Semester 2 Biology Study Guide
MEIOSIS (Chapter 9.5-9.6)
1. What is the difference between haploid and diploid? What do they have to do with meiosis?
Haploid – cells with half the amount of chromosomes (sperm & egg)
Diploid – full set of chromosomes
Meiosis makes haploid cells
2. What is crossing over and why is it important?
Homologous chromosomes exchanging pieces of DNA
It acts as a source of variation within a species
3. When are homologous chromosomes paired up?
in meiosis
4. What is the goal of meiosis?
to form haploid cells (sperm and egg)
DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (Chapter 11)
5. Draw a picture of DNA labeling the nitrogen bases, phosphate group, and the deoxyribose.
A
T
C
G
T
A
A
T
G
C
6. When does DNA replication happen and what is the goal of it?
Copying of DNA so each new daughter cell has the same # of chromosomes as the
parent cells
7. Identify and describe the steps of Protein Synthesis.
1. DNA is converted into mRNA
2. mRNA goes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
4. tRNA attaches to the mRNA
5. amino acids attached to the tRNA are lined up to create a protein
8. If the original strand of DNA is AATTGGCC what will be the sequence of the complementary strand of
DNA?
TTAACCGG
9. What are amino acids?
amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
10. What are genes?
genes carry the code for making proteins
11. The mRNA is AUCGCA. What is the DNA? What are the amino acids (use the table provided)?
TAGCGT
Iso, Ala
12. What is a mutation?
Change in the DNA
FIRST BASE
Base substitution will affect only
one amino acid. Base deletion or
insertion will change all the following
amino acids
C
A
14. Explain why a mutation can have no
G
effect.
Helpful – increased diversity
Harmful – causes defects
Neutral – doesn’t change the amino acid
G
Cys
Cys
Stop
Trp
Arg
Arg
Arg
Arg
Ser
Ser
Arg
Arg
Gly
Gly
Gly
Gly
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
THIRD BASE
13. Why would an insertion or deletion
mutation have more of an effect than a
substitution mutation?
U
U
Phe
Phe
Leu
Leu
Leu
Leu
Leu
Leu
Iso
Iso
Iso
Met
Val
Val
Val
Val
SECOND BASE
C
A
Ser
Tyr
Ser
Tyr
Ser
Stop
Ser
Stop
Pro
His
Pro
His
Pro
Gln
Pro
Gln
Thr
Asn
Thr
Asn
Thr
Lys
Thr
Lys
Ala
Asp
Ala
Asp
Ala
Glu
Ala
Glu
15. What is a mutagen and give 2 examples?
Something that causes a mutation…Examples: smoking and tanning
GENETICS (Chapters 10, 12, 13)
16. Differentiate between phenotype and genotype.
Phenotype – characteristics that you can see
Genotype – the letters
17. In humans freckles is a dominant trait. Cross a heterozygous mom with a dad that does not have freckles.
List the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring.
F
f
Ff x ff
Phenotype
Genotype
f
Ff
ff
mom dad
50% Freckles
50% Ff
f
Ff
ff
50% no freckles
50% ff
18. What are the sex chromosomes of male and females?
Males – XY Females – XX
Male determines a child’s sex because he has both X and Y
19. Give an example or explain the following: intermediate inheritance (incomplete dominance), polygenic
traits, test cross, and codominance.
incomplete dominance – blending of traits RR-red Rr- pink rr-white
polygenic traits – many genes affect one trait (Example: eye color)
test cross – crossing 2 organisms so you figure out their genotypes
codominance – both traits show up RR- red Rr red & white rr - white
20. Complete a Punnett Square for the following cross.
AaBb X AaBb
21. Is it possible to have a child with blood type O if the
mom has blood type A and dad has blood type B? Show
your work.
IB
i
IA
i
I AI B
IBi
IAi
ii
I Ai x
mom
IBi
dad
Yes! 25% chance
AB
Ab
aB
ab
AB
AABB AABb AaBB
AaBb
Ab
AABb AAbb
AaBb
Aabb
aB
AaBB
AaBb
aaBB
aaBb
ab
AaBb
Aabb
aaBb
aabb
22. Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked trait. Cross a normal father with a mother who is a carrier for
hemophilia. Is it possible for them to have a child with hemophilia? Show your work.
