1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Appendix 1. Search string used in Web of Science to identify articles related to each taxonomic group and diseases within each
taxonomic group. All searches were performed on the titles of articles only to avoid temporal biases in searching efficacy as a
function of abstract availability. Initial searches were conducted individually for each taxonomic group and subsequently combined
with the disease search string using the ‘AND’ function within Web of Science Advanced Search. When search strings included more
than 50 terms, we used the ‘OR’ function to combine multiple smaller searches. The exclusion terms were included in a separate
search, which was then combined using specific functions (e.g., #1 and #2 NOT #3 to combined searches 1 and 2 while excluding
search 3). Subsequent refinements were conducted by document type and by subject area (see Appendix 2).
Search String
Disease
Amphibians
Crayfishes
Molluscs
Fishes
Terms included
TI=(disease* OR pathog* OR infect* OR prevalence OR parasit* OR bacteri* OR virus* OR viral OR fung* OR
myco* OR nematod* OR trematod* OR cestod* OR ectoparasit* OR acanthoceph* OR protist* OR protozoa* OR
(mass and mortalit*) OR dieoff* OR epidem* OR epizoot* OR helminth* OR chytrid* OR myxozoa* OR oomycet*
OR vibrio* OR microsporid* OR bloom* OR noninfectious OR HABs*)
TI=(amphib* OR frog* OR toad* OR tadpole* OR anura* OR urodel* OR caudat* OR caecilian* OR salamander*
OR Arthroleptis* OR Leptopelis* OR Ischnocnema OR Ansonia OR Atelopus OR Bufo OR Melanophryniscus OR
Centrolene OR Hyalinobatrachium OR Nymphargus OR Telmatobius OR Craugastor OR Cycloramphus OR
Allobates OR Ameerega OR Dendrobates OR Hyloxalus OR Eleutherodactylus OR Gastrotheca OR
Dendropsophus OR Hyla OR Hyloscirtus OR Hypsiboas OR Plectrohyla OR Scinax OR Litoria OR Nyctimystes
OR Phyllomedusa OR Afrixalus OR Hyperolius OR Physalaemus OR Leptodactylus OR Xenophrys OR
Cophixalus OR Oreophryne OR Xenorhina OR Microhyla OR Uperoleia OR Xenopus OR Platymantis OR
Fejervarya OR Limnonectes OR Boophis OR Gephyromantis OR Mantidactylus OR Phrynobatrachus OR
Ptychadena OR Amolops OR Rana OR Philautus OR Rhacophorus OR Polypedates OR Pristimantis OR
Ambystoma OR Hynobius OR Bolitoglossa OR Eurycea OR Oedipina OR Pseudoeurycea OR Plethodon OR
Caecilia OR Ichthyophis OR Gymnophion*)
TI=(crayfish* OR crawdad* OR Procambarus OR Orconectes OR Cambarus OR Astacus OR Cherax OR
Pacifastacus OR Aegla OR Cambarellus OR Austropotamobius OR Paranephrops OR Astacopsis)
TI=(Unionoid* OR veneroid* Basommatorph* OR pulmonat* OR prosobranch* OR Neritid* OR Viviparid* OR
Ampullariid* OR Valvatid* OR Hydrobiid* OR Bithyniid* OR Pomatiopsid* OR Thiarid* OR Melanopsid* OR
Pleurocerid* OR Lymnaeid* OR Physid* OR Planorb* OR Latiid* OR Chilinid* OR Sphaeriid* OR Corbiculid* OR
Dreissenid* OR Etheriid* OR Hyriid* OR Irinid* OR Margaritiferid* OR Mutelid* OR Mycetopodid* OR Unionid* OR
Unionacea OR Ampullaria OR Pomacea OR Melanoides OR Helisoma OR Viviparus OR Physa OR Lymnaea OR
Stagnicola OR Radix OR Bithynia OR Physella OR Gyraulus OR Menetus OR Aplexa OR Pseudosuccinea OR
Acella OR Biomphalaria OR Bulinus OR Bulimnea OR Cipangopaludina OR Campeloma OR Bellamya OR Marisa
OR Pila OR Valvata OR Hydrobia OR Potamopyrgus OR Amnicola OR Thiara OR Tarebia OR Oncomelania OR
Corbicula OR Dreissena OR Pisidium OR Sphaerium)
TI=(sunfish OR sturgeon OR chiselmouth OR mullet OR dace OR shad OR alewife OR cichlid* OR bass OR
cavefish OR bullhead* OR catfish OR bowfin* OR darter* OR perch OR stickleback* OR minnow* OR (gar and
(alligator OR fish)) OR carp OR goldfish OR snakehead OR murrel* OR cisco* OR gourami* OR whitefish OR
Reptiles
chub OR springfish OR pupfish OR roach*) NOT TI=(sea bass OR surfperch OR marine* OR ocean* OR saltwater
OR cell* OR coast* OR estuar* OR lagoon OR sea OR intertid* OR gulf OR Pacific OR Atlantic OR experiment*
