REFERENCES
Alexander, G., R. N. Keshavamurty, U. S. De, R. Chellappa, S. K. Das, and P. V.
Pillai, 1978: Fluctuations of monsoon activity, Indian J. Meteor. Geophys., 29,
76-87.
Anantha Krishnan, R., and M.K. Soman, 1988 : the onset of the southwest monsoon
over Kerala, 1901 – 1980, J. Climatol., 8, 283 – 296.
Ananthakrishnan, R and A Thiruvengadatkan, 1968: Thermal changes in the
troposphere associated with seasonal transitions over India, Current Science,
XXXVII, 184-186
Ananthakrishnan, R., 1977: Some aspects of the monsoon circulation and monsoon
rainfall, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 115, 1209-1244.
Ananthakrishnan, R., and Soman, M.K., 1991: Onset of southwest monsoon in 1990,
Current Science, V61, pp 447-453.
Ananthakrishnan, R., J.M. Pathan and S.S. Aralikatti, 1983: The onset phase of the
southwest monsoon, Current Science, Vol. 52, 756-764
Ananthakrishnan, R., V. Srinivasan and A.R. Rama Krishnan, 1968: Synoptic
features associated with onset of southwest monsoon over Kerala, IMD
Forecasting Manual, Rep. IV.
Annamalai, H., and J. M. Slingo., 2001: Active/break cycles: diagnosis of the
intraseasonal variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon, Climate Dynamics,
18:85-102.
Arakawa, A. and Schubert, W. H., 1974: Interaction of a cloud ensemble with the
large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
Bastidas et al 2007: Results from PILPS semi-arid experiment, GEWEX newsletter, Vol 17,
#2, p6-7.
Bhalme, H.N. and Parasnis, S., 1975 : 5-6 days oscillations in the pressure gradients
over India during SW monsoon, Indi. J. Meteorol. Geophys., 26, 77-80.
114
Bhalwankar, R. V., A. B. Sathe and A. K. Kamra, 2004: The evaporation of the
charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a wind tunnel. Proceedings
of the Indian Academy of Sciences Earth and Planetary Sciences, 113, 129138.
Bhalwankar, R.V., Sathe, A.B., Kamra, A.K., 2004 : The evaporation of the charged
and uncharged water drops suspended in a wind tunnel, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.,
113, 129 – 138.
Bhat, G S and R Narasimha, 1996: A volumetrically heated jet: Large eddy structure
and entrainment characteristics. J. Fluid Mech. 325, 303-330.
Bhat, G.S. 2007: Personal Communication
Bhat, G.S., S. Gadgil, P.V. Harish Kunmar, S.R. Kalsi, P. Madhusoodanan, V.S.N.
Murty, C.V.K. Prasada Rao, V. Ramesh Babu, L.V.G. Rao, R.R. Rao, et al.
2001: BOBMEX : The Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment, Bull. Amer.
Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2217 – 2243.
Biswas, N.C., U.S. De and D.R. Sikka, 1998 : The role of Himalayan massif –
Tibetan Plateau and the mid-tropospheric tropical ridge over north India
during the advance phase of the southwest monsoon, Mausam, 49, 285-298.
Blade, I., and D.L. Hartmann, 1993: Tropical intraseasonal oscillations in a simple
nonlinear model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2922-2939
Blanford, H. F., 1886: Rainfall of India. Mem. Ind. Met. Dept., 2, 217-448.
Bruintjes, R. A., 2003: Preliminary assessment of cloud data collected during project
Varuna in Karnatka, A Report Submitted to Weather Modification Inc.
Cadet, K.L. and P. Daniel, 1988: Long-range forecast of the break and active
summer monsoons. Tellus, 40A, 133-150.
Chakraborty A., S. K. Satheesh, R. S. Nanjundiah, and J. Srinivasan, 2004: Impact
of absorbing aerosols on the simulation of climate over the Indian region in an
atmospheric general circulation model’ Annales Geophysicae 22: 1421–1434
Chang, J.T., and Wetzel, P.J., 1991: Effects of Spatial Variations of Soil Moisture
and Vegetation on the Evolution of a Prestorm Environment: A Numerical
Case Study, Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1368-1390
Charney, J. G. and A Eliassen, 1964: On the growth of the hurricane depression. J.
Atmos.Sci., 21, 68-75.
Charney, J., W. J. Quirk, S. H. Chow, and J. Kornfield, 1977: Comparative study
of effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. J. Atmos. Sci.,
34, 1366–1385.
Chinnam, N., S. Dey, S. N. Tripathi, and M. Sharma, 2006: Dust events in Kanpur,
Northern India: Chemical evidence for source and implications to radiative
forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08803, doi:10.1029/2005GL025278.
Coe, M. T., 1998: A linked global model of terrestrial hydrologic processes:
Simulation of modern rivers, lakes, and wetlands. J. Geophys. Res., 103,
8885–8899.
Coe, M. T., 2000: Modeling terrestrial hydrological systems at the continental scale:
Testing the accuracy of an atmospheric GCM. J. Climate, 13, 686–704.
115
Das, S., R. Ashrit and M. W. Moncrieff, 2006: Simulation of a Himalayan cloudburst
event. J. Earth System Sci., 115, 299-314.
De, U. S., R. R. Lele and J. C. Natu, 1998: Breaks in southwest monsoon, India
Meteorological Department, Report No. 1998/3.
De. U. S. and R. K. Mukhopadhyay, 2002: Breaks in monsoon and related
precursors, Mausam, 53, 309-318.
Deepshikha, S., S. K. Satheesh, and J. Srinivasan, 2005: Regional distribution of
absorbing efficiency of dust aerosols over India and adjacent continents
inferred using satellite remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(3), L03811,
doi:10.1029/2004GL022091.
Dey, B., and O. S. R. U. Bhanu Kumar, 1982: An apparent relationship between
Eurasian snow cover and the advanced period of the Indian summer
monsoon, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 1929–1932.
Dhar O. N., P. R. Rakhecha and B. N. Mandal 1980: Is the number of cyclonic
disturbance traversing India during the monsoon season related to the rainfall
in that season?, Mausam, 31, p. 119-124
Dickinson, R. E. 1983: Land surface processes and climate surface albedos and
energy balance. Advances in Geophysics, 25:305-353.
