Life Science Final Exam Study Guide
1)What three things does the cell theory state?
All cells come from pre-existing cells
All living organisms are composed of cells
The smallest unit of life is the cell
2)Who wrote the cell theory?
Virchow
3)List the stages of mitosis in order and describe what happens in each stage.
Prophase-Pile of worms nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes become visible
Metaphase-Chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers attach to the centromere
Anaphase-Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers
Telophase-Two new nuclei are formed, cytokinesis begins
4)List 5 examples of organs.
Heart, liver, lung, brain, stomach
5)What is the pattern of organization found in all living organisms starting with the most complex?
Organism, organ system, organs, tissue, cell
6)What is the function of the respiratory and circulatory systems?
Respiratory-gas exchange Circulatory-move materials around the body
7)Which body system is responsible for the removal of waste?
Excretory
8)What kingdom of life has organisms that are solely decomposers?
Fungi
9)Which kingdom(s) has (have) only prokaryotes in it?
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
10)List the eight levels of the classification hierarchy.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus Species
11)To produce fertile offspring, animals must be from the same _____
Species
12)What process is used when a cell captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food?
Photosynthesis
13)What is the photosynthesis equation?
6H2O + 6CO2 + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6H2O
14)Ecosystems around the Earth get their energy from the __________
Sun
15)What is the process called by which water vapor cools in the air to form clouds?
Condensation
16)How does the rapid growth of algae in a pond affect other organisms?
Eutrophication and removing of oxygen from the water
17)What does an energy pyramid show?
How energy is transferred in a food chain and how the number of organisms decrease
18)An area that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals is called a
Territory
19)A plant eater is also called a
Herbivore
20)What are the types of symbiotic relationships and give an example of each.
Commensalism-barnacles and a whale
Parasitism-tick and human
Mutalism-lichen
21)What type of relationship occurs when one organism kills and eats another?
Predator/Prey
22)Due to competition, two similar species cannot occupy the same ______?
Niche

23)Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which what happens between two organisms?
Both benefits
24)What is a niche?
The role an organism has in an ecosystem
25)What is a biome?
Land area with similar ecosystems
26)What type of biome has trees that lose their leaves each year?
Deciduous forest
27)How have animals adapted to live in the desert?
Nocturnal, store water, burrow into the ground
28)What kind of trait helps organisms survive and reproduce?
Adaptations
29)A plant growing towards the sunlight is a type of what?
Phototropism
30)People moving into a population are considered what?
Immigration
31)The series of changes that take place after a disturbance occurs in an existing ecosystem is called ?
Succession
32)How can we prevent overfishing?
Catch limits and aquaculture
33)Building a road through a forest would most likely cause_______________________________
Habitat fragmentation
34)A species carried into a new area by people is called a what?
Exotic Species
35)What is captive breeding and what effect is it likely to have on a species?
Breed threatened or endangered species in captive in an effort to save the species from extinction
36)The interactions between humans and the environment is called _____________
Ecology
37)The genetic material that is passed from parent to offspring is called what?
DNA
38)Where are genes located?
On a Chromosomes
39)An organism’s genetic makeup is its ___
DNA
40)What kinds of things has genetic engineering produced?
Medicines, gene therapy, clones
41)Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of what?
Genetics
42)What does it mean to become extinct?
No more members of the species exist
43)Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are known as what?
Homologous structures
44)What is biodiversity?
The variety of organism found in a given area
45)Should you use grams, liters, or meters to measure water?
Liters
46)What is the variable that changes as a result of the scientist changing a variable?
Dependent
47)What organelle transports proteins, and where in the cell is it located?
Golgi bodies and the cytoplasm
48)What is the endoplasmic reticulum and where in the cell is it located?
ER transports protein and is in the cytoplasm

49)During photosynthesis, plants take in energy in the form of ____.
Sunlight
50)In terms of classification, what is the broadest most inclusive level?
Domain
51)What characteristics are considered when placing organisms into kingdoms?
Similar structures
52)What are the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Angiosperms produce flowers and a fruit around the seeds, Gymnosperms produce cones and no fruit around the seeds called naked seeds.
53)What type of plant are monocots and how are the different from dicots?
Both are angiosperms-monocots have one seed leaf and fibrous roots and leaf veins that are parallel
54)What is the waxy covering on a leaf that prevents water from evaporating?
Cuticle
55)What is the opening on the underside of a leaf that allows gases to move in and out of a plant?
Stomata
56)What common characteristic do all plants share?
Autotrophic, chloroplasts, cell walls
57)What are the raw materials of photosynthesis?
Water, carbon dioxide and sunlight
58)The green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants is called ____
Chlorophyll
59)What process is used to produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
60)Population density is one way to state the size of a __________ population
61)Give 3 examples of limiting factors
Shelter, food, water
62)Raising fish for food is called ___________
Aquaculture
63)What is the difference between non-point and point source pollution?
Point source we know the location of the source, Non-point we do not know the source
64)What is eutrophication?
Excess nutrient into a water way cause an algal bloom which use up all the dissolved oxygen during decomposition
65)Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up what cycle?
Water cycle
66)Draw and explain the nitrogen cycle
Atmospheric nitrogen falls to the soil where it is fixed by bacteria into a usable form for plants. Plants take up the nitrogen make proteins and DNA with it. Then herbivores eat the plants and get the nitrogen. When they die the nitrogen is released back into the atmosphere
67)What is another term for hybrid? (not the car…)
Heterozygous
68)What does phenotype refer to?
The physical appearance of a trait
69)What biome is very cold and received very little precipitation?
Tundra
70)What are five biotic factors found in the garden?
Anything living
71)What biome would you most likely find a monkey?
Rainforest
72)What is an adaptation?
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

