Harvard referencing - Library extended guide
Updated: 19 October 2012
Important: This document is meant for use as a guide only.
To avoid losing marks, confirm the referencing requirements of your School with your Lecturer, and
consult the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) on which this document is based for
clarification and additional examples.
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.
Note: Business students should use the RMIT Business style NOT the general Harvard style.
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................3
WHERE CAN I FIND INFORMATION ABOUT REFERENCING? .............................................................................................3
PLAGIARISM ...............................................................................................................................................................3
IN-TEXT REFERENCES - EXAMPLES ...............................................................................................................................3
Paraphrasing ....................................................................................................................................3
Direct quotes ....................................................................................................................................4
Single author..................................................................................................................................4
Two or three authors ......................................................................................................................4
Four or more authors .....................................................................................................................4
Multiple works ................................................................................................................................4
Organisation as author...................................................................................................................4
Electronic sources .........................................................................................................................5
THE REFERENCE LIST .................................................................................................................................................5
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? .................................................5
ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................................................................5
BOOKS: EXAMPLES.....................................................................................................................................................6
Book – single author .........................................................................................................................6
Book – more than one author ...........................................................................................................6
Edited book.......................................................................................................................................6
Chapter in an edited book .................................................................................................................6
Same author – with more than one cited work published in the same year .......................................6
Book – organization as author ..........................................................................................................6
E-books ............................................................................................................................................6
E-book from a database .................................................................................................................7
E-book from the Internet ................................................................................................................7
Encyclopaedia or dictionary ..............................................................................................................7
Secondary source .............................................................................................................................7
No date .............................................................................................................................................7
JOURNAL ARTICLES: EXAMPLES ..................................................................................................................................8
Journal article ...................................................................................................................................8
E-journal article from a database ......................................................................................................8
E-journal article from the internet ......................................................................................................8
In press article ..................................................................................................................................9
Magazine article – no author .............................................................................................................9
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ...............................................................................................................................................9
Newspaper article .............................................................................................................................9
Newspaper article from a database ..................................................................................................9
Newspaper article from a website ...................................................................................................10
INTERNET SOURCES ..................................................................................................................................................10
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Discussion list message..................................................................................................................10
Newsgroup message ......................................................................................................................10
Blogs ..............................................................................................................................................10
Website documents ........................................................................................................................10
REPORTS .................................................................................................................................................................11
Government publications ................................................................................................................11
Parliamentary debates ....................................................................................................................11
Australian Bureau of Statistics ........................................................................................................12
LEGISLATION AND LEGAL CASES ...............................................................................................................................12
Legislation ......................................................................................................................................12
Legal cases ....................................................................................................................................12
OTHER SOURCES ......................................................................................................................................................12
Conference paper ...........................................................................................................................12
Thesis .............................................................................................................................................13
Patent .............................................................................................................................................13
Standard from a database ..............................................................................................................13
CD-ROM .........................................................................................................................................13
DVD, film, video ..............................................................................................................................13
TV and radio program .....................................................................................................................13
Media release .................................................................................................................................14
Personal communication.................................................................................................................14
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Introduction
The author-date system originated at Harvard University. Although it no longer produces a standard
guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the Harvard
style.
Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with
added information such as page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end of the
text in a Reference list. There are many variations of the Harvard style, so make sure that you check
with your School as to what it requires.
Further details and examples may be found in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002).
Electronic resources are not adequately addressed in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers
(2002) and so the principles of author-date citing have been applied in developing those examples.
The information and examples are derived from the following source: Style manual for authors, editors
and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.
Where can I find information about referencing?
Information about referencing can be found on:

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Library’s Referencing guides [http://www.rmit.edu.au/library/referencing]
Study Smart: Referencing
[https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/B_DSC/studysmart/referencing.html]
Learning Lab’s Writing skills [http://emedia.rmit.edu.au/learninglab/content/referencing]
Plagiarism
Information about plagiarism can be found on the Information for Students page
[http://www.rmit.edu.au/academicintegrity/students].
In-text references - examples
In the text of your essay or thesis, identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the author’s name and
year of publication of the publication of the work to which reference has been made. From this in-text
reference, the reader can turn to the reference list for full publication details.
There are two ways of referencing in-text – paraphrasing and using direct quotes.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means that you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. It is used to
indicate to the reader


your understanding of the content in the reference you are using, and
your ability to relevantly and appropriately use ideas and information to support an argument or
an opinion.
Include the author’s name and date of publication by either