Ding, Y and D.R. Sikka, 2006: Synoptic systems and weather, In “The Asian
Monsoon” Bin Wang (Eds.), Springer.
Eliot, J., 1884: Account of southwest monsoon storms generated in the Bay of
Bengal during 1877-1881, Mem. Ind. Met. Deptt. 2, 217-448.
Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric convection. Oxford University Press, 580pp
Enle Khabi, D. and Co authors, 1999: An agenda for land surface hydrology
research and a call for the second International hydrological decade, Bull.
Amer. Met. Soc., 80, 2043 – 2058.
Fassulo J. and P.J. Webster, 2003: A Hydrological definition of Indian monsoon
onset and withdrawal, J. Climate, 16, 3200 – 3211.
Findlater, J, 1969: A major low level air current near the Indian ocean during the
northern summer. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 95, 362-380.
Fitzgerald J.W., 1973 : Dependence of super saturation spectrum CCN on aerosol
size distribution and composition, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 628.
Fitzgerald J.W., 1974: Effect of aerosol composition cloud droplet size distribution, J.
Atmos. Sci., 31, 1358.
Flatau, M, Flatau, P., Schmidt J and Kiladis, G., 2003: Delayed onset of the 2002
Indian monsoon: Geophys.Res.Lett.30, 1768.
Gadgil Sulochana, Sajani Surendran, 1998: Monsoon precipitation in the AMIP
runs. Climate Dynamics,14:659-89.
Gadgil, Sulochana, and G. Asha, 1992: Intraseasonal variation of the Indian summer
monsoon 1: Observational aspects. Jap. Met. Society, 70, 517-527
Gadgil, Sulochana. and Guruprasad, A., 1990: An objective method for the
identification of the intertropical convergence zone, J. Climate, 3, 558-567.
116
Gadgil, Sulochana. and P.V. Joseph, 2003 : On breaks of the Indian monsoon, Proc.
Indian Acad. Sci. – Earth Planet. Sci., 112, 529 – 558.
Gadgil, Sulochana., 2000: Monsoon – Ocean coupling, Current Sci., 78, 309-323.
Gadgil, Sulochana., 2003: The Indian monsoon and its variability.
Annu.Rev.Earth.Planet.Sci., 31, 429-467.
Gadgil, Sulochana., and J. Srinivasan, 1990: Low-frequency variation of tropical
convergence zones, Meteorol.Atmos.Phys., 44, 119-132.
Gadgil, Sulochana., P.V. Joseph, and Joshi, N.V., 1984: Ocean – atmospheric
coupling over monsoon regions, Nature, 312, 141-143
Gadgil, Sulochana., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Francis, P. A., 2003: Droughts of
the Indian summer monsoon: Role of clouds over the Indian Ocean. Curr.Sci.,
85, 1713-1719.
Gadgil, Sulochana., Vinaychandran, P. N., Francis, P. A. and Siddhartha, Gadgil,
2004: Extremes of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO, equatorial Indian
Ocean Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Letters., 31, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019733
Gambheer A. V. and G. S. Bhat 2000: Life Cycle Characteristics of Deep Cloud
Systems over the Indian Region Using INSAT-1B Pixel Data. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 128, 4071-4083
Gambheer, A. V., and G. S. Bhat, 2001: Diurnal variation of deep cloud systems over
the Indian region using INSAT-1B pixel data. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 78, 215225, 2001.
Garrett, AJ, 1982: A parameter study of interactions between convective clouds,
the boundary layer, and a forest surface. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1041–1058.
Ginoux, P., and co-authors, 2001: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols
simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20255 – 20274.
GLOBE, 1999: GLOBE Task Team and others (eds), The Global Land One kilometer Base
Elevation (GLOBE) Digital Elevation Model, Version 1.0, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 325 Broadway,
Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA. [Digital database on the World Wide Web (URL: http:
//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/topo/globe.shtml) and CD-ROMs].
Goswami, B. N., and R. S. A. Mohan., 2000: Intraseasonal oscillations and
interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon, J. Climate, Vol. 14, p.
1180-1198
Goswami, B.N. and J.Shukla, 1984: Quasi-periodic oscillations in a symmetric genral
circulation model. J. Atmos.Sci. 41, 20-37.
Goswami, B.N. and R.S. Ajayamohan, 2001: Intraseasonal oscillations and
predictability of the Indian summer monsoon, Proc. Ind. Nat. Acad. Sci., 67
A(3), 369 – 383
Goswami, B.N., 2005: Intraseasonal variability (ISV) of south Asian summer
monsoon. In: K. Lau and D. Waliser (eds), Intraseasonal Variability of the
Atmosphere – Ocean Climate System. Springer – Praxis, Chinchester, UK.
117
Grabowski, W. W., 2001: Coupling cloud processes with the large scale dynamics
using the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP). J. Atmos. Sci.,
58, 978–997.
Graetz, R., 1991: The nature and significance of the feedback of changes in
terrestrial vegetation on global atmospheric and climatic changes , Clim.
Change, 18, 147-171.
Graham, N.E. and Barnett, J.P., 1987: Sea surface temperature, Surface wind
divergence and convection over tropical oceans, Science, 238, 657-659.
Gruber, A., and A. Krueger, 1984: The status of the NOAA outgoing longwave
radiation data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 958-962
Hansen, J. Sato, M., Rendu, R., Laus A and Oinas, V., 2000: Global warming in the
twenty-first century : An alternative scenario, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences, 97,
9875 – 9880.
Harrison, D.E. and Vecchi, G.A., 2001: Indian Ocean cooling event, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 28, 3717 – 3720.
Hoppel W.A., 1979: Measurement of the size distribution and CCN supersaturation
spectrum of submicron aerosol over the Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2006.
Hoskins, B., and B.Wang., 2006: Large Scale Atmospheric dynamics, In “The Asian
Monsoon”, Bin Wang (Eds), Springer, Praxis Publishing, UK, 357-415.