73)Explain the process of natural selection and how it has led to evolution.
Those organisms that have an adaptation that will allow them to survive in their environment will be able to reproduce
74)List the five pieces of evidence used to support the Theory of Evolution?
Geographic distribution, fossils, homologous structures, DNA and embryology
75)Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
76)What is the movement of materials across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
77)What piece of equipment is used to determine the mass of an object?
Triple beam balance, electronic scale
78)What piece of equipment is used to determine the volume of an object?
Graduated cylinder
79)What are the functions of the following organelles? Ribosomes, vacuoles, cytoplasm, cell membrane.
Ribosomes make proteins
Vacuoles store water
Cytoplasm holds the other organelles in place
Cell membrane picks and chooses what goes in and out of the cell
80)What is the difference between a control and a constant in an experiment?
Control group is used as a comparison and the constants are the variables that are kept the same
81)What is the type of data that involves numbers? quantitative
82)What are the steps of the scientific method
Make an observation
Inference
Question
Background research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Collect and analyze data
Conclusion
Publish results
83)Who was the scientist who invented the microscope?
Jannsen
84)What is the definition of osmosis?
Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
85)Who was the first scientist to observe living organisms with a microscope?
Leeuwenhoek
86)Who developed the 3-D model of DNA?
Watson and Crick
87)Describe the function of the following plant structures: roots, stem, leaves, stomata, xylem and phloem.
Roots take up water
Stem movement of materials and support of leaves
Leaves-gas exchange and photosynthesis
Stomata gas exchange
Xylem carries water from roots to the leaves
Phloem carries sugar from leaves to the roots
88)Who said that all animals were made up of cells
Schwann
89)Who said all plants were made up of cells?
Schleiden

90)What sugar makes up the cell wall?
Cellulose
91)What is the function of the cell wall?
Provide support and protection to the plant cell
92)Who was the scientist who took the first x-ray picture of DNA?
Franklin
93)What is the term that means a variation of a trait?
Allele
94)What process creates gametes?
Meiosis
95)What is a gamete?
Sex cell
96)What is cooperation between organisms of the same species? Give at least two examples.
Help each other out to obtain base resources-ants, termites, meerkats, elephants, lions wolves
97)What are components of a scientific name? (hint: what are the levels of the hierarchy used). Give an example of a scientific name.
Genus species Homo sapiens
98)What are two things found in a plant cell, but not an animal?
Cell wall and chloroplasts
99)Give three reasons why organism of the same species would compete?
Mates, food, shelter or territory
100)What are the stages of the cell cycle? Interphase, mitosis/meiosis, cytokinesis
101) Which stage of the cell cycle lasts the longest? Interphase
102)What is DNA replication? Ensures that the daughter cells have the same amount of DNA as the parent cell
103)A genetically identical organism is called a what? Clone
104)Mendel experimented on what type of organism? Pea plants
105)What is a nematocyst and what type of organism has it? A stinging cell found on tentacles of jellyfish
106)What is an ecological pyramid and what information does it provide? Draw an example. It shows a food chain and how the number of organisms in a food chain decreases.
107)What is another term for producer? Autotroph
108)What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Asexual-two parents produces a
Genetically identical cell, sexual=two parents and offspring has a combination of DNA
109)What is the term that describes an organism that eats dead organisms? scavenger
110)Describe the following body symmetries and give examples of organism for each: asymmetrical, bilateral and radial. Asymmetrical has not symmetry like a sponge. Bilateral=can divide organism into two halves which are mirror images example is human Radial=circular body plan example is a jellyfish
111)Which animal phylum would you classify squid? Mollusk
112)Which animal phylum has jointed appendages and an exoskeleton? Arthropods
113)What is phototropism? When a plant grows toward the sun or light source
114)What organelle contains DNA? Nucleus
115)What is another term for endotherm?warm blooded
116)What phylum contains segmented worms and leeches?Annelids
117)What kingdom of life would you classify halophiles? Archaebacteria
118)How many trials should be conducted to obtain accurate data? A minimum of three
119)What is the main difference between the Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdom? Where they live.
Archaebacteria live in extreme environments and Eubacteria can be find everywhere else.
120)What is the structure that makes up a fungus? hyphae
121)What are the four groups of fungi discussed in class?Sac, Club, imperfect and thread-like
122)Give three ways to describe the shape of DNA? Double helix, spiral staircase, twisted ladder
123)What phylum would you classify sea urchins? Echinoderms
124)Which biome has the least biodiversity? Tundra
125)Which biome is dominated by herbivores? Grasslands