OR aquacultur* OR phylogen* OR hatcher* OR pike* OR mosquitofish OR gambusia OR smelt OR trout* OR
salmon OR salmonid OR paddlefish OR crappie* OR platyfish OR danio* OR gudgeon* OR tarpon* OR redfin* OR
rasbora* OR bitterling* OR grayling OR (tetra and fish) OR sawfish OR astyanax OR pearlfish OR corydora* OR
knifefish OR pirhana* OR characin* OR acara* OR archerfish* OR ladyfish OR galaxias OR blackfish OR grunter*
OR flagtail* OR rainbowfish* OR topminnow* OR labeo* OR bluegill OR yellowfish OR squeaker* OR (river AND
stingray) OR shad OR lamprey* OR mogurnda* OR tandan* OR goldeye OR hardyhead* OR Cyprinid* OR
Centrarchid* OR Lepisosteid* OR Acipenserid* OR Polyodontid* OR Ictalurid* OR Osmerid* OR Catostomid* OR
Esocid* OR Percid* OR Anabantid* OR Callichthyid* OR Characid* OR Cichlid* OR Cyprinodontid* OR
Gasteroplecid* OR Poecili*d* OR Scatophagid* OR Toxotid*)
Turtles: TI=((Snapping and turtle*) or (Softshell and turtle*) or (soft-shell and turtle*) or (Box and turtle*) or (Mud
and turtle*) or (Painted and turtle*) or (Map and turtle*) or (Musk and turtle*) or (River and turtle*) or (Snakeneck
and turtle*) or (snake-neck and turtle*) or (Pignosed and turtle*) or (pig-nosed and turtle*) or (Sideneck and turtle*)
or Chelid* or Pelomedusid* or Podocnemidid* or Carettochelyid* or Chelyrdrid* or Dermatemydid* or Emydid* or
Geoemydid* or Kinosternid* or Platysternid* or Trionychid* OR (side-neck and turtle*) or (Spotted and turtle*) or
(Water and turtle*) or Chelodina or Elseya or Elusor or Emydura or Macrochelodina or Pseudemydura or
Rheodytes or Acanthochelys or Chelus or Hydromedusa or Mesoclemmys or Phrynops or Platemys or Rhinemys
or Pelomedusa or Pelusios or Erymnochelys or Peltocephalus or Podocnemis or Carettochelys or Chelydra or
Macrochelys or Dermatemys or Actinemys or Chrysemys or Clemmys or Deirochelys or Emydoidea or Emys or
Glyptemys or Graptemys or Malaclemys or Pseudemys or Terrapene or Trachemys or Batagur or Callagur or
Chinemys or Cuora or Cyclemys or Geoclemys or Geoemyda or Hardella or Heosemys or Hieremys or Kachuga or
Leucocephalon or Malayemys or Mauremys or Melanochelys or Morenia or Notochelys or Ocadia or Orlitia or
Pangshura or Pyxidea or Rhinoclemmys or Sacalia or Siebenrockiella or Claudius or Kinosternon or Staurotypus
or Sternotherus or Platysternon or Amyda or Apalone or Aspideretes or Chitra or Cyclanorbis or Cycloderma or
Dogania or Lissemys or Nilssonia or Oscaria or Palea or Pelochelys or Pelodiscus or Rafetus or Trionyx)
Snakes: TI=((Water and snake*) or Watersnake or (Wart and Snake*) or (File and Snake*) or Anaconda* or
Keelback* or (Small-eyed and Snake*) or (Stream and Snake*) or (Queen and Snake*) or (Garter and Snake*) or
(Swamp and Snake*) or (Crayfish and Snake*) or (Water and Cobra*) or (Guinea and Bockadam*) or (Pond and
Snake*) or (Tentacle and Snake*) or (Water and Moccasin*) or Cottonmouth or Copperhead or Acrochordus or
Grayia or Afronatrix or Atretium or Hydrablabes or Hydraethiops or Limnophis or Natrix or Nerodia or Opisthotropis
or Parahelicops or Seminatrix or Sinonatrix or Xenochrophis or Farancia or Gomesophis or Helicops or Helophis or
Hydrodynastes or Hydromorphus or Pseudoeryx or Sordellina or Tetranorhinus or Thermophis or
Lycodonomorphus or Boulengerina or Cantoria or Cerberus or Enhydris or Erpeton or Heurnia or Homalopsis or
Agkistrodon or Eunectes)
Lizards: TI=((Helmeted and lizard*) or (Casque-headed and lizard*) or (Earless and Monitor*) or (Casque-Headed
and Iguana*) or (Diving and Skink*) or (Green and Basilisk*) or (Brown and Basilisk*) or Corytophanid* or
Lanthanotid* or Basiliscus or Lanthanotus)
Mammals
Birds
Exclusion terms†
9
Alligators: TI=(alligator* or crocodile* or caiman* or gharial* or Melanosuchus or Palaeosuchus or Crocodylus or
Osteolaemus or Gavialis or Tomistoma)
TI=(nutria* or coypu* or ragondin* or castorino* or muskrat* or musquash* or (river and otter*) or (neotropical and
