Life Science Final Exam Study Guide

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Life Science Final Exam Study Guide

1)What three things does the cell theory state?

All cells come from pre-existing cells

All living organisms are composed of cells

The smallest unit of life is the cell

2)Who wrote the cell theory?

Virchow

3)List the stages of mitosis in order and describe what happens in each stage.

Prophase-Pile of worms nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes become visible

Metaphase-Chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers attach to the centromere

Anaphase-Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers

Telophase-Two new nuclei are formed, cytokinesis begins

4)List 5 examples of organs.

Heart, liver, lung, brain, stomach

5)What is the pattern of organization found in all living organisms starting with the most complex?

Organism, organ system, organs, tissue, cell

6)What is the function of the respiratory and circulatory systems?

Respiratory-gas exchange Circulatory-move materials around the body

7)Which body system is responsible for the removal of waste?

Excretory

8)What kingdom of life has organisms that are solely decomposers?

Fungi

9)Which kingdom(s) has (have) only prokaryotes in it?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

10)List the eight levels of the classification hierarchy.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus Species

11)To produce fertile offspring, animals must be from the same _____

Species

12)What process is used when a cell captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food?

Photosynthesis

13)What is the photosynthesis equation?

6H2O + 6CO2 + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6H2O

14)Ecosystems around the Earth get their energy from the __________

Sun

15)What is the process called by which water vapor cools in the air to form clouds?

Condensation

16)How does the rapid growth of algae in a pond affect other organisms?

Eutrophication and removing of oxygen from the water

17)What does an energy pyramid show?

How energy is transferred in a food chain and how the number of organisms decrease

18)An area that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals is called a

Territory

19)A plant eater is also called a

Herbivore

20)What are the types of symbiotic relationships and give an example of each.

Commensalism-barnacles and a whale

Parasitism-tick and human

Mutalism-lichen

21)What type of relationship occurs when one organism kills and eats another?

Predator/Prey

22)Due to competition, two similar species cannot occupy the same ______?

Niche

23)Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which what happens between two organisms?

Both benefits

24)What is a niche?

The role an organism has in an ecosystem

25)What is a biome?

Land area with similar ecosystems

26)What type of biome has trees that lose their leaves each year?

Deciduous forest

27)How have animals adapted to live in the desert?

Nocturnal, store water, burrow into the ground

28)What kind of trait helps organisms survive and reproduce?

Adaptations

29)A plant growing towards the sunlight is a type of what?

Phototropism

30)People moving into a population are considered what?

Immigration

31)The series of changes that take place after a disturbance occurs in an existing ecosystem is called ?

Succession

32)How can we prevent overfishing?

Catch limits and aquaculture

33)Building a road through a forest would most likely cause_______________________________

Habitat fragmentation

34)A species carried into a new area by people is called a what?

Exotic Species

35)What is captive breeding and what effect is it likely to have on a species?

Breed threatened or endangered species in captive in an effort to save the species from extinction

36)The interactions between humans and the environment is called _____________

Ecology

37)The genetic material that is passed from parent to offspring is called what?

DNA

38)Where are genes located?

On a Chromosomes

39)An organism’s genetic makeup is its ___

DNA

40)What kinds of things has genetic engineering produced?

Medicines, gene therapy, clones

41)Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of what?

Genetics

42)What does it mean to become extinct?

No more members of the species exist

43)Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are known as what?

Homologous structures

44)What is biodiversity?

The variety of organism found in a given area

45)Should you use grams, liters, or meters to measure water?

Liters

46)What is the variable that changes as a result of the scientist changing a variable?

Dependent

47)What organelle transports proteins, and where in the cell is it located?

Golgi bodies and the cytoplasm

48)What is the endoplasmic reticulum and where in the cell is it located?

ER transports protein and is in the cytoplasm

49)During photosynthesis, plants take in energy in the form of ____.

Sunlight

50)In terms of classification, what is the broadest most inclusive level?

Domain

51)What characteristics are considered when placing organisms into kingdoms?

Similar structures

52)What are the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Angiosperms produce flowers and a fruit around the seeds, Gymnosperms produce cones and no fruit around the seeds called naked seeds.

53)What type of plant are monocots and how are the different from dicots?

Both are angiosperms-monocots have one seed leaf and fibrous roots and leaf veins that are parallel

54)What is the waxy covering on a leaf that prevents water from evaporating?

Cuticle

55)What is the opening on the underside of a leaf that allows gases to move in and out of a plant?

Stomata

56)What common characteristic do all plants share?

Autotrophic, chloroplasts, cell walls

57)What are the raw materials of photosynthesis?

Water, carbon dioxide and sunlight

58)The green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants is called ____

Chlorophyll

59)What process is used to produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

60)Population density is one way to state the size of a __________ population

61)Give 3 examples of limiting factors

Shelter, food, water

62)Raising fish for food is called ___________

Aquaculture

63)What is the difference between non-point and point source pollution?