Houze, R. A. and Betts, A. K., 1981: Convection in GATE. Rev. Geophys. Space
Physics, 19, 541-576.
Houze, R. A. Jr., 1981: Structures of atmospheric precipitation systems: A global
survey. Radio Science, 16, 671-689.
Hudson, J. G. and S. S. S. Yum, 2002: Cloud condensation nuclei spectra and
polluted and clean clouds over the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D99,
8022, doi:10.1029/2001JD000829.
Idso, S. B.; ackson, R. D. ; Kimball, B and Nakayama, F., 1975: The dependence of
bare soil albedo on soil water content. Journal of Applied Meteorology,
14:109-113.
Ihara, C., Y. Kushnir, M. A. Cane, and V. De la Peña, 2007: Indian Summer
Monsoon Rainfall and Its Link with ENSO and the Indian Ocean Climate
Indices. International Journal of Climatology, 27, 2, 179-187.
India Meteorological Department, 1888: Indian Daily Weather Report, India
Meteorological Department, New Delhi.
Jacobsin, M.Z., 2001: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black
carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695 – 697.
Joseph, P. V. and Raman, P. L., 1966: Existence of low level westerly jet streams
over peninsular India during July, Ind. J. Met. Geophys. 17, 407-410.
Joseph, P. V. and Srinivasan, J., 1999: Rossby waves in may and the Indian
summer monsoon rainfall, Tellus, Vol. 51A, 854-864
Joseph, P.V. and P.V. Pillai, 1988 : 40-day mode of equatorial trough for long-range
forecasting Indian summer monsoon onset, Current Sci., 57, 951 – 954.
118
Joseph, P.V. and Sabin, J.P., 2007: In Ocean atmosphere interaction mechanism for
the active-break cycle of the Asian summer monsoon, climate Dynamics,
Submitted.
Joseph, P.V., Eishcheid, J.K. and Pyle, R.J., 1994: Interannual variability of the
onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon and its Association with atmospheric
features, El Nino and sea surface temperature anomalies, J. Climate, 7, p 81105.
Joseph, P.V., Sooraj K.P., Babu, C.A., and Sabin, T.P., 2005: A cold pool in the Bay
of Bengal and its interaction with the active-break cycle of the monsoon ;
CLIVAR Exchanges 34, Southampton, U.K., 10, 10-12.
Joseph, P.V., Soorej, K.P., Rajan, C.K., 2006: The summer monsoon onset process
over south Asia and an objective method for the date of monsoon onset over
Kerala, Int. J. Clim., 26, 1871 – 1893.
Junge C.E., and McLaren E., 1971: Relationship of cloud nuclei spectra to aerosol
size distribution and composition, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 382.
Kaiser, D.P. and Qian, Y., 2002: Decreasing trends in sunshine duration over China
for 1954 – 1998 : Indicator of increased Haze Pollutions, Geophy. Res.
Letters, 29, 2042.
Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project.
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
Kamra A.K. and Ahire D.V., 1989: Wind tunnel studies of the shape of charged and
uncharged water drops in the absence or presence of an electric field. Atmos.
Res., 23, 117.
Kamra A.K., 1982: Possible effect of the cloud electrification on the downdraft in
thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 235.
Kamra A.K., 1985: Modification of some microphysical properties in the highly
electrified regions of thundercloud. Arch. Met. Geophys. Bioclim, Ser A., 34,
37, 1985.
Kamra A.K., Bhalwankar R.V. and Sathe A.B. 1991: Spontaneous breakup of
charged and uncharged water drops freely suspended in a wind tunnel. J.
Geophys. Res., 96, 17159.
Kelkar V.N., 1962: Size distribution of raindrops-Part IV, Indian J. Met. Geophys., 13,
Spl. No. 173.
Kelkar V.N., 1965: Size distribution of raindrops Part VI, Indian J. Met. Geophys, 19,
143.
Kemball-Cook, S.R. and Weare, B.C., 2001: The onset of convection in Madden
Julian oscillation, J.Climate, 14, 780-793.
Khemani L.T., 1989: Momin G.A., Rao P.S.P., Safai P.D., Singh G., Chatterjee R.N.,
and Prakash P., Long term effect of pollutants on the pH of rainwater in North
India., Atmos. Environ., 23, 753.
Khemani L.T., 1993:The role of alkine particulates on pH of rainwater and
implications for control of acid rain. In Ellasessar H.W., (ed) Global 2000
Revisited, Pargon House, New York, pp87.
119
Kim, W., T. Arai, S.Kanae, T,Okim and K,Musaike, 2001: Application of the simple
Biosphere Model (SiB2) to a paddy field for a period of growing season in
GAME-tropics, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 387-400.
Koster R D and Coauthors, 2004: Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture
and precipitation, Science, 305, 1138-1140.
Koster R D et. al, 2006: GLACE: The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling
Experiment. Part I: Overview, Journal of Hydrometeorology Vol.7p590-610
Koteswaram P., and De A.C., 1959: Vertical development of precipitation echoes
from cumulus clouds near Calcutta during the post monsoon season, Indian J.
Met. Geophys., 10, 173.
Koteswaram, P., 1950: "Upper air lows in low latitudes in the Indian area during
southwest monsoon season and "Breaks" in the monsoon, ibid Vol. 1, No. 2,
pp. 162-164.
Koteswaram, P., 1958: Easterly jet stream in the Tropics, Tellus, 10, 43 - 57.
Koteswaram, P., 1960: The Asian monsoon and the general circulation over the
Tropics, Proc. Sympos. Monsoons of the World, IMD, New Delhi, 105-110.
Krishnamurthy, V. and J Shukla, 2000: Intraseasonal and interannual variability of
rainfall over India, J. Climate, 13, 4366-4377.
Krishnamurthy, V. and J Shukla, 2007: Intraseasonal and seasonally persisting
patterns of Indian monsoon rainfall, J. Climate, 20, 3-20.
Krishnamurti, T.N. and P. Ardanuy, 1980: The 10 to 20 day westward propagating
mode and breaks in the monsoon, Tellus, 32, 15 – 26.