otter*) or (common and otter*) or (fish and otter*) or (canadian and otter*) or (canada and otter*) or (eurasian and
otter*) or (old and world and otter*) or (hairy-nosed and otter*) or nipponkawauso* or (coated and otter*) or
(speckle-throated and otter*) or hutia or mink or (European polecat*) or (water vole*) or (Crimson-nosed rat) or
(swamp rat) or (water opossum*) or desman or (thick-tailed opossum*) or (fishing bat*) or (aquatic tenrec*) or
(web-footed tenrec*) or playtpus or (marsh rat) or (crab-eating rat) or (fish-eating rat) or (waterside rat) or (bufeo
and gris) or (bufeo and negro) or marshbuck* or sitatunga* or (water chevrotain) or waterbuck* or lechwes or puku
or ornithorhynchus or chironectes or Lutreolina or limnogale or desmana or galemys or arvicola or Holochilus or
Nectomys or Amphinectomys or Anotomys or Chibchanomys or Ichthyomys or Neusticomys or rheomys or
neusticomys or bibimys or hydromys or parahydromys or crossomys or baiyankamys or parahydromys or
crossomys or nilopegamys or colomys or malacomys or pelomys or hydrochaeris or neofiber or mesocapromys or
Thryonomys or neovison or elaphurus or hydropotes or blastocerus or hexaprotodon or hyemoschus or sotalia or
(plata and dolphin*) or baji or hippopotamus* or nihonkawauso* or (african and manatee*) or (dwarf and manatee*)
or capybara* or (Ladoga and seal*) or (Saimaa and seal*) or (otter and shrew*) or (spotted* and otter*) or (giant
and otter*) or (baikal and seal*) or nerpa* or (ringed and seal*) or (river and dolphin*) or baiji or ((amazonian or
amazon) and manatee*) or bhulan* or boto or castorid* or myocastorid* or platanistid* or iniid* or pontoporiid* or
lipotid* or hippopotamid* or trichechid* or Myocastor or Ondatra or Lontra or Lutra or Hydrictis or Lutrogale or
Pteronura or Aonyx or Platanista or Pontoporia or Lipotes or platanista or trichechus or hydroxhoerus or
Mesocapromys or Potamogale or Micropotamogale or Chimarrogale or Neomys or Nectogale or (Mustela and
vison))
TI=(Duck or Ducks or Geese or Goose or Waterfowl or waterbird* or Screamer* or Plover* or Lapwing* or Jacana*
or Stilt* or Avocet* or Snipe* or Sandpiper* or Heron* or Egret* or Bittern or bitterns or Stork* or Hamerkop* or Ibis*
or Spoonbill* or Hoatzin* or Crane or cranes or Finfoot* or Gallinule* or Coot or coots or Dipper* or Anhinga* or
Pelican* or Cormorant* or Shag* or Grebe* or Anatid* or Anhimid* or Charadriid* or Jacanid* or Recurvirostrid* or
Rostratulid* or Scolopacid* or Ardeid* or Balaenicipitid* or Ciconiid* or Scopid* or Threskiornithid* or
Opisthocomid* or Loon* or Limpkin* or Gaviid* or Aramid* or Gruid* or Heliornithid* or Rallid* or Cinclid* or
Anhingid* or Pelecanid* or Phalacrocoracid* or Podicipedid*)
NOT TI= (marine* OR ocean* OR saltwater OR cell* OR coast* OR estuar* OR lagoon OR sea OR intertid* OR
gulf OR offshore OR Pacific OR Atlantic OR experiment* OR aquacultur* OR phylogen* OR hatcher* OR surf* OR
bean*)
†Additional or alternative exclusion terms were used on some searches depending on the particular taxon.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Appendix 2. Refinements of Web of Science searches on the basis of article types and subject areas. We selected article types likely
to present data on disease-related observations, rather than reviews, editorials or commentaries. These categories were consistent for
all searches. For subject areas, we sought to identify topic areas for each group that would help to exclude accounts of marine taxa,
cellular or biochemical studies, aquacultural or agricultural research, or laboratory experiments. While the subject areas were similar
for all searches, some differences occurred in cases where a particular subject area was not represented in the overall search (and
therefore omitted from here) or when it yielded articles outside our selection criteria. For example, ‘oceanography’ generated
numerous marine records in the fish and mollusc searches but not in the crayfish search.
