FY 2007-09 F&W Program Innovative Project Solicitation
Section 10. Narrative
Estimating abundance of white sturgeon by using visual strip-transects; an
alternative to mark-recapture population estimates
A. Abstract and statement of innovation
This study is innovative in that we propose to use acoustic imaging technology to obtain an
estimate of abundance of white sturgeon within a reservoir using a visual strip-transect approach.
The results may provide an alternative to mark-recapture sampling to obtain abundance estimates
of large white sturgeon. Data collected on fish locations could also be used to develop spatially
explicit predictive habitat models.
Side scan sonar technology has traditionally been used to characterize and map river, lake, and
ocean sediments and to locate large objects such as shipwrecks and automobiles. Recent
innovations in the technology (higher frequencies, e.g.) enable objects as small as a few inches
across to be discerned in the imagery. Side scan sonar and acoustic camera operators have been
able to enumerate fish and porpoises in imagery obtained with these systems. White sturgeon
commonly exceed 2 m in length, and can be as large as 4 m in length. A 600 kHz side scan
sonar imaging system capable of resolving objects a few inches in size or an acoustic camera will
be operated to enumerate and measure individual white sturgeon along transects. In this
proposal we focus on the development of methods including selecting an appropriate
stratification scheme and allocation of effort for areas to be surveyed, and the optimization of
strip-transects including assessments of precision and accuracy. Ultimately, the work should
determine if visual strip-transect surveys can be conducted to derive estimates of abundance of
white sturgeon > 1 m in length.
B. Technical and/or scientific background
Reliable estimates of population size are important for many aspects of fishery management.
Accurate estimates of the abundance of larger (e.g. > 1 m TL) white sturgeon Acipenser
transmontanus are needed to reduce the risk of over-exploitation while maximizing harvest
opportunities in areas where harvest occurs. In areas where white sturgeon populations are in
decline or undergoing restoration, accurate estimates of abundance are used to track trends and to
evaluate management actions. Current sturgeon stock assessment activities throughout the
Columbia River Basin rely on mark-recapture techniques to obtain estimates of abundance. In
lower Columbia River reservoirs, fishery managers use setlines fished in a stratified random
sampling program that is carried out once every 3-4 years. In the Kootenai River and in Lake
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Roosevelt, assessments are conducted annually using setlines and gillnets. The efficiency of
these gears, particularly for larger white sturgeon, is unknown, which could result in biased
estimates of abundance. Biased estimates add uncertainty to management and restoration
activities. In populations currently undergoing restoration (e.g the endangered Kootenai River
population of white sturgeon), biased estimates could lead to an over or underestimate of the
numbers of fish currently present. In the lower Columbia River where harvest occurs, biased
estimates could lead to overexploitation of populations or an underestimate of the numbers that
can be harvested in tribal subsistence, commercial, and recreational fisheries. As an example of
the need to validate estimates obtained by mark-recapture methods, the estimated abundance of
larger white sturgeon in The Dalles Reservoir showed a 10-fold increase between the setline
surveys conducted in 1992 and 1997. State and tribal management entities agree that the
increase could not have been due to recruitment of smaller fish, and must have been a result of
unknown biases affecting the estimate obtained during 1992. As a consequence, fishers incurred
a loss of opportunity to harvest fish during this 5-year period because the harvest quota was
based on an erroneous low estimate. Direct observation and enumeration of fish could provide a
means of validating a mark-recapture estimate or may lead to new approaches to obtain white
sturgeon abundance estimates in reservoirs.
Underwater acoustic imaging technologies are rapidly evolving and can now be used to observe
and count fish in deep or turbid waters. In 1999, staff at the Columbia River Research
Laboratory showed that white sturgeon can be seen and measured for approximate length in side
scan sonar images (Figure 1; Parsley et al. 1999). Subsequent to that work, sidescan sonar
imagery has been used to assess density of lake sturgeon (A. fulvescens) to improve estimates of
abundance. Thomas and Haas (2002) imaged areas of Lake St. Clair and calculated mean
numbers of lake sturgeon per hectare and expanded these numbers to estimate the population.
