
4. Biggs B.J.F. & Lowe R.L. (1994). Responses of 2 trophic levels to patch enrichment along a
New Zealand stream continuum. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater
Research, 28, 119-134.
5. Buckland S.M. & Grime J.P. (2000). The effects of trophic structure and soil fertility on the
assembly of plant communities: a microcosm experiment. Oikos, 91, 336-352.
6. Bukaveckas P. & Shaw W. (1998). Phytoplankton responses to nutrient and grazer
manipulations among northeastern lakes of varying pH. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 55,
958-966.
7. Carreiro-Silva M., McClanahan T.R. & Kiene W.E. (2005). The role of inorganic nutrients
and herbivory in controlling microbioerosion of carbonate substratum. Coral Reefs, 24,
214-221.
8. Chase J.M. & Knight T.M. (2006). Effects of eutrophication and snails on Eurasian
watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) invasion. Biol. Invasions, 8, 1643-1649.
9. Cleland E.E., Peters H.A., Mooney H.A. & Field C.B. (2006). Gastropod herbivory in
response to elevated CO2 and N addition impacts plant community composition. Ecology,
87, 686-694.
10. Cottingham K.L., Knight S.E., Carpenter S.R., Cole J.J., Pace M.L. & Wagner A.E. (1997).
Response of phytoplankton and bacteria to nutrients and zooplankton: a mesocosm
experiment. Journal of Plankton Research, 19, 995-1010.
11. Duffy E.J., Kinlan B.P. & Valiela I. (1997). Influence of grazing and nitrogen loading on
benthic microalgal biomass in estuaries of Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull., 193,
285-286.
12. Elser J.J. (1992). Phytoplankton dynamics and the role of grazers in Castle Lake, California.
Ecology, 73, 887-902.
13. Elser J.J. & Goldman C.R. (1991). Zooplankton effects on phytoplankton in lakes of
contrasting trophic status. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 64-90.
14. Flecker A.S., Taylor B.W., Bernhardt E.S., Hood J.M., Cornwell W.K., Cassatt S.R., Vanni
M.J. & Altman N.S. (2002). Interactions between herbivorous fishes and limiting
nutrients in a tropical stream ecosystem. Ecology, 83, 1831-1844.
15. Fox L.R. & Morrow P.A. (1992). Eucalypt responses to fertilization and reduced herbivory.
Oecologia, 89, 214-222.
16. Ganade G. & Brown V.K. (1997). Effects of below-ground insects, mycorrhizal fungi and
soil fertility on the establishment of Vicia in grassland communities. Oecologia, 109,
374-381.
17. Gobler C.J., Thibault D.B., Davis T.W., Curran P.B., Peterson B.J. & Liddle L.B. (2006).
Algal assemblages associated with Stegastes sp territories on Indo-Pacific coral reefs:
characterization of diversity and controls on growth. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 336, 135145.
18. Gonzalez E.J. (2000). Nutrient enrichment and zooplankton effects on the phytoplankton
community in microcosms from El Andino reservoir (Venezuela). Hydrobiol., 434, 8196.
19. Gough L. & Grace J.B. (1998). Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying
productivity levels. Ecology, 79, 1586-1594.
20. Grellmann D. (2002). Plant responses to fertilization and exclusion of grazers on an arctic
tundra heath. Oikos, 98, 190-204.
21. Guildford S.J., Hecky R.E., Taylor W.D., Mugidde R. & Bootsma H.A. (2003). Nutrient
enrichment experiments in tropical Great Lakes Malawi/Nyasa and Victoria. Journal of
Great Lakes Research, 29, 89-106.
22. Hagerthey S.E., Defew E.C. & Paterson D.M. (2002). Influence of Corophium volutator and
Hydrobia ulvae on intertidal benthic diatom assemblages under different nutrient and
temperature regimes. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 245, 47-59.
23. Hartley S.E. & Mitchell R.J. (2005). Manipulation of nutrients and grazing levels on heather
moorland: changes in Calluna dominance and consequences for community composition.