Krishnamurti, T.N., M. Subramaniam, G. Daughenbaugh, D. Oosterhof and J. H.
Xue, 1992 : One-month forecasts of wet and dry spells of the monsoon,
Monthly weather Review, 120, 1191-1223.
Krishnamurti, T.N., and H.N. Bhalme, 1976: Oscillations of a monsoon system. Part
1. Observational aspects. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1937-1954.
Krishnamurti, T.N., Chakraborti, D.R., Cubukcu, N., Stefanova, L., and Kumar,
T.S.V.V., 2003: A mechanism of the Madden-Julian oscillation based on
interactions in the frequency domain Q.J. R. Meteorol.Soc., 129, 2559-2590.
Krishnamurti, T.N., Chakraborty, A., Krishnamurty, R., Dewar, W.K. amd Clayson,
2007: C.A.., Passage of intraseasonal waves in the sub-surface oceans,
Geophys.Res.Lett., (Submitted)
Krishnamurti, T.N., D.K. Oosterhof and A.V. Mehta, 1988: Air Sea Interaction on the
Time Scale of 30 to 50 days, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1304 – 1322.
Krishnamurti, T.N., J. Molinari, H.L. Pant and V. Wong, 1977: Downstream
amplification and formation of monsoon disturbances, Monthly Weather
Review, 105, 1281-1297.
Krishnamurti, T.N., P. Ardanuy, Y. Ramanathan and R. Pasch, 1981: On the onset
vortex of the summer monsoon, Monthly Weather Review, 109, 344 – 363.
Krishnamurti, T.N., S.O. Han and V. Misra, 1995: Prediction of the Dry and Wet Spell
of the Australian Monsoon. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 753-771.
120
Krishnan, R., C. Zhang and M. Sugi, 2000: Dynamics of breaks in the Indian summer
monsoon, J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 57, 9, p. 1354-1372.
Kulshretha U.C., Kulshreshtha M.J., Sekar R., Vairmani M., Sarkar A.K. and Parshav
D.C. 2001: Investigation of alkaline nature of rainwater in India, Water, Air &
Soil Pollution, 130, 1685.
Kulshretha U.C., Kulshreshtha M.J., Sekar Sastry G.S.R. and Vairmani M., 2003 :
Chemical characteristics of rainwater at an urban site of south-central India,
Atmos. Environ, 37, 3019.
Kundu M.M., 1970 : A study of isolated radar echoes of rain clouds around Agartala
airport and its neighborhood. Indian J. Met. Geophys., 21, 463.
Kurian J, and Vinayachandran P. N., 2006: Formation mechanisms of temperature
inversions in the southeastern Arabian Sea, Geophys, Res, Lett., 33, doi:
10.1029/2006GL027280.
Kurian, J. and P.N. Vinayachandran, 2007: Mechanisms of formation of Arabian Sea
mini warm pool in a high resolution OGCM, 112, C005009,
10.1029/2006JC003631.
Laing, A. G., and J. M. Fritsch, 1993 : Mesoscale convective complexes over the
Indian monsoon region. J. Climate, 6, 911–919.
Laing, A.G., and J.M. Fritsch, 1993: Mesoscale convective complexes in Africa, 121,
2254 – 2263.
Lau, K. M. and P.H. Chan, 1986: Aspects of the 40-50 day oscillation during the
northern summer as inferred from outgoing longwave radiation, Monthly
Weather Review, 114, 1354 – 1367.
Lau, K. M., M. K. Kim, and K. M. Kim, 2006: Asian monsoon anomalies induced by
aerosol direct radiative forcing – the role of the Tibetan High, Climate
Dynamics,
Lau, K.H. and N.C. Lau,1990: Observed structure and propagation characteristics of
tropical summertime disturbances. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1888-1913.
Lau, K.M. and K.M. Kim, 2006 : Observational relationships between aerosol and
Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol.
33, l21810, doi:10.1029/2006gl027546
Lau, K.M. and L.Peng, 1990: Origin of low frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in
the tropical atmosphere. Part III: Monsoon dynamics. J. Atmos.Sci., 47, 14431462.
Lee , 1992 : Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado State Univ., 137 pp.
Lindzen, R.S., 1974: Wave –CISK and tropical spectra. J. Atmos.Sci., 31, 14471449.
Liu, X., and M. Yanai, 2002: Influence of Eurasian spring snow cover on Asian
summer rainfall, Int. J. Climatol., 22(9), 1075–1089.
Lucas, L. E., D. E. Waliser, P. Xie, J. E. Jaonwiak, and B. Liebmann., 2000:
Estimating the satellite equatorial crossing time biases in the daily, global
outgoing longwave radiation dataset, submission to journal of climate.
121
Ludlam, F. H., 1980: Clouds and storm. Pennsylvania University Press, University
Park, 405 pp.
Madden, R. A. and P.R. Julian, 1972 : Description of large-scale circulations cells in
the tropics with a 40-50 day period, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109 – 1123.
Magana, V., and P. J. Webster., 1996: Atmospheric circulations during active and
break periods of the Asian monsoon. Preprints of the Eighth Conference on
the Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (GOALS), Amer. Meteorol. Soc.,
Atlanta, GA.
Mak, M., 1987: Synoptic scale disturbances in the summer monsoon, In Monsoon
meteorology, C.P. Chang and, T.N., Krishnamurti, (Eds.), pp. 435.
Malurkar, S. L., 1950: Notes on analysis of weather of India and neighbourhood,
Memoris of 1. Met. D. XXVII Part IV pp. 139-215.
Mandke, S., Sahai, A.K., Shinde, M. A., Susmitha Joseph and R. Chattopadhyay,
2007: Int. J. Climatol, 27, 837-859.
Mani A., and Venketeshwaran, 1961 : Radar observations of thunderstorms at
Poona, Indian J. Met. Geophys., 12, 61.
Mapes, B.E. et al., 2007: Strides, steps and stumbles in the march of the seasons,
Bull. Amer. Met. Society.
Meehl, G. A., 1994: Influence of the land surface in the Asian summer monsoon:
External conditions versus internal feedbacks, J. Clim., 7,1033– 1049
Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko and Y. Luo , 2002 : Climate effects of black
carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250 – 2253.