Other species of sturgeon in other rivers have been imaged as well (Figure 2). Acoustic camera
imagery of a variety of fish including sturgeon can be viewed at
http://www.soundmetrics.com/FM/FM.html.
We propose using a sidescan sonar system and an acoustic camera to determine if these acoustic
imaging technologies can be used to obtain an abundance estimate of large white sturgeon by
visual strip-transect methods. Visual strip-transect methods have been used to estimate
abundance of birds (Ralph and Scott 1981) and fishes (Turner and Mackay 1985; McCormick
and Croat 1987, Horinouchi et al. 2005) and biases associated with the technique have been
discussed (Sale and Sharp 1983, Horinouchi et al. 2005). We believe that white sturgeon are
amenable to visual estimation methods since they are the largest freshwater fish in North
America and can commonly exceed 2 m in length. They do not flee from disturbance (M.
Parsley personal observations with underwater cameras), they do not conceal themselves, and
their benthic habits should facilitate counting them.
In this study we will focus on the following tasks:
1) Determine the best transect size to survey.
2) Develop a stratification of river reaches to be surveyed, including allocation of effort among
strata.
3) Determine the best deployment configuration for the sonar towfish or camera.
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4) Enumerate and measure fish imaged along visual strip-transects to obtain an abundance
estimate.
Optimization of strip-transects
Pilot studies will have to be done to determine the best transect size to survey. The size of the
sampling unit has been shown to affect precision as well as cost of estimates (Wiebe and Holland
1968; Morin 1985). We expect white sturgeon to have a patchy distribution within reservoirs.
Therefore, stratified random sampling is needed to produce total abundance estimates with tight
confidence limits. Broad habitat maps of Bonneville Reservoir depicting water depths, velocities,
and substratum are available and will be used to define strata. Pilot studies will also need to be
done to determine the best deployment configuration for the side scan towfish and acoustic
camera as there are tradeoffs in quality of imagery and swath width. Total area sampled per
transect will thus be a function of swath width and length of tow.
The precision and accuracy of the visual strip-transect approach will be a function of the number
of replicates. Precision (p) will be reflected by the variability around the mean density estimate
and calculated as p  (s / n) x (where s = sample standard deviation; n = number of replicates;
x = mean density). Rearranging the terms above enables a calculation of replication needed for
a given precision (p = 0.075, 0.10, 0.15): n  ( s / p * x ) 2 . Derivation of these values will provide
insight on the efficiency (in terms of accuracy and precision for cost) of the visual strip-transect
method to obtain an abundance estimate. Accuracy can be assessed by comparison of mean
densities obtained from transects of various sizes.
Stratification
Stratum boundaries will be based on habitat criteria defined by physical habitat features such as
water depth, substrate type, water velocities, and channel morphology. Allocation of sampling
effort within strata can be done by (a) simple random, where efforts are equal among strata; (b)
proportional, where efforts are proportioned according to the area of each strata; or (c) optimal,
in which efforts are concentrated in the more variable strata. Optimal allocation of effort has
been shown to provide more precise estimates of abundance (Cochran 1977), and will likely be
used here. This approach requires knowledge of the variability of density of white sturgeon
within each stratum as well as an estimate of the proportion that each habitat type makes of the
total reservoir area. Pilot studies will have to be done to estimate the mean density and standard
deviation of white sturgeon within strata. The area of each strata in relation to the total reservoir
area will be easily obtained from data available within a geographic information system.
Strip-transect methodology
When the transect locations are determined, the geographic coordinates of the sites will be input
into a global positioning system receiver on the survey boat so that crews can implement the
strip-transect sampling. Imagery will be collected for the length of the tow. Imagery collected in
the field will be reviewed and fish will be enumerated and measured for length.
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Figure 1. A side scan sonar image showing two white sturgeon hooked on a baited setline. The
fish can be seen just to the left of the arrows in the image. The upper fish is approximately 1.3
m in length; the lower fish is 1.1 m long. The setline (made of 6-millimeter diameter nylon line)
is visible in the upper portion of the image as a thin bright return of the sonar signal. U.S.
Geological Survey image from Bonneville Reservoir.