adding the citation at the end of the sentence, or
using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
It is argued that business takes advantage of its power (Carroll 2012).
Carroll (2012) argues that business takes advantage of its power.
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Direct quotes
Direct quotes are when the exact words of the author(s) are used. They should be kept to a minimum.
When using direct quotes, include the author’s name, date of publication and page number. If directly
quoting from a work, use single quotation marks around the text being quoted.
Include the author’s name and date of publication by either:


adding the citation at the end of the sentence, or
using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
Single author
It is argued that ... (Carroll 2012).
‘A major criticism of business is that it abuses its power’ (Carroll 2012, p. 26).
Carroll (2012, p. 26) argues that ‘a major criticism of business is that it abuses its power’.
When an author has published more than one cited article in the same year, distinguish each article by
using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets. (This is also used in the reference list.)
According to Deveau (2012a) there is …
Deveau (2012b) states that …
Two or three authors
Where there are two or three authors, use an ampersand (&) to join them for the in-text citation in
parentheses. Use the word ‘and’ if the reference is part of the sentence.
It is suggested that … (Cabrera & Unruh 2012).
Kuratko, Goldsby and Hornsby (2012) suggest that …
Four or more authors
If there are four or more authors, only include the first author in your in-text citation and add the words ‘et
al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) after that name. However, the Reference List should include all authors.
It is recommended that … (Chalkley et al. 2012).
Chalkley et al. (2012) recommend that …
Multiple works
If citing multiple works at one point in the text, it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered
alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them.

Note the use of the ampersand (&) and 'and' in the two examples below.
It has been claimed that … (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).
Carroll (2012), Chalkley et al. (2012) and Kuratko, Goldsby and Hornsby (2012) claim that…
Organisation as author
It has been concluded that … (Business Council of Australia 2010).
Business Council of Australia (2010) concludes that …
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Electronic sources
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or
paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either


a section heading, (e.g. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne 2011, article 3), or
a paragraph number (e.g. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne 2011, para.7).
The Reference List
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




The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting
with the earliest date.
The publication details of every item cited or used in your writing must be included in the
reference list at the end of your paper. Any websites used must also be documented in full. This
enables the reader to locate the source if they wish.
Each reference list entry requires a specific format depending on the reference type, i.e. whether
it is a book, book chapter, journal article, website, etc.
In general, the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date –
title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic).
Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the
citation finishes with a full stop.
In the Harvard style, sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be
listed separately as a bibliography.
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?