J. Ecol., 93, 990-1004.
24. Hatcher B.G. & Larkum A.W.D. (1983). An experimental analysis of factors controlling the
standing crop of the epilithic algal community on a coral reef. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
69, 61-84.
25. Havens K.E., East T.L. & Beaver J.R. (1996). Experimental studies of zooplanktonphytoplankton-nutrient interactions in a large subtropical lake (Lake Okeechobee,
Florida, USA). Freshwater Biol., 36, 579-597.
26. Hill W.R., Boston H.L. & Steinman A.D. (1992). Grazers and nutrients simultaneously limit
lotic primary productivity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49, 504-512.
27. Hillebrand H. (2002). Top-down versus bottom-up control of autotrophic biomass: a metaanalysis on experiments with periphyton. J. N. Am. Bentholog. Soc., 21, 349-369.
28. Hillebrand H. & Kahlert M. (2001). Effect of grazing and nutrient supply on periphyton
biomass and nutrient stoichiometry in habitats of different productivity. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 46, 1881-1898.
29. Hillebrand H. & Kahlert M. (2002). Effect of grazing and water column nutrient supply on
biomass and nutrient content of sediment microalgae. Aquatic Botany, 72, 143-159.
30. Hillebrand H., Worm B. & Lotze H.K. (2000). Marine microbenthic community structure
regulated by nitrogen loading and grazing pressure. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 204, 27-38.
31. John E. & Turkington R. (1995). Herbaceous vegetation in the understorey of the boreal
forest: does nutrient supply or snowshoe hare herbivory regulate species composition and
abundance? J. Ecol., 83, 581-590.
32. Jones I.J., Moss B., Eaton J.W. & Young J.O. (2000). Do submerged aquatic plants influence
periphyton community composition for the benefit of invertebrate mutualists?
Freshwater Biol., 43, 591-604.
33. Karjalainen H., Seppala S. & Walls M. (1998). Nitrogen, phosphorus and Daphnia grazing in
controlling phytoplankton biomass and composition - an experimental study. Hydrobiol.,
363, 309-321.
34. Kiffney P.M. & Richardson J.S. (2001). Interactions among nutrients, periphyton, and
invertebrate and vertebrate (Ascaphus truei) grazers in experimental channels. Copeia,
2001, 422-429.
35. Lapointe B.E., Barile P.J., Yentsch C.S., Littler M.M., Littler D.S. & Kakuk B. (2004). The
relative importance of nutrient enrichment and herbivory on macroalgal communities
near Norman's Pond Cay, Exumas Cays, Bahamas: a "natural" enrichment experiment. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 298, 275-301.
36. Leibold M.A. & Wilbur H.M. (1992). Interactions between food-web structure and nutrients
on pond organisms. Nature, 360, 341-343.
37. Lever M.A. & Valiela I. (2005). Response of microphytobenthic biomass to experimental
nutrient enrichment and grazer exclusion at different land-derived nitrogen loads. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 294, 117-129.
38. Liess A. & Hillebrand H. (2006). Role of nutrient supply in grazer-periphyton interactions:
reciprocal influences of periphyton and grazer nutrient stoichiometry. J. N. Am.
Bentholog. Soc., 25, 632-642.
39. Liess A. & Kahlert M. (2007). Gastropod grazers and nutrients, but not light, interact in
determining periphytic algal diversity. Oecologia, 152, 101-111.
40. Mallory M.A. & Richardson J.S. (2005). Complex interactions of light, nutrients and
consumer density in a stream periphyton-grazer (tailed frog tadpoles) system. J. Anim.
Ecol., 74, 1020-1028.
41. Marks J.C. & Lowe R.L. (1989). The independent and interactive effects of snail grazing and
nutrient enrichment on structuring periphyton communities. Hydrobiol., 185, 9-17.
42. McClanahan T.R., Sala E., Stickels P.A., Cokos B.A., Baker A.C., Starger C.J. & Jones S.H.
(2003). Interaction between nutrients and herbivory in controlling algal communities and
coral condition on Glover's Reef, Belize. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 261, 135-147.