Point source we know the location of the source, Non-point we do not know the source

64)What is eutrophication?

Excess nutrient into a water way cause an algal bloom which use up all the dissolved oxygen during decomposition

65)Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up what cycle?

Water cycle

66)Draw and explain the nitrogen cycle

Atmospheric nitrogen falls to the soil where it is fixed by bacteria into a usable form for plants. Plants take up the nitrogen make proteins and DNA with it. Then herbivores eat the plants and get the nitrogen. When they die the nitrogen is released back into the atmosphere

67)What is another term for hybrid? (not the car…)

Heterozygous

68)What does phenotype refer to?

The physical appearance of a trait

69)What biome is very cold and received very little precipitation?

Tundra

70)What are five biotic factors found in the garden?

Anything living

71)What biome would you most likely find a monkey?

Rainforest

72)What is an adaptation?

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

73)Explain the process of natural selection and how it has led to evolution.

Those organisms that have an adaptation that will allow them to survive in their environment will be able to reproduce

74)List the five pieces of evidence used to support the Theory of Evolution?

Geographic distribution, fossils, homologous structures, DNA and embryology

75)Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

76)What is the movement of materials across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

Diffusion

77)What piece of equipment is used to determine the mass of an object?

Triple beam balance, electronic scale

78)What piece of equipment is used to determine the volume of an object?

Graduated cylinder

79)What are the functions of the following organelles? Ribosomes, vacuoles, cytoplasm, cell membrane.

Ribosomes make proteins

Vacuoles store water

Cytoplasm holds the other organelles in place

Cell membrane picks and chooses what goes in and out of the cell

80)What is the difference between a control and a constant in an experiment?

Control group is used as a comparison and the constants are the variables that are kept the same

81)What is the type of data that involves numbers? quantitative

82)What are the steps of the scientific method

Make an observation

Inference

Question

Background research

Hypothesis

Experiment

Collect and analyze data

Conclusion

Publish results

83)Who was the scientist who invented the microscope?

Jannsen

84)What is the definition of osmosis?

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

85)Who was the first scientist to observe living organisms with a microscope?

Leeuwenhoek

86)Who developed the 3-D model of DNA?

Watson and Crick

87)Describe the function of the following plant structures: roots, stem, leaves, stomata, xylem and phloem.

Roots take up water

Stem movement of materials and support of leaves

Leaves-gas exchange and photosynthesis

Stomata gas exchange

Xylem carries water from roots to the leaves

Phloem carries sugar from leaves to the roots

88)Who said that all animals were made up of cells

Schwann

89)Who said all plants were made up of cells?

Schleiden

90)What sugar makes up the cell wall?

Cellulose

91)What is the function of the cell wall?

Provide support and protection to the plant cell

92)Who was the scientist who took the first x-ray picture of DNA?

Franklin

93)What is the term that means a variation of a trait?

Allele

94)What process creates gametes?

Meiosis

95)What is a gamete?

Sex cell

96)What is cooperation between organisms of the same species? Give at least two examples.

Help each other out to obtain base resources-ants, termites, meerkats, elephants, lions wolves

97)What are components of a scientific name? (hint: what are the levels of the hierarchy used). Give an example of a scientific name.

Genus species Homo sapiens

98)What are two things found in a plant cell, but not an animal?

Cell wall and chloroplasts

99)Give three reasons why organism of the same species would compete?

Mates, food, shelter or territory

100)What are the stages of the cell cycle? Interphase, mitosis/meiosis, cytokinesis

101) Which stage of the cell cycle lasts the longest? Interphase

102)What is DNA replication? Ensures that the daughter cells have the same amount of DNA as the parent cell

103)A genetically identical organism is called a what? Clone

104)Mendel experimented on what type of organism? Pea plants

105)What is a nematocyst and what type of organism has it? A stinging cell found on tentacles of jellyfish

106)What is an ecological pyramid and what information does it provide? Draw an example. It shows a food chain and how the number of organisms in a food chain decreases.

107)What is another term for producer? Autotroph

108)What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Asexual-two parents produces a

Genetically identical cell, sexual=two parents and offspring has a combination of DNA

109)What is the term that describes an organism that eats dead organisms? scavenger

110)Describe the following body symmetries and give examples of organism for each: asymmetrical, bilateral and radial. Asymmetrical has not symmetry like a sponge. Bilateral=can divide organism into two halves which are mirror images example is human Radial=circular body plan example is a jellyfish

111)Which animal phylum would you classify squid? Mollusk

112)Which animal phylum has jointed appendages and an exoskeleton? Arthropods

113)What is phototropism? When a plant grows toward the sun or light source

114)What organelle contains DNA? Nucleus

115)What is another term for endotherm?warm blooded

116)What phylum contains segmented worms and leeches?Annelids

117)What kingdom of life would you classify halophiles? Archaebacteria

118)How many trials should be conducted to obtain accurate data? A minimum of three

119)What is the main difference between the Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdom? Where they live.