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Figure 2. A side scan sonar image showing two sturgeon close to the bottom in the
Delaware River. The top fish is 1.02 m long and the bottom one 0.81 m. Image courtesy
of Marine Sonic Technology, Ltd. (www.marinesonic.com).
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C. Rationale and significance to the Council’s Fish and Wildlife Program
The project addresses needs identified in several regional programs, including the Northwest
Power and Conservation Council’s Fish and Wildlife Program (NPPC 2000), the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service’s Recovery Plan for federally endangered Kootenai River White Sturgeon (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service 1999), the Upper Columbia White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative
(UCWSRI 2002), and Wy-Kan-Us-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit developed by the Umatilla, Yakima, Warm
Springs, and Nez Perce tribes.
This project will specifically address goals (3) and (4) of the 2000 Fish and Wildlife Program by
providing tools that can be used to estimate the numbers of white sturgeon present within river
reaches. Several sturgeon stock assessment projects using traditional mark-recapture techniques
have been completed under the auspices of the Fish and Wildlife Program in a number of areas
in Columbia, Kootenai, and Snake rivers. The proposed project will investigate the use of an
alternative methodology for white sturgeon stock assessments.
In addition to addressing objectives and measures outlined in the Fish and Wildlife Program, this
project addresses needs outlined in recovery plans for endangered species in the Columbia Basin.
Section 7.3 of the NMFS Biological Opinion requires agencies to 1) Halt the decline of salmon,
lamprey, and sturgeon populations above Bonneville Dam within 7 years, and 2) Increase
lamprey and sturgeon to naturally sustaining levels within 25 years in a manner that supports
Tribal harvest. In addition, findings from the project could be helpful in the recovery of
endangered Kootenai River white sturgeon.
This project addresses priority needs identified by the Action Agencies review of program
summaries based on the NMFS Biological Opinion and the Fish and Wildlife Program. Tasks
identified that need immediate implementation that are addressed by this project include (1)
develop an adaptive management tool to determine what combination of supplementation,
broodstock management, and harvest policies lead to improved viability of white sturgeon in all
river sections and (2) assess the impact of hydropower development and operation on white
sturgeon.
Because this project may provide a white sturgeon stock assessment technique that could be used
throughout the Columbia River Basin, this project serves the needs outlined in the White
Sturgeon Program Summary for the Mainstem and Systemwide Province. In addition, it will add
value to projects investigating white sturgeon population status that are identified in the recently
completed subbasin summaries by providing a means of comparison of populations among the
subbasins.
D. Relationships to other projects
Currently, the Bonneville Power Administration funds several projects that conduct white
sturgeon stock assessment activities. Project 198605000, White Sturgeon Mitigation and
Restoration in the Columbia and Snake Rivers, has historically assessed stock status and
population characteristics from 11 reservoirs on the Columbia and Snake rivers. Project
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198806500, Kootenai River White Sturgeon Inventory estimates numbers of white sturgeon in
the Kootenai River population. Project 199700900, Evaluate Potential Means of Rebuilding
White Sturgeon Populations in the Snake River Between Lower Granite and Hells Canyon Dams
estimates numbers of white sturgeon in the Lower Granite Reservoir and Hells Canyon reach of
the Snake River, and Project 199502700, Lake Roosevelt White Sturgeon Recovery Project,
estimates numbers of white sturgeon in Lake Roosevelt.
Rehabilitation of white sturgeon populations is important to many governmental, tribal, and
private entities in the US and Canada. A partial listing of entities currently providing funding to
recover or build white sturgeon populations in the basin includes the Bonneville Power
Administration, Idaho Power, Grant County PUD, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife,
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, US Fish and Wildlife Service, British Columbia
Ministry of Environment, Department of Fisheries and Oceans – Canada, BC Hydro, TechCominco, and Columbia Power Corporation. Funding from these entities supports research and
management efforts performed by US and Canadian federal, state and provincial researchers and
managers, U.S. Tribal and Canadian First Nations scientists, university researchers, corporate
scientists, and private consultants. Communication about ongoing work among these individuals
and entities is facilitated by several regional workgroups including the Kootenai River White
Sturgeon Recovery Team, the international Upper Columbia River White Sturgeon Recovery
Initiative, periodic workshops funded by the Bonneville Power Administration, program reviews,
and professional meetings. Because the goal of nearly all these efforts is to rehabilitate depleted
populations or maintain existing fisheries, the work proposed in this project will provide added
value by helping to better estimate numbers of white sturgeon in each river reach. This project
will convey its findings to stakeholders in the basin through meetings, workshops, reports, and
publications.