43. McCormick P. & Stevenson R. (1989). Effects of snail grazing on benthic algal community
structure in different nutrient environments. J. N. Am. Bentholog. Soc., 8, 162-172.
44. McCormick P.V. & Stevenson R.J. (1991). Grazer control of nutrient availability in the
periphyton. Oecologia, 86, 287-291.
45. McGlathery K.J. (1995). Nutrient and grazing influences on a subtropical seagrass
community. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 122, 239-252.
46. McIntyre P.B., Michel E. & Olsgard M. (2006). Top-down and bottom-up controls on
periphyton biomass and productivity in Lake Tanganyika. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 15141523.
47. Methratta E.T. (2004). Top-down and bottom-up factors in tidepool communities. J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol., 299, 77-96.
48. Miller M.W. & Hay M.E. (1996). Coral-seaweed-grazer-nutrient interactions on temperate
reefs. Ecol. Mono., 66, 323-344.
49. Miller M.W., Hay M.E., Miller S.L., Malone D., Sotka E.E. & Szmant A.M. (1999). Effects
of nutrients versus herbivores on reef algae: a new method for manipulating nutrients on
coral reefs. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1847-1861.
50. Mulholland P.J., Steinman A.D., Palumbo A.V., Deangelis D.L. & Flum T.E. (1991a).
Influence of nutrients and grazing on the response of stream periphyton communities to a
scour disturbance. J. N. Am. Bentholog. Soc., 10, 127-142.
51. Mulholland P.J., Steinman A.D., Palumbo A.V., Elwood J.W. & Kirschtel D.B. (1991b).
Role of nutrient cycling and herbivory in regulating periphyton communities in
laboratory streams. Ecology, 72, 966-982.
52. Neckles H.A., Wetzel R.L. & Orth R.J. (1993). Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and
grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte (Zostera marina L.) dynamics. Oecologia, 93, 285-295.
53. Nielsen K.J. (2001). Bottom-up and top-down forces in tide pools: test of a food chain model
in an intertidal community. Ecol. Mono., 71, 187-217.
54. Pace M.L. & Funke E. (1991). Regulation of planktonic microbial communities by nutrients
and herbivores. Ecology, 72, 904-914.
55. Pan Y. & Lowe R.L. (1994). Independent and interactive effects of nutrients and grazers on
benthic algal community structure. Hydrobiol., 291, 201-209.
56. Pérez-Martínez C. & Cruz-Pizarro L. (1995). Species-specific phytoplankton responses to
nutrients and zooplankton manipulations in enclosure experiments. Freshwater Biol., 33,
193-203.
57. Peterson B.J., Deegan L., Helfrich J., Hobbie J.E., Hullar M., Moller B., Ford T.E., Hershey
A., Hiltner A., Kipphut G., Lock M.A., Fiebig D.M., McKinley V., Miller M.C., Vestal
J.R., Ventullo R. & Volk G. (1993). Biological responses of a tundra river to fertilization.
Ecology, 74, 653-672.
58. Peterson C.G. & Grimm N.B. (1992). Temporal variation in enrichment effects during
periphyton succession in a nitrogen-limited desert stream ecosystem. J. N. Am.
Bentholog. Soc., 11, 20-36.
59. Posey M., Powell C., Cahoon L. & Lindquist D. (1995). Top-down vs bottom up control of
benthic community composition on an intertidal tideflat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 185,
19-31.
60. Roll S.K., Diehl S. & Cooper S.D. (2005). Effects of grazer immigration and nutrient
enrichment on an open algae-grazer system. Oikos, 108, 386-400.
61. Rosemond A.D. (1993). Interactions among irradiance, nutrients, and herbivores constrain a
stream algal community. Oecologia, 94, 585-594.
62. Rosemond A.D., Mulholland P.J. & Brawley S.H. (2000). Seasonally shifting limitation of
stream periphyton: response of algal populations and assemblage biomass and
productivity to variation in light, nutrients, and herbivores. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 57,
66-75.
