Name:____________________ Per.:_____
Unit 5
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Landscapes
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Table of Contents
Pg. #
List of Focus Questions..………….……………………………………....3
Vocabulary List……….…………………………………………………...4-5
A. Weathering……………………………………………………………...6
B. Physical Weathering and Examples……………………………………7-8
C. Chemical Weathering and Examples…………………………………..9
D. Factors that influence the Rate of Weathering…………………………9
Weathering time and rate activity…………………………………………12
E. Product of Weathering............................................................................13
F. Erosion....................................................................................................14
G. Stream Erosion.......................................................................................16
H. Deposition...............................................................................................21
2
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering? List
examples of physical and chemical weathering.
2. What factors affect weathering? What climates are ideal for physical and
chemical weathering?
3. Describe erosion and the factors that affect erosion.
4. Describe deposition and the factors that affect deposition.
5. How does erosion and deposition affect the shape of a stream?
6. What geologic formations occur as the result of a retreating glacier?
3
Vocabulary List
1. Weathering:
2. Physical Weathering:
3. Chemical Weathering:
4. Frost Action:
5. Abrasion:
6. Exfoliation:
7. Oxidation:
8. Acid Rain:
9. Soil:
10.Bedrock:
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11.Sediments:
12.Erosion:
13.Mass Movement:
14.V-Shaped Valley:
15.Stream Velocity:
16.Stream Gradient:
17.Stream Discharge:
18.Deposition:
19.Horizontal Sorting:
20.Vertical Sorting:
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A. Weathering
Weathering:___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
There are 2 types of weathering:
• Physical Weathering:_______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Ex:_____________________________________________________
• Chemical Weathering:______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
--Ex: ______________________________________
B. Physical Weathering-Examples:
•Frost Action-__________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Ex:_________________________________
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• Plant and Animal Action:____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Ex:_________________________________
 Abrasion: _____________________________________________
______________________________________________
Ex: 1-________________________________
Ex: 2____________________________________________________________
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Ex: 3-________________________________________________________
Ex: 4- _______________________________________________________
 Exfoliation: _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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C. Chemical Weathering-Examples
•Oxidation
_____________________________________________________________
-ex.: rusting of a nail
Water (hydrolysis)
_____________________________________________________________
-ex.: Halite, calcite
•Acid
-_____________________________:
–C02 dissolves in rain water forming a weak acid (seltzer).
–Acid
Rain: ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
D. Factors that influence the rate of weathering.
• Surface area.
– Weathering occurs on the surface. The _____________ surface
area exposed, the ______________ the rate of weathering.
Weathering
Rate
Surface area exposed
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A smashed piece has greatest surface
A full, solid block has the least surface area. area exposed. The interior can now be
attacked.
The interior is safe from exposure.
 Mineral composition- _____________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
-ex.:___________ is resistant to chemical and physical weathering.
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Where is the rock more resistant to
weathering?
Ans:____
Where is the rock least resistant to
weathering?
Ans:____
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Time & Rate
Complete the data chart. Rate= Size (mm)/Time (yrs.)
Make your graph with the rate on the left vertical axis and the time on the right
vertical axis and hardness on the bottom.
Be sure that you graph in pencil, use the majority of the graph space, and label
your lines.
Exercise I
1
2 years
2
4 years
3
8 years
4
16 years
5
32 years
6
64 years
7
128 years
8
256 years
Rate
of
weatheri
ng
(mm/yea
r)
Time
Time
needed to
weather
17mm of
material
Rate
Hardne
ss
Hardness
Answer the questions in full sentences.
1. Which hardness takes the longest time to weather?
2. Which hardness has the fastest weathering rate?
3. How does the rate of weathering change as hardness increases?
4. How does the time needed for weathering change as hardness
increases?
5. Is the relationship between hardness and weathering time direct or
inverse?
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• Climate Conditions
– ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
– ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
– ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
E. The Product of Weathering
• Soil-___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Bedrock is the rock that is on the bottom of all the loose soil.
-Soil forms layers that have different characteristics.
These layers are called _____________.