E. Proposal objectives, work elements, methods, and monitoring and evaluation
Work will be done in Bonneville or The Dalles Reservoirs. The reservoirs are close to the
Columbia River Research Laboratory, which facilitates field logistics. Our facility has a detailed
2-d hydrodynamic model for Bonneville reservoir which can be used to define strata. Such detail
doesn’t exist for The Dalles Reservoir, which is physically much smaller than the Bonneville
Reservoir. Because it is smaller it may be more amenable to derivation of a whole-reservoir
estimate of abundance. In addition, Project 198605000 will be conducting sturgeon stock
assessment activities using mark-recapture techniques in The Dalles Reservoir during 2008. The
pilot studies necessary to refine the visual strip-transect approach can be done regardless of
which reservoir is ultimately selected to conduct this work in.
Objective 1. Estimate numbers of larger (e.g. > 1 m long) white sturgeon in reservoirs.
To meet this objective, we first need to address several sampling methodology issues. Thus,
there are four tasks associated with this objective: 1) develop a stratified random sampling
strategy for the reservoir, 2) conduct acoustic imaging surveys in accordance with the predefined sampling strategy, 3) process the imagery to enumerate fish along survey tracts, and 4)
derive an estimate of abundance via expansion. These will be addressed via the following work
elements.
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Work element – Develop RM&E Methods and Designs
A visual strip-transect sampling strategy will be developed to facilitate expansion of numbers of
white sturgeon counted in the imagery to a reservoir-wide estimate of abundance. The sampling
strategy will be derived a priori in the office and implemented on the survey vessel via a
navigation package. The acoustic imagery produced by either the side scan sonar system or the
acoustic camera is expected to allow a count of the numbers of white sturgeon seen along paths
or swaths of the riverbed (see figures 1 & 2). Pilot studies described below will provide
feedback for the design of the sampling strategy.
Work element – Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data
Field survey efforts will follow the sampling strategy derived above. The side scan sonar
towfish or acoustic camera, deployed from a vessel equipped with a powered cable handling
system, will be towed along predetermined survey paths. The imagery will be saved to disk and
backups will be created after each survey effort.
Pilot studies will be done to determine a sonar transducer deployment that produces the imagery
needed to count larger sized white sturgeon, as there is a tradeoff in quality of imagery and swath
area surveyed. Side scan sonar imagery typically is obtained from both sides of the towfish, but
it can also be taken from either the left or right side only for higher resolution imagery. The
width of the swath can also be varied. For example, the swath width of each side of a side scan
sonar towfish can be set at only 10 m (for a 20 m swath with both channels) or as wide as 150 m
(a 300 m dual-channel swath). Likewise, acoustic cameras can be set to image at a variety of
distances.
Work element – Analyze/Interpret data
Side scan sonar or acoustic camera imagery will be reviewed in the office to enumerate and
measure the length of fish that appear along the survey paths. Since fish are not discernable by
species in the imagery, we will use a minimum size criterion to separate larger white sturgeon
from other fish. It is unlikely that any other species expected to be present in the Columbia
River will exceed 1 m in length, therefore, all fish that are imaged and determined to be greater
than or equal to 1 m will be classified as white sturgeon. Since the area sampled is known, the
density of fish can be determined per sample, and by expansion, an estimate derived for the
entire reservoir.
Work element – Manage and Administer Projects
The project will be managed and administered by the key personnel listed below.
Work Element – Produce Environmental Compliance Documentation
We don’t anticipate problems with obtaining or producing environmental compliance
documentation. An advantage of the acoustic imagery technique is that fish will not be handled.
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The acoustic frequencies used (600 kHz and higher) and power output from the sonar transducers
are not known to be harmful.