Monin, A.S., 1972: Weather Forecasting as a problem in Physics, The MIT Press,
112 pp.
Mooley, D. A. and Shukla, J., 1987: Characteristics of the westward moving summer
monsoon low pressure systems over the Indian region and their relationship
with the monsoon rainfall, COLA Technical Report.
Mooley, D.A. and J. Shukla, 1989: Main features of the westward moving low
pressure systems which form over the Indian region during the monsoon
season and their relationship with the monsoon rainfall, Mausam, 40, 137 –
152.
Moorthy, K. K., Babu, S.S., Satheesh, SK, Srinivasan J., and Dutt, C.B. S., 2007:
Dust absorption over the ‘‘Great Indian Desert’’ inferred using ground-based
and satellite remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09206,
doi:10.1029/2006JD007690.
Moorti, S. and Arakawa, A., 1985: Baroclinic instability with cumulus heating, J.
Atmos. Sci., 42, 2007-2031.
Mukherjee, A. K. and Natarajan, G., 1968: "Westward moving sea level low pressure
systems in the south Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon" I.J.M.G.,
19(3), 284-288.
Murakami, T., 1976: Cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon. J. Met.
Soc. Japan, 54, 175-181.
122
Nagar, SG, P. Seetaramayya†, A. Tyagi and S. S. Singh, 2002: Estimation of
daytime surface fluxes of radiation and heat at Anand during 13–17 May
1997. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 83, NO. 1.
Nair, V. S., Moorthy K. K., Alappattu, D.P. et al., 2007 : Winter time aerosol
characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP): Impacts of local boundary
layer processes and long-range transport, J. Geophys. Res., VOL. 112,
D13205, doi:10.1029/2006JD008099.
Nanjundiah, R. S., J. Srinivasan and S.Gadgil, 1992: Intraseasonal variation of the
Indian summer monsoon 2 : Theoretical aspects. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70,
529-550.
Nanjundiah, R., and T. N. Krishnamurti, 2007: Intra-seasonal Oscillation of tropical
convergance zones : Theory and Prediction, Current Science, 93, 173-181.
Nicholson, S., 2000: Land surface processes and Sahel climate. Review of
Geophysics, 39:117-139.
Normand, C., 1953: Monsoon seasonal forecasting. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 79,
463-473.
Norquest, D.C. and Reaker, E.E., 1977: The structure and properties of African wave
disturbances as observed during Phase II of GATE, Mon. Wea. Rev., 105,
317-333.
Paluch, I.R., 1979: The entrainment mechanism in Colorado cumuli. J.Atmos.Sci.
36, 2467-2478.
Pant, G.B., and Parthasarathy, B., 1981: Some aspects of an association between
the southern oscillation and Indian summer monsoon, Arch.Meteorol.Geo[hys.
Bioklimatol., 1329, 245-252.
Parthasarathy, B., A. A. Munot, and D. R. Kothawale, 1994: All India monthly and
seasonal rainfall series: 1871-1993. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 49, 217-224.
Pearce, R.P. and U.C. Mohanty, 1984: Onset of the Asian summer monsoon 1979 –
1982, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1620 – 1639.
Pisharoty, P. R and Asnani, G. C., 1957: Rainfall around monsoon depressions over
India, Ind. J. Met. Geophys. 8, 15-20.
Pisharoty, P. R. and Desai, B. N., 1956: “Western disturbances and Indian weather”.
Ind. Journ. Met. And Geophys., Vol. VII pp. 333-338.
Prasad, AK, Sudipta Sarkar, and Singh, RP, 2007: Inter-annual variability of
vegetation cover and rainfall over India. Advances in Space Research 39 pp.
79–87
Premkumar, K., M. Ravichandran, S.R. Kalsi, D. Sengupta and S. Gadgil, 2000: First
results from a new observational system over the Indian Seas, Curr. Sci., 78,
323 – 331.
Pruppacher H. R. and Klett, J. D., 1997: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation.
Springer, 976pp.
Raghavan, K., 1973: Break monsoon over India, Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 33 – 43.
123
Rajeevan, M, Sulochana Gadgil and Jyoti Bhate, 2008: Active and Break Events of
Indian summer monsoon, objective identification and characteristics, Int. J.
Climatol, Submitted.
Rajeevan, M., 1993: Inter-relationship between NW Pacific typhoon activity and
Indian summer monsoon on interannual and intra-seasonal time scales,
Mausam, 44, 109 – 111.
Rajeevan, M., Bhate, J., Kale, J.D. and B. Lal, 2006: High resolution daily gridded
rainfall data for the Indian region : Analysis of break and active monsoon
spells, Current Science, 91, 3, 296 – 306.
Rajendran, K., R. Nanjundiah and J. Srinivasan, 2002: Comparison of seasonal and
intra-seasonal variation of tropical climate in NCAR CCM2 GCM with two
different cumulus schemes, Met. and Atmos Physics, 79, 57 – 86.
Ramage, C.S. 1971: Monsoon Meteorology, Int. Geophys. Ser.,Vol. 15, Academic
Press, San Diego, Caligornia, 296 pp.
Ramamurthy, K., 1969: Monsoon of India: Some aspects of the ‘break’ in the Indian
southwest monsoon during July and August. Forecasting Manual 1-57 No. IV
18.3, India Met. Dept., Poona, India.
Raman, S., U. C. Mohanty, N. C. Reddy, K. Alapaty, and R. V. Madala, 1998:
Numerical simulation of the sensitivity of summer monsoon circulation and
rainfall over India to land surface processes. Pure Appl. Geophys., 152, 781–
809.
Ramanamurthy Bh. V., Biswas K.R. and Gosh B.K., 1960: Incidence of warm and
cold rain in and around Delhi and their contributions to season’s rainfall,
Indian J. Met. Geophys., 11, 331.
Ramanathan, V and Co authors, 2001: Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated
analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo – Asian haze, J.
Geo. Phys. Res., 106, 28371 – 28398.