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F. Erosion
Sediments:____________________________________________________
• Erosion:_________________________________________________
What is the main force that drives erosion?
The______________________________ drives most forms of erosion.
For example, weathering weakens the rock on a cliff. The rock is pulled
down by gravity, causing it to fall to the bottom of the cliff.
Gravity is also the force pulling water down a stream or pulling
sediment that is blowing around in the air back down to the ground.
What are the different types of erosion?
1.
Erosion by _____________________
-Mass Movement: _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Ex: ___________________________________________________.
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2.
Erosion by _____________________________.
This type of erosion occurs mainly in desert areas and beaches, where there
is little plant life to hold the soil or sediments in place.
3.
Erosion by _____________________.
_______________: Are large masses of slowly flowing ice.
As a glacier moves, it carries, pushes, and drags loose rock material.
Glaciers carve out a certain shape in the landscape. This shape is called a
____________________.
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4.
Erosion by: _____________________.
***Running water is the main agent of erosion in moist areas***
*Every year, streams are responsible for moving millions of tons of
sediments to oceans and lakes.
Streams carve out a certain shape in the landscape. These are called
______________________ .
G. Stream Erosion
• The amount of sediment and the size of sediment carried by a stream
are dependent on the _________________, or stream speed.
• A stream’s speed or velocity is dependent on 2 variables.
1. _________________ -how steep the stream is.
2. _________________ -the amount of water flowing in the stream.
The __________________ the gradient,
the ________________ the stream’s velocity.
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The __________________ the discharge,
the ___________________ the stream’s velocity.
So, the faster a stream is moving the ______________ sediment it can carry,
and the ___________ sediment size it can carry.
Answer the following questions based on the chart from your reference tables.
1. Which of the following sedimentary particles cannot be transported by a stream
that has a water velocity of 200 cm/sec?
a. silt
b. sand
c. pebbles
d. boulders
2. Which of the following is the largest diameter particle that a stream that has a
water velocity of 100 cm/sec can transport?
a. 0.01 cm
b. 0.1 cm
c. 1.0 cm
d. 10.0 cm
3. I am a sedimentary particle with a diameter of 0.007 cm. The particle class that
I belong to is
a. boulder
b. cobble
c. pebble
d. sand
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4. The minimum water velocity required to transport a sedimentary particle with a
100.0 cm diameter is
a. 25.6 cm/sec
b. 200 cm/sec
c. 300 cm/sec
d. 800 cm/sec
5. A stream that has a water velocity of 150 cm/sec could carry which of the
following sedimentary particles?
a. clay, silt, pebbles, and cobbles
b. clay, silt, sand, and cobbles
c. silt, sand, pebbles, and cobbles
d. pebbles, sand, silt, and clay
6. Which of the following is the correct order of sedimentary particles in order of
largest to smallest?
7.
a. clay-silt-sand-pebbles
b. sand-pebbles-cobbles-boulders
b. boulders-silt-clay-sand
d. cobbles-pebbles-sand-clay
Which class of sedimentary particle has the greatest range in size?
a. clay
b. silt
c. pebbles
d. boulders
8. A stream can transport clay and silt but not pebbles. Which of the following its
most likely water velocity?
a. 100 cm/sec
b. 75 cm/sec
c. 30 cm/sec
d. 5 cm/sec
9. A stream that has a stream load of mixed sediment sizes experiences a
decrease in velocity from 500 cm/sec to 100 cm/sec. Which particles will become
deposited as a result of this change in water velocity?
a. boulders, sand, and silt
b. sand, silt, and clay
c. cobbles, pebbles, and sand
d. boulders, cobbles, and pebbles
10. Which of the following statements is false concerning a stream possessing a
water velocity of 200 cm/sec?
a. Pebbles and sand can be transported.
b. Clay and sand can be transported.
c. Clay and boulders cannot be transported.
d. Cobbles and boulders can be transported.
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Meandering (Curving) River/Stream
 Erosion occurs on the _____________________ of the curve
because the stream velocity is _______________________.
