APPENDIX-4
The Chicago Manual of Style1
The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and
bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and
the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.
The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in
literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often,
a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to
the author-date system.
The author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences.
In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name
and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full
bibliographic information is provided.
Aside from the use of notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a
similar style.
Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations
The following examples illustrate citations using the notes and bibliography system. Examples of
notes are followed by shortened versions of citations to the same source.
Book
One author
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York:
Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin,
2006.
Two or more authors
1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York:
Knopf, 2007), 52.
2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61.
1
Adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style Online at http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.
html
1
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf,
2007.
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first
author, followed by et al. (“and others”):
1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . . .
2. Barnes et al., Plastics . . .
Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author
1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 91–92.
2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author
1. Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London:
Cape, 1988), 242–55.
2. García Márquez, Cholera, 33.
García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London:
Cape, 1988.
Chapter or other part of a book
1. John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of
War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.
2. Kelly, “Seeing Red,” 81–82.
Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.”
In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui,
Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)
1. Quintus Tullius Cicero. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,” in Rome: Late
Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of
2
Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35.
2. Cicero, “Canvassing for the Consulship,” 35.
Cicero, Quintus Tullius. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic
and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of
Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh,
trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
1. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx–xxi.
2. Rieger, introduction, xxxiii.
Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft
Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or
discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or
other number.
1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.
2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
3. Austen, Pride and Prejudice.
4. Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19.
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Journal article
Article in a print journal
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range
for the whole article.
3
1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009):
440.
2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53.
Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.
Article in an online journal
Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that,
when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the
source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your
publisher or discipline.
1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010,
doi:10.1086/599247.
2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
Article in a newspaper or popular magazine
Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and Robert
Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and they
are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal
versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access
date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation
with the article title.
1. Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker, January 25, 2010, 68.
2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, accessed February 28, 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
3. Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” 69.
4. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.”
Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25, 2010.
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
4
Book review
1. David Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner,” review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan, New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book
Review, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
2. Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner.”
Kamp, David. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of
Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book Review.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
Thesis or dissertation
1. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty”
(PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).
2. Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires.”
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD
diss., University of Chicago, 2008.
Paper presented at a meeting or conference
1. Rachel Adelman, “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009).
2. Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.”
Adelman, Rachel. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009.
Website
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note (“As of
July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation
is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change,
include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.
1. “Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009,
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
2. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19,
2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
3. “Google Privacy Policy.”
4. “Toy Safety Facts.”
5
Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008.
http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
Blog entry or comment
Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The BeckerPosner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted
from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
There is no need to add pseud. after an apparently fictitious or informal name. (If an access date
is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)
1. Jack, February 25, 2010 (7:03 p.m.), comment on Richard Posner, “Double Exports in Five
Years?,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21, 2010,
http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-yearsposner.html.
2. Jack, comment on Posner, “Double Exports.”
Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/.
E-mail or text message
E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on
March 1, 2010, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a
bibliography. The following example shows the more formal version of a note.
1. John Doe, e-mail message to author, February 28, 2010.
Item in a commercial database
For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession
number following the facts of publication. In this example, the dissertation cited above is shown
as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest’s database for dissertations and theses.
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD
diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).
6
Author-Date: Sample Citations
The following examples illustrate citations using the author-date system. Each example of a
reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding parenthetical citation in the
text.
Book
One author
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin.
(Pollan 2006, 99–100)
Two or more authors
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. 2007. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York:
Knopf.
(Ward and Burns 2007, 52)
For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the reference list; in the text, list only the first
author, followed by et al. (“and others”):
(Barnes et al. 2010)
Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
(Lattimore 1951, 91–92)
Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author
García Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman.
London: Cape.
(García Márquez 1988, 242–55)
Chapter or other part of a book
Kelly, John D. 2010. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of
War.” In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice
Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7
(Kelly 2010, 77)
Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)
Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late
Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University
of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The
Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
(Cicero 1986, 35)
Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
Rieger, James. 1982. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
(Rieger 1982, xx–xxi)
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or
discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or
other number.
Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle edition.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
(Austen 2007)
(Kurland and Lerner, chap. 10, doc. 19)
Journal article
Article in a print journal
In the text, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the reference list entry, list the
page range for the whole article.
Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104:439–58.
(Weinstein 2009, 440)
8
Article in an online journal
Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that,
when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the
source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your
publisher or discipline.
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115:405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
(Kossinets and Watts 2009, 411)
Article in a newspaper or popular magazine
Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and Robert
Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”), and they are commonly
omitted from a reference list. The following examples show the more formal versions of the
citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access date only if your
publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article
title.
Mendelsohn, Daniel. 2010. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25.
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. 2010. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care
Vote.” New York Times, February 27. Accessed February 28, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.
(Mendelsohn 2010, 68)
(Stolberg and Pear 2010)
Book review
Kamp, David. 2006. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, Sunday Book Review.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.
(Kamp 2006)
Thesis or dissertation
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”
PhD diss., University of Chicago.
(Choi 2008)
9
Paper presented at a meeting or conference
Adelman, Rachel. 2009. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic
Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24.
(Adelman 2009)
Website
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text (“As of July 19, 2008,
the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website. . .”). If a more formal citation is desired, it
may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an
access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified. In the absence of a date of
publication, use the access date or last-modified date as the basis of the citation.
Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
McDonald’s Corporation. 2008. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19.
http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
(Google 2009)
(McDonald’s 2008)
Blog entry or comment
Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The BeckerPosner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”), and they are commonly omitted from a reference list.
If a reference list entry is needed, cite the blog post there but mention comments in the text only.
(If an access date is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)
Posner, Richard. 2010. “Double Exports in Five Years?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21.
http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-yearsposner.html.
(Posner 2010)
E-mail or text message
E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on
March 1, 2010, John Doe revealed . . .”), and they are rarely listed in a reference list. In
parenthetical citations, the term personal communication (or pers. comm.) can be used.
(John Doe, e-mail message to author, February 28, 2010)
10
or
(John Doe, pers. comm.)
Item in a commercial database
For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession
number following the facts of publication. In this example, the dissertation cited above is shown
as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest’s database for dissertations and theses.
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”
PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).
11