126)What is an inference? A statement about an observation based on prior knowledge
127)What is the term that describes a plants ability to grow roots downward and the stem upward? gravitropism
128)What type of habitat must a moss or liverwort live in? moist because they rely on osmosis to move water
129)What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
130)Which kingdoms of life are made up of prokaryotic cells? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
131)If black hair is dominate to purple hair cross a heterozygous male with a homozygous recessive female?
Bb with a bb
132)What are the preserved remains of an organism called?Fossils
133)What do we call the timeline of Earth’s history: Geologic time scale
134)What type of chart shows the chromosomes present in a cell? karyotype
135)What is the genotype for a male? XY
136)What are the short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that aid in movement? Cillia
137)What type of environment does members of the protist kingdom live? Aquatic
138)How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46 chromosomes 23 pairs
139)What do scientists use to determine the outcome of a genetic cross? Punnett square
140)Which science field is genetic engineering applied to the most? Agriculture
141)What is the phrase that describes the altering on DNA in order to improve the organism? Genetic engineering
142)What is a naturally occurring mistake in DNA called? mutation
143)What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA? Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine
144)How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
145)Who developed binomial nomenclature? Linnaeus
146)What language is used when classifying organisms? Latin
147)What ship did Darwin sail on? HMS Beagle
148)Which biome is located on land around the equator? Rainforest
149)Which biome is the windiest? Tundra
150)What is permafrost? Frozen soil found in the tundra
151)Which biome would you find permafrost? Tundra
152)What biome do we live in? Deciduous Forest
153)Which biome has plants that can store water and most animals are nocturnal? Desert
154)Describes the stages of secondary succession? Grasse, shrubs, pine trees then oaks
155)What is the process that converts free nitrogen into a usable form? Nitrogen fixation
156)What organism found in the roots of plants can convert nitrogen into a usable form? Bacteria
157)What is the cell plate and when does it occur? What does it become? Structure formed during cytokinesis in a plant cell that becomes the new cell wall between the cells.
158)What do we use to represent a dominate allele? A capital letter.
159)What is the whip like extension of the cell membrane that is used for locomotion? Flagella
160)What type of structure help amoebas move? pseudopod
161)What do we call all the populations that live in an area? Community
162)Where does cellular respiration occur? Mitochondria
163)What are the products of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide and water
164)What are the materials of cellular respiration? Oxygen and glucose
165)What is the equation for cellular respiration? 6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2
166)What are the components of DNA? A phosphate, nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose
167)What does abiotic mean? Non-living factor in the ecosystem
168)About how much energy is passed on to the next trophic level in a food chain? 10 percent
169)In the food chain below which organism is the 3 rd order consumer?
 Kelp  sea urchin  seal  shark
 Shark

170)In the food chain above which organisms are carnivores? Seal and shark
171)What is a food web? Interconnecting food chains
172)What are the three shapes of bacteria? Baccili=rod, spiral and coccus=round
173)What is a close and permanent relationship between two species called? symbiosis
174)Slime molds are found in which kingdom of life? protists
175)What is the term that describes each link in a food chain? Trophic level
176)What is the study of how humans interact with the environment? ecology
177)What is a dichotomous key? A tool used to identify organism based on their characteristics
178)What is the layer surrounding Earth that supports life called? biosphere
179)List four traits that are inheritable and four that are not. Hair color, eye color, skin color, height are inheritable. Intelligence, the ability to speak a language, a broken leg, limb removed from an accident.
180)What is the term that describes all the abiotic and biotic factors in an area? Ecosystem
181)What is a group of the same species living in the same area called? population
182)The illegal killing of wildlife is called what? poaching
183)Which cell cycle produces two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell? mitosis
 Bonus questions
1)What is the driest place on the planet? Atacama Desert
2)What is the energy molecule that is created during photosynthesis? ATP
3)What organelle is located inside then nucleus that makes ribosomes? Nucleolus
4)What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Light independent and light dependent
5)What type of molecule is lactose? A sugar
6)What type of genetic cross involves two traits? Dihybrid cross
7)Sponge belongs in which phylum in the animal kingdom? Porifera
8)Which class in the animal kingdom are birds placed? Aves
9)What do we call the Archaebacteria found in cow stomachs? Methanogens
10)On what continent is the country Austria found? Europe
11)What biome covers the most land area? tundra
12)What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribose nucleic acid
13)Which Protist causes malaria? plasmodium
14)What do we call grasslands that are found in Africa? Asia? Savanna and a Steppe