Ramanathan, V., C. Chung, D. Kim, T. Betge, L. Buja, J. T. Kiehl, W. M. Washington,
Q. Fu, D. R. Sikka, and M. Wild, 2005: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on
South Asian climate and hydrological cycle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,
102, 5326 – 5333, doi:10.1073/pnas.0500656102.
Ramanathan, V., P. J. Crutzen, J.T. Kiehl and D. Rosenfeld, 2001:Aerosols, climate,
and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119 – 2124.
Ramaswamy, C., 1962: "Breaks in the Indian summer monsoon as a phenomenon of
interaction between the easterly and subtropical westerly jet streams". Tellus
Vol. XIV No. 3 pp. 337-349.
Rao, D. V. B. and D. Hari Prasad, 2005: Impact of special observations on the
numerical simulation of a heavy rainfall event during ARMEX-Phase I.
Mausam, 56, 121-130.
Rao, R.R., Kumar, M.S.G., Ravichandran, M., Samala B.K. and Anitha G., 2006a :
Observed intra-seasonal variability of mini-cold pool of the southern tip of
India and its intrusion into the south central Bay of Bengal during summer
monsoon season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi : 10.1029/2006 GL 026086.
124
Rao, R.R., Kumar. M.S.G., Ravichandran. M., Samala B.K. and Sreedevi N., 2006b :
Observed mini-cold pool of the southern tip of India and its intrusion into the
south central Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon season, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 33, doi : 10.1029/2005 GL 025382.
Rao, Y.P., 1976: Southwest monsoon India Meteorological Department.
Meteorological Monograph Synoptic Meteorology, No.1/1976, Delhi, 367 pp.
Rasmusson, E.M., and Carpenter, T.H., 1983: The relationship between eastern
equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature and rainfall over India and Sri
Lanka, Mon. Wea. Review, 111, 517-528.
Rennick, M.A., 1977: The parameterization of tropospheric lapse rates in terms of
surface temperature, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 854-862.
Robock, A., M. Mu, K. Vinnikov, and D. Robinson, 2003: Land surface conditions
over Eurasia and Indian summer monsoon rainfall, J. Geophys. Res.,
108(D4), 4131, doi:10.1029/2002JD002286.
Roca, R. and V. Ramanathan, 2000: Scale Dependence of Monsoonal Convective
Systems over the Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 13: 1286-1297
Rodwell, M. J. 1997: Breaks in the Asian Monsoon: the influence of Southern
Hemisphere weather systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2597-2611.
Rogers, R. R., 1979: A short course in cloud physics, Pergamon, Oxford, UK.
Roy A.K. and Mukerjee B.K., 1969: Warm and Cold Cloud rain in Calcutta during
southwest monsoon season. Indian J. Met. Geophys., 20, 101.
Saji, N.H., B.N. Goswami, P.N. Vinayachandran and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole
mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360 – 363.
Sastry, P.S.N, Rao.P.S., Sheikh, A,M.and Pandey.V. (Eds) , 2001, Special Issue on
Land Surface Proceesses Experiment over Sabarmati River Basin, J.Agrometeorol,
3, 1-26.
Sekhon, R. H. and Bh. A. Murty, 1966: Some characteristic features of hygroscopic
and non-hygroscopic aerosols measured over Delhi, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 771777.
Sengupta, D. and M. Ravichandran, 2001: Oscillations of Bay of Bengal sea surface
temperature during the 1998 summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
2033 – 2036.
Shankar, D., S.R. Shetye and P.V. Joseph, 2007: Link between convection and
meridional gradient of sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal, J. Earth
System Sciences.
Shankar, D., Vinayachandran, P.N. and Unnikrishnan, A.S., 2002: The monsoon
currents in the North Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanography, 52, 63-120.
Shanker, A.P. and Nanjundiah, R.S., 2004: Morlet wavelet analysis in space and
time : study of poleward propagations of intertropical convergence zones.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi : 10.1029/2003GL018150.
Shaw, R. A., 2003: Particle-turbulence interactions in atmospheric clouds. Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics, 35, 183-227.
Sikka, D. R., 1977: Some aspects of the life history, structure and movement of monsoon
depressions, Vol. 115, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel pp. 1501-1526.
125
Sikka, D. R., 2006: A study on the monsoon low pressure systems over the Indian
region and their relationship with drought and excess monsoon seasonal
rainfall. COLA Technical Report CTR217.
Sikka, D. R., and Sulochana Gadgil, 1980: On the maximum cloud zone and the
ITCZ over India longitude during the southwest monsoon. Mon. Weather
Rev.,108, 1840-1853.
Sikka, D.R. and Dixit, C.M., 1972: A study of satellite observed cloudiness over the
equatorial Indian Ocean and India during the southwest monsoon season, J.
Mar. Bio., Asia, India, 14, 805-818.
Sikka, D.R., 1980: Some aspects of the large-scale fluctuations of summer monsoon
rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale
circulation parameters. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth & planet. Sci.), 89, 179195.
Sikka, D.R., and Mishra, B.M., 1974: Preprints Int Trop. Meteorol. Meet, Nairobi,
WMO Geneva, 121-128.
Sikka, D.R., and Sulochana Gadgil, 1978: Large-scale rainfall over India during the
summer monsoon and its relation of the lower and upper tropospheric
vorticity. Indian J. Meteorol. Hydrol. Geophys., 29, 219-231.
Sikka, D.R and Narasimha, R., 1995, Genesis of the monsoon trough boundary layer
experiment (MONTBLEX) , Proc Ind.Acad. Sciences, 104, 157-187.
Simon, B, S. H.Rahman and P.C.Joshi, 2006: Conditions leading to the onset of the
Indian Monsoon : A satellite perspective, Met. Atmos.Phy, 93, 201-210.
Singh, S.V., and Kripalani, R.H., 1985: The south to north progression of rainfall
anomalies across India during the summer monsoon season, Pure and Appl.
Geophysics., 123, 624-637.
Singh, S.V., R.H. Kripalani and D.R. Sikka, 1992: Interannual variability of the
Madden – Julian oscillation in Indian summer monsoon rainfall, J. Climate, 5,
973 – 978.