 Deposition occurs on the __________________ of the curve
because the stream velocity is _______________________.
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Evolution of a stream:
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H. Deposition
Deposition:___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
1. Factors that Affect Deposition:
a. Particle Size-__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
b. Particle Shape-________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
c. Particle Density-_______________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
2. Settling Rate and Settling Time- This is an inverse relationship.
Sediments that settle at a faster rate require less settling time.
Therefore, as the rate of settling increases, the settling time
decreases. Draw this on the graph below.
Settling Time
Settling Rate
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3. Deposition of Mixed Sediments
Horizontal Sorting- When a stream/river enters a larger body of water, the
velocity of the stream________________. The largest, roundest, and
densest particles are deposited ___________, near the shoreline. The
smallest, flattest, least dense particles are carried further from the shoreline,
and settle __________.
Vertical Sorting- When particles settle in calm water, the roundest, largest,
and densest particles quickly settle at the _______________ of a layer, while
the flattest, smallest, and least dense particles settle at the ____________ of
the same layer.
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• The degree of sorting is related to the depth of the water the particles
are traveling through.
-The deeper the water the greater the sorting
• This is also called GRADED BEDDING
You can identify which agent of erosion transported
each sediment by looking at a few characteristics:
Running Water – sediments that have been transported through
running water appear _____________and ______________and are
deposited in _____________ piles.
Glaciers – sediments that have been transported by glaciers appear
________________, grooved, and are deposited in completely
________________ piles, because they were dropped during
melting. Also, _______________ can only be transported by
glaciers.
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Wind - sediments that have been transported by wind are appear
______________ (random holes) and ________________ (glazed
look) and are deposited in _______________ piles. Only very small
particles can be transported by wind.
Gravity – sediments that are transported by gravity are found in piles
at the bottom of cliffs or steep slopes. They appear angular
and________________.
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4. Glacial Deposits
outwash plain--a relatively flat massive blanket like deposit consisting of
layered materials deposited by melt water in front and on the sides of the
margin of the ice sheet
kettle hole and kettle lake--formed when a large block of ice becomes
lodged in the ground moraine or outwash plain and melts causing the land to
collapse
drumlin--a streamlined symmetric inverted spoon head shaped hill whose
steep side faces the direction from which the glacier advanced
esker--a winding ridge comprised primarily of sand and gravel layers
deposited by a stream flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier near its terminus
kame--a steep sided hill comprised of sand and gravel layers originating
when sediment collects in openings in stagnant glacial ice
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I.
Drainage Patterns
Drainage pattern - the arrangement, in
map view, of a stream and its tributaries
– tributaries- are streams that
contribute to larger streams.
– Dendritic - drainage pattern
resembling the branches of a
tree
– Radial pattern - streams
diverge outward like the
spokes of a wheel
• Typically
form
on
mountains (volcanoes)
– Rectangular
pattern
tributaries have frequent 90°
bends and join other streams
at right angles
– Trellis pattern - parallel
streams with short tributaries
meeting at right angles
Floodplains are broad strips of land built up by sedimentation on
either side of a stream channel.
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Delta - body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when
flow velocity decreases.
Alluvial fan- large, fan- or cone-shaped pile of sediment that forms
where stream velocity decreases as it emerges from a narrow
mountain canyon onto a flat plain.
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NYS Landscape Regions: Pg. 2 and 3 in ESRTs
Landscape regions can usually be identified by the elevation of the
region. Mountains, plateaus, and plains identify landscape regions.
Mountains have high elevation and deformed rock structures due to the great
forces that occur when mountains are forming.
Plateaus have medium to high elevation.
Plains are low in elevation and usually have horizontal rock layers.
The boundaries between these 3 distinct areas are generally well defined.
Landscape regions tend to be separated by mountains, large bodies of water,
and other natural boundaries.
Use the ESRTs to list examples of each type of landscape.
Mountain
Plateau
Plain
List the Landscape Region and the rock type found at each location.
Location
Old Forge
Landscape Region
Rock Type
Syracuse
Elmira
Kingston
New York City
Riverhead
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