Taxonomic
group
Article types
Subject areas
Amphibians
ARTICLE OR MEETING
ABSTRACT OR PROCEEDINGS
PAPER OR NOTE
Crayfishes
ARTICLE OR MEETING
ABSTRACT OR PROCEEDINGS
PAPER OR NOTE
Molluscs
ARTICLE OR MEETING
ABSTRACT OR PROCEEDINGS
PAPER OR NOTE
Fishes
ARTICLE OR MEETING
ABSTRACT OR PROCEEDINGS
PAPER OR NOTE
Birds
ARTICLE OR LETTER OR
MEETING ABSTRACT OR NOTE
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR PARASITOLOGY OR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
OR PATHOLOGY OR FISHERIES OR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OR
BIOLOGY OR IMMUNOLOGY OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR LIMNOLOGY OR
MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES OR
ECOLOGY OR MYCOLOGY OR VETERINARY SCIENCES OR WATER RESOURCES
OR ZOOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR PARASITOLOGY OR FISHERIES OR
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OR IMMUNOLOGY OR BIOLOGY OR INFECTIOUS
DISEASES OR LIMNOLOGY OR MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY OR
MICROBIOLOGY OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES OR MYCOLOGY OR
ECOLOGY OR VETERINARY SCIENCES OR OCEANOGRAPHY OR VIROLOGY OR
WATER RESOURCES OR ZOOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
OR ZOOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY OR TROPICAL MEDICINE OR LIMNOLOGY OR
VETERINARY SCIENCES OR FISHERIES OR MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
OR TOXICOLOGY OR PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OR
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ECOLOGY OR IMMUNOLOGY OR PATHOLOGY OR
BIOLOGY OR AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCES OR VIROLOGY OR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OR WATER
RESOURCES
FISHERIES OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES OR MYCOLOGY OR
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OR IMMUNOLOGY OR PARASITOLOGY OR
BIOLOGY OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR PATHOLOGY OR LIMNOLOGY OR
ECOLOGY OR MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY OR VIROLOGY OR
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR WATER RESOURCES OR EVOLUTIONARY
BIOLOGY OR MICROSCOPY OR ZOOLOGY
ORNITHOLOGY OR ECOLOGY OR ZOOLOGY OR PATHOLOGY OR VETERINARY
SCIENCES OR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL
OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER
18
19
20
Reptiles
ARTICLE OR LETTER OR
MEETING ABSTRACT OR NOTE
OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER
Mammals
ARTICLE OR MEETING
ABSTRACT OR NOTE OR
PROCEEDINGS PAPER OR
LETTER
SCIENCE OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR LIMNOLOGY OR BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION OR PHYSIOLOGY OR BIOLOGY OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCES OR TOXICOLOGY OR VIROLOGY OR PARASITOLOGY OR MYCOLOGY
OR MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY OR ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY OR
ENTOMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY OR WATER RESOURCES OR IMMUNOLOGY
OR TROPICAL MEDICINE OR MICROSCOPY OR PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL &
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OR FISHERIES OR
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OR FORESTRY
ZOOLOGY OR ECOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY OR PHYSIOLOGY OR TROPICAL
MEDICINE OR ENTOMOLOGY OR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES OR BIOLOGY OR
MICROSCOPY OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES OR VETERINARY SCIENCES
OR PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OR BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION OR IMMUNOLOGY OR OCEANOGRAPHY OR PATHOLOGY OR
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR WATER RESOURCES OR ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR PARASITOLOGY OR LIMNOLOGY OR
FORESTRY OR VIROLOGY OR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OR FISHERIES OR
MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
OR ZOOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY OR TROPICAL MEDICINE OR LIMNOLOGY OR
VETERINARY SCIENCES OR FISHERIES OR MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
OR TOXICOLOGY OR PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OR
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ECOLOGY OR IMMUNOLOGY OR PATHOLOGY OR
BIOLOGY OR AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE OR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCES OR VIROLOGY OR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OR WATER
RESOURCES