Singh, N. et al. 2008 Personal communication
Sinkevich A.A. and Lawson, R. P., 2005: A survey of temperature measurements in
convective clouds. J. Appl. Meteorl., 44, 1133-1145.
Sivaramakrishnan M.V., 1961 : The origin of electric charge carried by thunderstorm
in the tropics, Indian J. Met. Geophys., 12, 447.
Sivramakrishnan M.V. and Selvam M.M., 1967 : The relationship of raindrop size to
intensity of rainfall in different type of tropical rain using a simple raindrop
recorder. Indian J. Met Geophys., 18, 13.
Slingo, J.M., K. S. Sperber, J. S. Boyle, J.P. Ceren, M. Dix, B. Dugas, W. Ebisuzaki,
J. Fyfe, D. Gregory, J.F. Gueremy et.al.(eds), 1996: Intraseasonal oscillations
in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: Results from an AMIP
Diagnostic subproject. Climate Dynamics, 12, 325-357.
126
Soman, M.K. and K. Krishnakumar, 1993: Space time evolution of meteorological
features associated with the onset of the Indian summer monsoon, Monthly
Weather Review, 121, 177 – 1194.
Sperber K. R. and T. N. Palmer., 1996: Interannual tropical rainfall variability in
general circulation model simulations associated with the atmospheric model
intercomparison project. J. Clim 6: 9(11):2727-2750.
Sperber K. R., J. M. Slingo, and H. Annamalai., 2000: Predictability and the
relationship between subseasonal and interannual variability during the Asian
Summer Monsoon. Q. J.Roy Meteorol.Soc., 126:2545-74.
Sperber, K. R., C. Brankovic, M. Deque, C.S. Frederiksen, R. Graham, A. Kitoh, C.
Kobayashi, T.Palmer, K. Puri, W. Tennant et al. 2001: Dynamical seasonal
predictability of the Asian summer monsoon. Monthly Weather Review, 129,
2226-2248.
Srinivasan, J., S. Gadgil and P.J.Webster, 1993: Meridional propagation of largescale monsoon convective zones, Meteorol.Atmos.Phys., 52, 15-35.
Srivastava R.C., and Kapoor R.K., 1961 :Thunderstorm rain vs steady precipitation
from layer type clouds as judged by study of raindrop sizes. Indian J. Met.
Geophys., 12, 93.
Stanhill, G. and Cehe, S., 2001 : Global dimming review of the evidence of a
widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussions of its
probable causes and possible agricultural consequences, Agri. And Forest
Met., 107, 255 – 278.
Stephens, G.L., P.J.Webster, R.H. Johnson, R. Englen and T. L’eculer, 2004:
Observational evidence for the mutual regulation of the tropical hydrological
cycle and tropical seas surface temperature.J. Climate, 17, 2213-2224.
Suzuki, R., and K. Masuda, 2004: Interannual covariability found in
evapotranspiration and satellite-derived vegetation indices over northern Asia,
J. Meteo. Soc. Jpn, 82, 1,233-1,241.
Tanaka, M., 1992 : Intraseasonal oscillation and onset and retreat dates of the
summer monsoon over east, southeast Asia and the western Pacific region
using GMS high cloud amount, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70, 613 – 629.
Taniguchi, K. and T. Kuike, 2006: Comparison of definition of Indian Summer
monsoon Onset : Better representation of rapid transition of atmospheric
conditions,
Geo. Phy. Res. Letters,
Vol
33,
L02709,
doi:
10.1029/2005GL024526.
Thapliyal P K, 2005: Estimation of Soil Moisture from Satellite Microwave
Radiometers and its Impact on the Simulation of Indian Summer Monsoon Ph.
D thesis, Indian Institute of Science
Trenberth, K.E., D.P. Stepaniak and J.M. Caron, 2000 : The global monsoon as seen
through the divergent atmospheric circulation, J. Climate, 13, 3969-3993.
Vecchi, G.A. and D.E. Harrison, 2002: Monsoon breaks and subseasonal sea
surface temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal, J. Climate, 15, 1485 –
1493.
127
Venkatakrishnan, L., G. S. Bhat and R. Narasimha, 1999 : Experiments on a plume
with off-source heating: Implications for cloud fluid dynamics. J. Geophys.
Res., 104D, 14271-14281.
Vinay kumar and R. Krishnan, 2006: In the association between the Indian summer
monsoon and the tropical cyclone activity over northwest Pacific, Current
Science, 602.
Vinayachandran, P.N., 2004: Summer cooling of the Arabian Sea during contrsting
monsoons,
Geophysical
Research
Letters,
Vol
31,
L13306,
doi:10.1029/2004GL0199961.
Vinayachandran, P.N., and T.Yamagata, 1998 : Monsoon response of the sea
around Sri Lanka Generation of thermal domes and anticyclonic vortices, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 28 1946-1960
Vinayachandran, P.N., J. Kurian 2007: Hydrographic observations and model
simulations of the Bay of Bengal freshwater plume, Deep Sea Res. I, 54, doi:
10.1016/j.dsr.2007
Vinayachandran, P.N., J. Kurian and C.P. Neema, 2007 : Indian Ocean response to
anomalous conditions in 2006, Geophysical Reasearch Letters, 34, doi:
10.1029/2007GL030194.
Vinayachandran, P.N., N.H. Saji and T.Yamagata, 1999 : Response of the
equatorial Indian Ocean to and unusual wind event during 1994, Geophys.
Res. Lett. 26(11) 1613-1617.
Vinayachandran, P.N., S. Lusuka and T.Yamagata, 2002 : Indian Ocean dipole
mode events in an ocean general circulation model, Deep Sea Res. II vol 49,
1573-1596:
Vinayachandran, P.N., T. Kagimoto, Y. Masumoto, P. Chauhan, S.R. Nayak and
T.Yamagata, 2005 : Bifurcation of the East India Coastal Current east of Sri
Lanka,
Geophysical
Research
Letters,
Vol.
32,
L15606,
doi:10.1029/2005GL022864.
Waliser, D. E. and W. Zhou, 1997: Removing Satellite Equatorial Crossing Time
Biases from the OLR and HRC Datasets, Journal of Climate, 10, 2125-2146.