A reference list details in alphabetical order by author family name all the works and data sources
you have cited in your written work.
A bibliography lists, in alphabetical order by author family name, all the works and data sources
you have used or accessed to create your written work.
Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
app.
c.
ch.
ed. (eds)
edn
et al.
n.d.
n.p.
no.
p., pp.
para.
pt, pts
rev.
suppl.
vol.
vols
appendix
circa
chapter
editor (editors) (NB: no full stop for editors)
edition (NB: no full stop)
and others
no date
no place
number
page/s
paragraph
part(s) (NB: no full stops)
revised
supplement
volume (as in Vol.4)
volumes (as in 4 volumes) (NB: no full stop)
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Books: examples
Book – single author
Author’s surname, Initials Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
Carroll, AB 2012, Business & society: ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management, 8th edn,
South-Western/Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.
Book – more than one author
(List all authors, in order of appearance on the title page of the book, and use an ampersand (&) to
separate the last two.)
Kuratko, DF, Goldsby, MG & Hornsby, JS 2012, Innovation acceleration: transforming organizational
thinking, Pearson, Boston.
Chalkley, T, Brown, A, Goodman, M, Cinque, T, Warren, B, Hobbs, M & Finn, M 2012, Communication,
new media and everyday life, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Vic.
Edited book
Author’s surname, Initials (ed. OR eds) Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.
Lubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett
Learning, Burlington, MA.
Chapter in an edited book
Author’s surname, Initials Year, ‘Title of chapter’, in Author/s of book (ed. OR eds), Title of book, Edition,
Publisher, Place of publication, Page number(s).
Schirm, V 2013, ‘Quality of life’, in IM Lubkin & PD Larsen (eds), Chronic illness: impact and
interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA, pp. 183-206.
Same author – with more than one cited work published in the same year
Dutton, M, 2012a, Dutton's orthopaedic examination, evaluation, and intervention, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill
Medical, New York.
Dutton, M, 2012b, Orthopaedics for the physical therapist assistant, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury,
MA.
Book – organization as author
Name of organisation, Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.
Business Council of Australia 2010, Balancing act: fiscal and policy priorities to support growth: BCA
budget submission 2010-11, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.
E-books
Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources
and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books.
If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, e.g. in an Acrobat
(PDF) file, cite it the same as for the original printed book. Where alternative formats are available, it is
recommended to choose page image format.
If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, e.g. as HTML or plain
text, or is from a website, cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may
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have been removed. Where the source is a library database, give the database’s name. If it is from the
Internet, give the URL.
E-book from a database
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication,
viewed day month year, database name.
Benavides, EM 2012, Advanced engineering design: an integrated approach, Woodhead Publishing,
Cambridge, UK, viewed 1 October 2012, Knovel database.
E-book from the Internet
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of
book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, <URL>.
Khan, SR, Benda, T & Stagnaro, MN 2012, ‘Stereotyping from the perspective of perceivers and targets’,
in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 5, International Association for Cross-Cultural
Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, viewed 10 July 2012,
<http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol5/iss1/1>.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary
Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should only be cited in the in-text reference, NOT in the Reference List.
It is stated that … (Encyclopedia of computer science 2012)
Historical dictionary of Spanish cinema (2010) defines it as …
Secondary source
A secondary source is when one author’s work is cited in that of another’s. You must include the authors
of both the secondary and primary sources in the in-text reference. However, in the Reference List,
include only the source you have read.
In-text:
Heath and Scott (cited in Hosany & Martin 2012) believe that...
It is believed that... (Heath & Scott, cited in Hosany & Martin 2012)
Reference List:
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business
Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection.
No date
Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n.d. (no date).
In-text:
(NSW Food Authority n.d.)
OR
NSW Food Authority (n.d.)
Reference List:
NSW Food Authority n.d., Shelf stable acid preserved foods: factors affecting the shelf stability of acid
foods, NSW Food Authority, viewed 11 July 2012,
<http://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/_Documents/science/shelf-stable-acid-preserved-foods.pdf>.
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Journal articles: examples
Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do not
use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and. E.g. The Australian Journal of Language and
Literacy.
Journal article
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume
number, issue number, page number(s).
Taylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, ‘Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual
discoveries’, Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.
E-journal article from a database
Note: The Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal
articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure
for referencing electronic journal articles.
If a journal article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, e.g. as an
Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are available,
it is recommended to choose page image format.
If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, e.g. as HTML
format or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts,
page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database
name, not the URL.
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume
number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name.
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business
Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection.
E-journal article from the internet
Note: The Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal
articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure
for referencing electronic journal articles.
If a journal article is retrieved from the internet where it is available only in HTML format, and not PDF,
you should cite the source you used along with the viewed date and the URL.
Since page numbers are not available for HTML format, if quoting or paraphrasing from the internet use
as part of the in-text reference either