Archaebacteria live in extreme environments and Eubacteria can be find everywhere else.

120)What is the structure that makes up a fungus? hyphae

121)What are the four groups of fungi discussed in class?Sac, Club, imperfect and thread-like

122)Give three ways to describe the shape of DNA? Double helix, spiral staircase, twisted ladder

123)What phylum would you classify sea urchins? Echinoderms

124)Which biome has the least biodiversity? Tundra

125)Which biome is dominated by herbivores? Grasslands

126)What is an inference? A statement about an observation based on prior knowledge

127)What is the term that describes a plants ability to grow roots downward and the stem upward? gravitropism

128)What type of habitat must a moss or liverwort live in? moist because they rely on osmosis to move water

129)What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus

130)Which kingdoms of life are made up of prokaryotic cells? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

131)If black hair is dominate to purple hair cross a heterozygous male with a homozygous recessive female?

Bb with a bb

132)What are the preserved remains of an organism called?Fossils

133)What do we call the timeline of Earth’s history: Geologic time scale

134)What type of chart shows the chromosomes present in a cell? karyotype

135)What is the genotype for a male? XY

136)What are the short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that aid in movement? Cillia

137)What type of environment does members of the protist kingdom live? Aquatic

138)How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46 chromosomes 23 pairs

139)What do scientists use to determine the outcome of a genetic cross? Punnett square

140)Which science field is genetic engineering applied to the most? Agriculture

141)What is the phrase that describes the altering on DNA in order to improve the organism? Genetic engineering

142)What is a naturally occurring mistake in DNA called? mutation

143)What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA? Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

144)How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

145)Who developed binomial nomenclature? Linnaeus

146)What language is used when classifying organisms? Latin

147)What ship did Darwin sail on? HMS Beagle

148)Which biome is located on land around the equator? Rainforest

149)Which biome is the windiest? Tundra

150)What is permafrost? Frozen soil found in the tundra

151)Which biome would you find permafrost? Tundra

152)What biome do we live in? Deciduous Forest

153)Which biome has plants that can store water and most animals are nocturnal? Desert

154)Describes the stages of secondary succession? Grasse, shrubs, pine trees then oaks

155)What is the process that converts free nitrogen into a usable form? Nitrogen fixation

156)What organism found in the roots of plants can convert nitrogen into a usable form? Bacteria

157)What is the cell plate and when does it occur? What does it become? Structure formed during cytokinesis in a plant cell that becomes the new cell wall between the cells.

158)What do we use to represent a dominate allele? A capital letter.

159)What is the whip like extension of the cell membrane that is used for locomotion? Flagella

160)What type of structure help amoebas move? pseudopod

161)What do we call all the populations that live in an area? Community

162)Where does cellular respiration occur? Mitochondria

163)What are the products of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide and water

164)What are the materials of cellular respiration? Oxygen and glucose

165)What is the equation for cellular respiration? 6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2

166)What are the components of DNA? A phosphate, nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose

167)What does abiotic mean? Non-living factor in the ecosystem

168)About how much energy is passed on to the next trophic level in a food chain? 10 percent

169)In the food chain below which organism is the 3 rd order consumer?

 Kelp  sea urchin  seal  shark

 Shark

170)In the food chain above which organisms are carnivores? Seal and shark

171)What is a food web? Interconnecting food chains

172)What are the three shapes of bacteria? Baccili=rod, spiral and coccus=round

173)What is a close and permanent relationship between two species called? symbiosis

174)Slime molds are found in which kingdom of life? protists

175)What is the term that describes each link in a food chain? Trophic level

176)What is the study of how humans interact with the environment? ecology

177)What is a dichotomous key? A tool used to identify organism based on their characteristics

178)What is the layer surrounding Earth that supports life called? biosphere

179)List four traits that are inheritable and four that are not. Hair color, eye color, skin color, height are inheritable. Intelligence, the ability to speak a language, a broken leg, limb removed from an accident.

180)What is the term that describes all the abiotic and biotic factors in an area? Ecosystem

181)What is a group of the same species living in the same area called? population

182)The illegal killing of wildlife is called what? poaching

183)Which cell cycle produces two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell? mitosis

 Bonus questions

1)What is the driest place on the planet? Atacama Desert

2)What is the energy molecule that is created during photosynthesis? ATP

3)What organelle is located inside then nucleus that makes ribosomes? Nucleolus

4)What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Light independent and light dependent

5)What type of molecule is lactose? A sugar

6)What type of genetic cross involves two traits? Dihybrid cross

7)Sponge belongs in which phylum in the animal kingdom? Porifera

8)Which class in the animal kingdom are birds placed? Aves

9)What do we call the Archaebacteria found in cow stomachs? Methanogens

10)On what continent is the country Austria found? Europe

11)What biome covers the most land area? tundra

12)What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribose nucleic acid

13)Which Protist causes malaria? plasmodium

14)What do we call grasslands that are found in Africa? Asia? Savanna and a Steppe

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