XH
Y
XH XHXH
XHY
Xh XHXh
XhY
XHXh
mom
x
XHY
dad
Yes! 25 % chance that they will have a boy who has hemophiia
23. Differentiate between heterozygous and homozygous.
heterozygous – having a dominant gene and a recessive gene for a trait Rr
homozygous – having two of the same gene for a trait RR or rr
24. Describe the process of cloning animals.
Take the DNA out of the body cell from one animal. Take the DNA from the egg cell from another
animal. Put the DNA from the body cell into the egg cell and place the cell into a foster mom.
25. What are 2 applications for DNA fingerprinting?
Paternity tests
Crime scenes
DNA is unlikely to be the same in different people
26. What is recombinant DNA and how is it produced?
Recombinant DNA is DNA from 2 different organisms joined together
27. Explain what a genetically modified organism (GMO) is and give 2 examples.
Any example of animal getting a gene from some other organism, so that it can use the gene’s
instructions to produce the protein that the animal would not normally produce. Example glowing animals.
TAXONOMY (Chapter 15.4)
28. Using binomial nomenclature the scientific name for a dog is Canis familiaris What is the genus name?
Canis
29. List and describe the characteristics of each kingdom.
Animalia – multicellular, no cell walls, no chloroplasts
Plantae – multicellular, cells walls, chloroplasts
Fungi – multicellular, cell walls, no chloroplasts
Protista – single celled organism with a nucleus, chloroplasts, no cell walls
Monera – single celled organism without a nucleus
EVOLUTION (Chapters 14-15)
30. What is evolution?
a change over time, variation (such as mutation) must exist for evolution to occur
31. Describe the difference between macroevolution and microevolution. Give examples of each.
macroevolution – formation of an entirely new species from an existing species
(Example: ape to man) takes a long time!!!
microevolution – changes that occur within a species over time (Example: bacteria
becoming immune to antibiotics)
32. Define and give an example of natural selection.
Organisms that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce. Natural selection results in a change in gene frequency. Example: bacteria
becoming immune to antibiotics
33. List and describe the evidence used for evolution.
Fossils – oldest evidence Examples: imprints of leaves, footprints, and skeletons
Vestigial structures – structure that an organism has but does not use Example: whale
pelvis
Homologous Structures – similarities in bone structures that show a common ancestor
DNA – newest evidence
ANATOMY (Chapters 27-33)
34. Describe the functions of the following systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory,
respiratory, nervous, digestive, immune, endocrine, reproductive, and excretory.
integumentary – body covering
skeletal – protection, support, & makes red blood cells
muscular – movement
circulatory – delivery of materials
respiratory – gas exchange
nervous – controls by electrical signals
digestive – breakdown of food
immune – fights disease
endocrine – controls body through hormones
reproductive – produces offspring
excretory – eliminates waste
35. Draw a picture of 2 neurons. Label and explain the functions of the myelin sheath, axon, dendrites,
synapse, receptors, and nucleus
myelin sheath – insulates
axon – sends message
dendrites – receive message
synapse – space between neurons
receptors – place where message hits
nucleus – controls activities
36. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
The immune system attacks the myelin sheath
37. Draw a graph showing the primary and secondary immune response.
38. How does a vaccine protect you from getting the disease?
Forces your body to create memory B cells
39. How is HIV transmitted?
unprotected sex and through the blood
40. Define the following: autoimmune disease, allergy, and antihistamine.
autoimmune disease – body attacks itself
allergy – abnormal response to a harmless antigen
antihistamine – drug that blocks the histamine reaction
41. What is the function of arteries, veins, and capillaries?
arteries – carry blood away from heart
veins – carry blood to the heart
capillaries – small vessels in between arteries and veins (allow for gas exchange)
42. What is cardiovascular disease and how can it be prevented?
Coronary arteries are blocked
Don’t smoke, Don’t eat foods high in fat & cholesterol
43. How does your body know when to take a breath?
High concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the blood
44. Where do the circulatory and respiratory systems connect?
capillaries and the alveoli
45. What is ovulation and when does it occur?
ovulation is when pregnancy is most likely to happen
it occurs about 2 weeks into the menstrual cycle
46. Where does fertilization usually occur?
in the fallopian tube
47. How do the nutrients move from the mother to the fetus?
through the placenta
48. Describe the path that food travels through the digestive system.
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, out!
49. What is the function of the following digestive organs: liver, small intestine, stomach, and esophagus?
liver – removes glucose from the blood & stores it as glycogen for later use
small intestine – absorption
stomach – holding area for food
esophagus – moves food from mouth to stomach
50. What characteristics of the digestive system allow for more absorption?
villi in the small intestine
51. Explain how drugs affect the nervous system.
they hit the receptors in the synapse and wear out the receptors