Work Element – Produce Pisces Status Report
Periodic Pisces status reports will be produced as required.
Objective 2. Improve management of white sturgeon fisheries.
Better estimates of abundance or the development of alternative approaches to obtain estimates
of abundance will improve management of fisheries. Estimates of abundance derived by
different methods will have associated biases, costs, and logistical constraints that managers need
to consider. This study will provide an opportunity to compare and contrast two approaches to
obtain an abundance estimate of white sturgeon.
Work element – Analyze/Interpret data
Compare and contrast biases, costs, and logistical constraints of obtaining abundance estimates
using expanded visual counts versus mark-recapture techniques.
Work element – Produce/Submit Scientific Findings Report
Provide a draft manuscript of findings describing applicability of acoustic imaging technologies
as a tool to assess abundance of white sturgeon.
F. Facilities and equipment
The Columbia River Research Laboratory, located in Cook, WA approximately 20 miles
upstream from Bonneville Dam, is a field office of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Western
Fisheries Research Center (Seattle, WA). The laboratory has been conducting fisheries research
field and laboratory studies on the Columbia River since its inception in the late 1970’s. The
laboratory has a staff of over 90 research scientists, biologists, technicians, geographers, and
administrative and technical support personnel.
Relevant to this proposal, the laboratory has research vessels ranging in length from 23-30 ft that
are capable of conducting side scan sonar surveys. These vessels are equipped with full suites of
electronic navigation equipment including Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)
enabled receivers for accurate vessel positioning during surveys. The laboratory also has a 600
kHz sidescan sonar system and cable handling system that could be used for this work.
However, that system is over 8 years old. We would purchase a new system for this work.
G. Literature cited
Cochran, W.G. 1977. Sampling techniques, 3rd edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 330 pp.
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Hornouchi, M., Y.Nakamura, and M. Sano. 2005. Comparative analysis of visual censuses
using different width strip-transects for a fish assemblage in a seagrass bed. Estuarine Coastal
and Shelf Science 65:53-60.
McCormick, M.I. and J.H. Croat. 1987. Estimating total abundance of a large temperate-reef
fish using visual strip-transects. Marine Biology 96:469-478.
Morin, A. 1985. Variability of density estimates and optimization of sampling programs for
stream benthos. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42:1530-1534.
Parsley, M.J., M.B. Sheer, P. Kofoot, and K. Kappenman. 1999. Side scan sonar in fisheries
research activities. U.S. Geological Survey informational poster, Cook, WA.
Sale, P.F. and B.J. Sharp. 1983. Correction for bias in visual transects of coral reef fishes.
Coral Reefs 2:37-42.
Thomas, M.V. and R.C. Hass. 2002. Abundance, age structure, and spatial distribution of lake
sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in the St. Clair System. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 18:495501.
Wiebe, P.H. and W.R. Holland. 1968. Plankton patchiness: effects on repeated net tows.
Limnology and Oceanography 13:315-321.
H. Key personnel
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Michael J. Parsley
Research Fishery Biologist
U.S. Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center
Biological Resources
Columbia River Research Laboratory
5501A Cook-Underwood Road
Cook, WA 98605
Education:
Iowa State University
University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point)
B.S. Fish & Wildlife Biology, 1982
M. S. Fisheries, 1984
Experience
1984-Present U.S. Geological Survey. Research Fishery Biologist and Project Leader for
sturgeon studies (13 years). Current responsibilities. Principal Investigator for studies on the
ecology and biology of sturgeons and American shad in the Columbia River.
Certified Fisheries Professional – American Fisheries Society 1990, 2004
Duties as Principal Investigator on this proposal. Participate in and oversee the work of several
biologists and technicians. Analyze data, report findings, and prepare manuscripts for
submission to journals. Coordinate research activities with the activities and needs of the tribes,
states, and other governmental agencies.
Expertise. The Principal Investigator and staff have broad experience in conducting field and
laboratory studies designed to improve knowledge sturgeon ecology, biology, and restoration.
We have extensive experience in sampling and conducting field work on large rivers. We are
knowledgeable in methods to quantify habitat in large rivers using remote sensing and
geographic information systems.