63. Rosemond A.D., Mulholland P.J. & Elwood J.W. (1993). Top-down and bottom-up control
of stream periphyton: effects of nutrients and herbivores. Ecology, 74, 1264-1280.
64. Russell B.D. & Connell S.D. (2005). A novel interaction between nutrients and grazers alters
relative dominance of marine habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 289, 5-11.
65. Sawatzky C.L., Wurtsbaugh W.A. & Luecke C. (2006). The spatial and temporal dynamics
of deep chlorophyll layers in high-mountain lakes: effects of nutrients, grazing and
herbivore nutrient cycling as growth determinants. Journal of Plankton Research, 28, 6586.
66. Silliman B.R. & Zieman J.C. (2001). Top-down control of Spartina alterniflora production by
periwinkle grazing in a Virginia salt marsh. Ecology, 82, 2830-2845.
67. Smith J.E., Smith C.M. & Hunter C.L. (2001). An experimental analysis of the effects of
herbivory and nutrient enrichment on benthic community dynamics on a Hawaiian reef.
Coral Reefs, 19, 332-342.
68. Smith J.E., Smith C.M. & Hunter C.L. (submitted). The influence of top-down and bottomup effects in regulating benthic coral reef community structure. Ecology.
69. Sommer U. (2000). Scarcity of medium-sized phytoplankton in the northern Red Sea
explained by strong bottom-up and weak top-down control. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 197,
19-25.
70. Steinman A.D., Mulholland P.J., Palumbo A.V., Flum T.F., Elwood J.W. & De Angelis D.L.
(1990). Resistance of lotic ecosystems to a light elimination disturbance: a laboratory
stream study. In: Oikos, pp. 80-90.
71. Stendera S. (2000). Grazer-Periphyton Interactions. In. Diplomarbeit Universität Köln Köln,
Germany.
72. Stevens G.N. & Jones R.H. (2006). Patterns in soil fertility and root herbivory interact to
influence fine-root dynamics. Ecology, 87, 616-624.
73. Stewart A.J. (1987). Responses of stream algae to grazing minnows and nutrients: a field test
for interactions. Oecologia, 72, 1-7.
74. Sumner W.T. & McIntire C.D. (1982). Grazer-periphyton interactions in laboratory streams.
Arch. Hydrob., 93, 135-157.
75. Swank S.E. & Oechel W.C. (1991). Interactions among the effects of herbivory, competition,
and resource limitation on chaparral herbs. Ecology, 72, 104-115.
76. Thacker R.W., Ginsburg D.W. & Paul V.J. (2001). Effects of herbivore exclusion and
nutrient enrichment on coral reef macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Coral Reefs, 19, 318329.
77. Turkington R., John E., Watson S. & Seccombe-Hett P. (2002). The effects of fertilization
and herbivory on the herbaceous vegetation of the boreal forest in north-western Canada:
a 10-year study. J. Ecol., 90, 325-337.
78. Vrede K., Vrede T., Isaksson A. & Karlsson A. (1999). Effects of nutrients (phosphorous,
nitrogen, and carbon) and zooplankton on bacterioplankton and phytoplankton—a
seasonal study. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1616-1624.
79. Walton S.P., Welch E.B. & Horner R.R. (1995). Stream periphyton response to grazing and
changes in phosphorus concentrations. Hydrobiol., 302, 31-46.
80. Wheeler G.S. & Center T.D. (2001). Impact of the biological control agent Hydrellia
pakistanae (Diptera: Ephydridae) on the submersed aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata
(Hydrocharitaceae). Biol. Control, 21, 168-181.
81. Winterbourn M.J. & Fegley A. (1989). Effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on
periphyton assemblages in some spring-fed, South Island streams. New Zealand Natural
Sciences, 16, 57-65.
82. Wootton J.T., Power M.E., Paine R.T. & Pfister C.A. (1996). Effects of productivity,
consumers, competitors, and El Nino events on food chain patterns in a rocky intertidal
community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 93, 13855-13858.
83. Worm B., Lotze H.K., Hillebrand H. & Sommer U. (2002). Consumer versus resource
control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature, 417, 848-851.