Waliser, D., 2006: Intraseasonal variability. In the Asian Monsoons (ed. Wang, B.,)
Springer-Praxis, Chinchster, UK, pp. 203-257.
Waliser, D.E, et.al., 2006: The experimental MJO prediction project Bull, Am.
Meteorol.Soc., DOI:10:1175/BAMS-87-4-425.
Waliser, D.E., K.Jin, I.S. Kang, W.F. Stern, S.D. Schubert, M. L. Wu, K.M. Lau, M.I.
Lee, J. Shukla, V. Krishnamurthy et al., 2003: AGCM simulations of
intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon, Climate
Dynamics, 21, 423-446.
Waliser, D.E., Lau, K.M. and Stern, W., 2003 : Potential predictability of the MJO,
Bull.Am. Meteorol.Soc., DOI:10:1175/BAMS-84-1-33..
Wallace, J. M. and P. V. Hobbs, 2006 : Atmospheric Acience: An Introductory
Survey, 2nd Ed., Academic Press.
128
Wang, B. and Xie, X., 1997: A model for the Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation
J. Atmos Sci. 54, 72-86.
Wang, B. and H. Rui (1990 a): Synoptic climatology of transient tropical intraseasonal convective anomalies. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 44, 43-61.
Wang, B. and R. Wu, 1997: Peculiar temporal structure of the south China sea
summer monsoon, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 177 – 194.
Wang, B., Kang, I.S., and Lee, J.Y., 2004: Ensemble simulations of Asian Australian monsoon variability by 11 AGCMs, J. Climate, V17, pp 699-710.
Wang, B., P.J. Webster and H. Teng (2004 b) : Antecedents and perpetuation of the
active-break Indian Monsoon cycles, Accepted by J. Climate.
Wang, B., P.J. Webster and H. Teng, 2005 : Antecedents and self-induction of
active– break south Asian monsoon unreaveled by satellites, Geophs. Res.
Letters, Vol. 32. doi 10.1029 / 2004 . GL 020996.
Webster P.J., and C. Hoyos, 2004: Prediction of monsoon rainfall and river
discharge on 15-30 day time scales. Bull Amer.Meteor.Soc., 85, 1745-1765.
Webster, P. J., E. F. Bradley, C. E. Fairall, J. S. Godfrey, P. Hacker, R. Lucas, Y.
Serra, R. A. Houze, Jr., J. M. Humman, T. D. M. Lawrence, C. A. Russel, M.
N. Ryan, K. Sahami, and P. Zuidema, 2002 : The joint air-sea interaction
experiment (JASMINE): Exploring intraseasonal variability in the south Asian
monsoon. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1603-1630.
Webster, P., 2006:The coupled monsoon system, on “The Asian monsoon”, Wang.
B., (Eds)., 1 - 66.
Webster, P.J. and Hoyos, C., 2004: Prediction of monsoon rainfall and river
discharge on 15-30 day time scales, Bull. Amer. Met. Society, 85, 1745 –
1765.
Webster, P.J., 1983: Mechanisms of monsoon low-frequency variability : surface
hydrological effects. J.Atmos.Sci. 32, 427-476.
Webster, P.J., A.M. Moore, J.P. Loschnigg and R.R. Leben, 1999: Coupled ocean –
atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997 – 1998, Nature, 401,
356 – 360.
Webster, P.J., E.F. Bradley, C.W. Fairall, J.S. Godfrey, P. Hacker, R.A. Houze Jr, R.
Lukas, Y. Serra, J.M. Hummon, T.D.M. Lawrence et al.,2002: The JASMINE
pilot study, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1603 – 1630.
Webster, P.J., V.O. Magaña, T.N. Palmer, J. Shukla, R.A. Tomas, M. Yanai, and T.
Yasunari,1998 : Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for
prediction. J. Geophys. Res.,103, 14,451-14,510.
Wu, R. and B.Wang, 2000: Interannual variability of summer monsoon onset over
the western North Pacific and the underlying processes, J. Climate, 13, 24832501.
Xavier, P.K. and Goswami, B.N. 2007: A Promising alternative to prediction seasonal
monsoon all India rainfall, Curr.Science, Vol.93, 195 202.
Xian, 1991: Atmospheric Science Paper No, 485, Dept. Atmos. Science, CSU, 111
pp.
129
Xie, P. and P.A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge
observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J.
Climate, 9, 840-858.
Xue, Yongkang, Juang, H.-M. H. Juang, Li, W. P., Prince, S., Defries, R., Jiao, Y and
Vasic, R., 2004: Role of land surface processes in monsoon
development:East Asia and West Africa. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH, VOL. 109, D03105, doi:10.1029/2003JD003556, 2004
Yanai, M. and Nitta, J., 1968: Finite difference approximations for the barotropic
instability problem, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 46, 389-403.
Yasunari T., 1979: Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the northern hemisphere
summer monsoon. J Meteorol. Soc. Jpn 57, 227-242.
Yasunari, T., 1980 : A quasi-stationary appearance of the 30-40 day period in the
cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon over India, J. Meteorol.
Soc. Japan, 58, 225 – 229.
Yasunari, T., 2006 : Land – atmosphere interaction, on “The Asian monsoon”, Wang.
B., (Eds)., 459 – 477.
Yin, M.T., 1949 : A systemaic aeroological study of onset of the summer monsoon
over India and Burma, J. Meteorol., 6, 393 – 400.
Yorozu, K., K. Tanaka, and S. Ikebuchi,2005 : Estimation of global distribution of
required water for irrigation using SiBUC, Proc. of XII World Water Congress,
11.
Zeng, X and E. Lu., 2004 : Globally unified monsoon onset and retreat indices, J.
Climate, 17, 2241 – 2248.
Zhang, D., and R.A. Anthes, 1982: A high resolution model of the planetary
boundary layer – Sensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME – 79 data.,
II Appl. Met., 21, 1594 – 1609.
Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H.C., Artaxo, P., 2002: Submicrometer aerosol
particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain
forest during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res., 207, 8055, doc. 10-10291
2000 J 0000203.
130