Selected Recent Publications
Van der Leeuw, B.K., M.J. Parsley, C.D. Wright, and E.E. Kofoot. 2006. Validation of a critical assumption of the
riparian habitat hypothesis for white sturgeon. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report.
SIR 2006-5225.
Parsley, M.J. Parsley, C.D. Wright, B.K. van der Leeuw, E.E. Kofoot, C.A. Peery, and M.L. Moser. 2007. White
sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) passage at The Dalles Dam, Columbia River, USA. Journal of
Applied Ichthyology. In press.
Parsley, M.J., N.D. Popoff, B.K. van der Leeuw, and C.D. Wright. In review. Diel Movements and Site Fidelity of
Non-spawning White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. North American Journal of Fisheries
Management.
Parsley, M.J., P.J. Anders, A.I. Miller, L.G. Beckman, and G.T. McCabe, Jr. 2002 Recovery of white sturgeon
populations through natural production: Understanding the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on
spawning and subsequent recruitment. Pages 55-66 in W. Van Winkle, P. J. Anders, D. H. Secor, and D.
A. Dixon, editors. Biology, management, and protection of North American sturgeon. American Fisheries
Society, Symposium 28, Bethesda, Maryland.
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James R. Hatten
Research Geographer
USGS, Western Fisheries Research Center
Biological Resources
Columbia River Research Laboratory
jhatten@usgs.gov; 509-538-2299 (x252)
Work History
Research Geographer, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Columbia River Research Lab
(CRRL), Cook, WA. 98065. Supervisor: Alec Maule (509) 538-2299. January 2002 to present (40 hrs per/week). As
a Research Geographer and project leader, I develop spatially explicit databases and habitat suitability models for
threatened, sensitive, and endangered species. Examples include a fall Chinook spawning habitat model in the
Hanford Reach, a model of Eurasian watermilfoil habitat in Bonneville Pool, and a white sturgeon habitat in the
Lower Columbia River. Currently, I am assisting the USBR in mapping and modeling different flow scenarios in the
Yakima River Basin and developing a floodplain digital elevation model for the Lower Columbia River Estuary
Partnership.
Senior GIS Analyst, Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD), Nongame Branch, 2221 W. Greenway Road,
Phoenix, AZ 86023. Supervisor: Michael Demlong (602)789-3504. April 1997 to January 2002 (40 hrs/week). I
coordinated, managed, and implemented all aspects of GIS and remote sensing for the Nongame and Endangered
Wildlife Program. I created numerous habitat suitability models for threatened and endangered species with satellite
imagery, DEMs and field data. Examples include cell-based modeling (ARC GRID) to identify geomorphic
preferences of 21 fish species, pattern recognition modeling for the endangered Mount Graham red squirrel, a nestsite suitability model for the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher, change detection analyses on breeding
grounds of southwestern willow flycatcher, and a statewide habitat suitability model for jaguar.
EDUCATION
BS, Environmental Studies, 1984. Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA. Concentration: Terrestrial
Ecosystems Analysis.
MA, Rural Geography, 1996. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. Concentration: Analytical techniques
(GIS, remote sensing).
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Anglin, D. R., S. L. Haeseker, J. J. Skalicky, H. Schaller, K. F. Tiffan, J. R. Hatten, P. Hoffarth, J. Nugent, D.
Benner, M. Yoshinaka. 2006. Effects of Hydropower Operations on Spawning Habitat, Rearing Habitat,
and Stranding/Entrapment Mortality of Fall Chinook Salmon in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office, Vancouver, WA.
Hatten J.R, A. Averill-Murray, and W.E. Van Pelt. 2005. A spatial model of potential jaguar habitat in Arizona.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69 (3):1024-1033
Hatten, J.R. and C. Paradzick. 2003. A multiscaled model of southwestern willow flycatcher breeding habitat.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(4):774-788
Hatten, J.R. 2001. Cell-based fisheries habitat modeling. Chapter 3 in: The integrated fisheries management plan for
the Little Colorado River Basin. AGFD, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report
146, Phoenix, AZ. 52 pp.
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