a section heading (e.g. Ogilvy 2011, Questioning of aspirations section)
a paragraph number (e.g. Ogilvy 2011, para. 18)
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume
number, issue number, viewed day month year, URL.
In-text:
It is stated that ‘with respect to aspirations to immortality on the one hand, and the enhancement of IQ on
the other, the question is not so much whether we can, but why would we want to?’ (Ogilvy 2011,
Questioning of aspirations section).
OR
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It is stated that ‘with respect to aspirations to immortality on the one hand, and the enhancement of IQ on
the other, the question is not so much whether we can, but why would we want to?’ (Ogilvy 2011, para.
18).
Reference List:
Ogilvy, J 2011, 'Human enhancement and the computational metaphor', Journal of Evolution &
Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, viewed 11 June 2012, <http://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm>.
In press article
Author’s surname, Initials in press, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, viewed day month year, database
name (if applicable).
Van Tuyckom, C & Joreskog, K in press, 'Going for gold! Welfare characteristics and Olympic success:
an application of the structural equation approach', Quality & Quantity, viewed 12 July 2012, Proquest
database.
Magazine article – no author
Note: If the magazine article does not have an author, then provide details as an in-text citation only. It
is NOT required in the Reference List.
For example: Inspire (June 2012, p.14) states that……
Newspaper articles
Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the newspaper name.
Note: If the newspaper article does NOT have an author, then provide details as an in-text citation only.
It is NOT required in the Reference List.
For example, in-text: The Age (18 May 2012, p.3) states that…
Newspaper article
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page
number(s).
Arup, T 2012, ‘Solar panels incentives at risk’, The Age, 18 May, p. 3.
Newspaper article from a database
Note: The Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between articles
from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for
referencing electronic newspaper articles.
If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, e.g. as an
Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are available,
it is recommended to choose page image format.
If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, e.g. as HTML
or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page
numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database, give the database name
not the URL.
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, viewed day
month year, name of database.
Carney, S 2012, ‘Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers’, The Age, 26 May, viewed 29 May
2012, Factiva database.
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Newspaper article from a website
If a newspaper article is found via the newspaper’s website in HTML or plain text, include the article’s
URL at the end of the citation.
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, viewed day
month year, <URL>.
Lewis, S & Benson, S 2012, ‘Bills skyrocket with GST on top of carbon tax’, Herald Sun, 13 July, viewed
13 July 2012, <http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/bills-skyrocket-with-gst-on-top-of-carbontax/story-fncynkc6-1226424870255>.
Internet sources
Discussion list message
Author <author’s email address> Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, day and month
of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, <URL>.
Macinnis, P < petermacinnis@ozemail.com.au > 2010, ‘Point of grammar’, list server, 25 March,
OZTL_NET Discussion List, viewed 28 September 2012,
<http://baran.csu.edu.au/listarch/show.cgi?f=OZTL_NET&n=67914>.
Newsgroup message
Author <author’s email address> Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, day and month
of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed day month year, <URL>.
Kuzmov, A 2012, ‘B-Folders 3: the non-cloud, secure organizer is launched’, newsgroup, 2 May, Eclipse
Community Forums, viewed 16 July 2012, <http://www.eclipse.org/forums/index.php/t/350893/>.
Blogs
Author <author’s email address> Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, day and month
of posting, name of list (blog) owner, viewed day month year, <URL>.
Haven, C <cynthia.haven@gmail.com> 2012, 'Writing is a life of poverty? Not’, weblog post, 27 January,
The Book Haven: Cynthia Haven's Blog for the Written Word, viewed 28 September 2012,
<http://bookhaven.stanford.edu/2012/01/>.
Website documents
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or
paraphrasing from a website that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either


a section heading, (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, Body image problems in Australian men
section)
a paragraph number (e.g. Better Health Channel 2012, para. 5)
Author/editor Year of document, Title of document, name of the sponsor of the source, date of viewing,
<URL>.
In-text:
It is stated that ‘some people diet because they have a poor body image, rather than because they want
to be a healthy weight’ (Better Health Channel 2012, Body image and diets section).
OR
It is stated that ‘some people diet because they have a poor body image, rather than because they want
to be a healthy weight’ (Better Health Channel 2012, para. 2).
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Reference List:
Better Health Channel 2012, Body image and diets, Better Health Channel, viewed 28 September 2012,
<http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Body_image_and_diets?open>.
Reports
Government publications
These may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and
committees of parliament.
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of report, Report series code and number,
Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, Place of publication.
Office of Police Integrity 2011, Improving Victoria Police discipline and complaint handling systems: a
progress report, P.P. series, no. 31, session 2010-11, Victorian Government Printer, Melbourne.
OR
Victoria, Parliament 2010, 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission: final report, Parl. Paper 332,
Session 2006-10, Victorian Government Printer, Melbourne.
Many government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a
Parliamentary paper but it is also available from the relevant authority's website. The way you access a
document may affect your citation.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. European Union Committee 2010, Progress of scrutiny, HL
EUC-3, Session 2009-10, Stationery Office, Norwich, UK.
OR
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. European Union Committee 2010, European Union
Committee progress of scrutiny - third report, HL 3, viewed 18 July 2012,
<http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldeucom/03/0302.htm>.
Parliamentary debates
For parliamentary debates and the official records of what has been said in parliament.
Jurisdiction, Chamber Year, Parliamentary Debates, Volume number, Page no/s.
Australia, Senate 2000, Parliamentary Debates, vol. S25, p. 65.
OR
Jurisdiction, Chamber of the House Year, Parliamentary Debates, vol. (if available), viewed day month
year, <URL>.
Australia, Senate 2012, Parliamentary Debates, viewed 20 July 2012,
<http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/a53c1d90-c61a-4ab4-b9db6893f1ddd950/toc_pdf/Senate_2012_06_19_1135_Official.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22
chamber/hansards/a53c1d90-c61a-4ab4-b9db-6893f1ddd950/0095%22>.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Author’s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no., Publisher, Place of publication.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, The health and welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples 2008, cat. no. 4704.0, ABS & Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra.
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OR
Author’s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no., Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day
month year, URL.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, 2011, cat.
no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
Legislation and legal cases
Legislation
When referring to Commonwealth Acts, Ordinances and Regulations, the title must be reproduced
exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words Act and Bill are generally written with
a capital letter.
An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the short title, which is usually drafted into modern legislation. The
first reference must always include the short title in italics. Subsequent references may refer to it by an
undated, descriptive title in Roman type.




