SHELL CUPS
Algonquian
Blackfoot. Use.
The native pigments were ground to a powder in small stone mortars. Each color was kept separately in a skin bag closed at the neck by a buckskin drawstring. In use, the paints were mixed with hot water in a clam shell cup , or mixed with the glue extracted from boiling in water the tail of a beaver or the white, clean underscrapings from a hide.
(Canfield 1945:14-15)
Delaware. Use.
Bone and antler artifacts do not appear to be abundant on Minsi sites. On occasion, the bone awl, antler flakers of cylindrical form, combs, turtleshell cups , perforated deer phalanges, perforated needles, antler picks, beaming tools, and short bone tubes, probably used as ornaments, are found. (Vernon 1951: 11)
Iroquoian
Iroquois.
Use.
Still remembered but now passed out of general use are box-turtle shell cups , elm-bark hide scrapers, and flat stone anvils with hand stone mullers for crushing nuts and medicinal roots. (Speck 1945:43)
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ewers, John C.
1945 Blackfeet Crafts. Branch of Education, Indian Service, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Washington; Haskell Institute, Lawrence.
Blackfoot NF06. Field Date: 1941-1944. Northern Montana, United States; southern
Alberta, Canada
This monograph provides thorough coverage of both traditional and modern Blackfoot techniques of the preparation and sewing of leather skins, painting, quillwork, beadwork, embroidery designs, and some minor crafts such as pipe, utensil, and feather bonnet making. The text is richly illustrated.
Leslie, Vernon
1951 A Tentative Catalogue of Minsi Material Culture. Pennsylvania
Archaeologist 21(1-2): 9-20.
Page: 1

Delaware NM07. Field Date: no date. Upper Delaware Valley, northeastern Pennsylvania and adjacent New York.
This is a descriptive listing of the various elements comprising Minsi material culture, that the author feels will be of value and interest to the amateur as well as a professional archaeologist digging in the Minsi area. The author believes that by using these listings the archaeologist could get as tentative idea of which artifacts could be assigned to the
Minsi horizon and which to an earlier time period. Prior to the above artifact description, the author discusses the concept of the Minsi culture horizon, as derived form his own fieldwork and the works of other authors.
Speck, Frank
1945 The Iroquois: A study in Cultural Evolution. Cranbrook Institute of
Science, Detroit.
Iroquois NM09. Field Date: no date. Place Coverage: not specified.
This booklet consists of a summary of Iroquois technology and material culture. The text was conceived as a vehicle for numerous photographs of specimens from the ethnological collections of the Cranbrook Institute of Science. Speck takes an historical approach and relates the museum materials to the historical background of the Iroquoian and, more generally, the eastern woodland Native Americans.
Page: 2