Legislation is usually numbered as well as dated. The number follows the date.
For Australian State legislation, the State must be included in Roman type.
Acts of Parliaments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, use
Roman type.
Bills currently before Parliament are presented in Roman type, not italics.
Interstate Road Transport Act 1985 (Cwlth)
Interstate Road Transport Act
Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50) (Cwlth)
Firearms Act 1936 (NSW)
Badgers Act 1974 (UK)
Legal cases
To fully cite legal authorities in-text: name of the case; (date) or volume number, or both; abbreviated
name of report series; and beginning page. Legal cases are not generally required in the reference list.
Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177
Other sources
Conference paper
Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of paper’, [in] Editor (if applicable), Title of published
proceeding which may include place held and date(s), Publisher, Place of publication, page number(s),
viewed day month year (if e-book), e-book database or URL (whichever applicable).
Ochi, Y, Terashima, K & Miyoshi, T 2011, ‘Tracking control to human gait of lift-type walking assist robot
using range sensor’, in P Bidaud, MO Tokhi, C Grand & GS Virk (eds), Field Robotics: Proceedings of
the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for
Mobile Machines, Paris, France, 6-8 September 2011, World Scientific, Hackensack, NJ, viewed 23 July
2012, World Scientific, pp. 3-10.
Document: 106752173 www.rmit.edu.au/library/referencing
Author: RMIT University Library
Updated: 17/02/2016
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Thesis
Author’s surname, Initials Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title of thesis’, Award, Institution under whose
auspices the study was taken, Place of publication (if not inferred from the institution’s title).
Ai, J 2012, ‘The political use of China's traditions in contemporary China’, PhD thesis, University of
Melbourne.
Patent
Name(s) of inventor Year of issue, Patent title, Patent number including country of issue.
Anderson, NW 2012, System and method for providing prescribed resources to plants, US patent
8,224,494.
Standard from a database
Corporate body issuing standard Year of publication, Title of standard, Number of standard including
identifier of issuing country or body, viewed day month year, database name.
Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber-framed construction - non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010,
viewed 28 September 2012, SAI Global database.
CD-ROM
Author/editor’s name, Initials Year, Title, Edition (if applicable), CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication.
Port Melbourne Historical & Preservation Society 2005, History of a street precinct: eighty years history
of the area bounded by Evans St, Farrell St, Williamstown Rd and Bridge St, Port Melbourne, CD-ROM,
Port Melbourne Historical and Preservation Society, Port Melbourne, Vic.
DVD, film, video
Title of program Year, format, Producer, Place.
Climate change: what is the future of our world? 2010, video recording, Direct Holdings Australia,
Sydney.
OR
The social network 2011, motion picture, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Culver City, CA.
TV and radio program
Title of program Broadcast year, format, series title (if applicable), Broadcaster name, Place of
broadcast, broadcast date (day month).
Turning the tables 2012, television program, Australian Story, ABC TV, Melbourne, 2 June.
OR
Water for life 2012, radio program, ABC National Radio, Melbourne, 24 July.
Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics.
Media release
Author (person or organization) Year released, Title, format, Name of organization represented, Place
released, day month of release, viewed day month year (if electronic), URL (if electronic).
Prime Minister of Australia 2012, Australia's clean energy future, media release, Prime Minister of
Australia, Canberra, 1 July, viewed 25 July 2012, <http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/australias-cleanenergy-future>.
Document: 106752173 www.rmit.edu.au/library/referencing
Author: RMIT University Library
Updated: 17/02/2016
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Personal communication
Information gained through personal communication, whether face-to-face interview or conversation,
telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc., should be provided as an in-text citation. Details of personal
communications do not need to be included in the Reference List.
The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthetically. Details of the
organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family name.
When interviewed on 15 April 2012, Ms S Smith confirmed…..
Ms S Smith confirmed this by facsimile on 15 April 2012.
It has been confirmed that…(S Smith 2012, pers. comm., 15 April 2012).
Ms S Smith (Department of Human Services, Victoria, Aust.) confirmed this by email on 15 April 2012.
It has been confirmed that…(S Smith [Department of Human Services, Victoria, Aust.] 2012, pers.
comm., 15 April 2012).
Document: 106752173 www.rmit.edu.au/library/referencing
Author: RMIT University Library
Updated: 17/02/2016
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