Biology Semester Review
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. ____________________ are the negatively charged particles in an atom.
2. Protons and neutrons are found in the ____________________ of an atom.
3. A(n)____________________ bond forms between two atoms sharing electrons.
4. ____________________ bonds are weak chemical attractions between polar molecules.
5. Lipids are ____________________ molecules because they have no negative and positive poles.
6. Long chains of nucleotides are called ____________________ ____________________.
7. All living things require a source of ____________________ to carry out their life activities.
8. The statement that “cells arise only from existing cells” is part of the ____________________
____________________.
9. Modern prokaryotes are generally known as ____________________.
10. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called ____________________.
11. A cell with a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope is a(n) ____________________ cell.
12. Scientists think that ____________________ cells evolved about 1.5 billion years ago.
13. All substances that enter or leave a cell must cross the cell ____________________.
14. ____________________ proteins on the surface of cells have carbohydrates attached to the protein.
15. A phospholipid is a molecule with a(n) ____________________ head.
16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ embedded on its surface.
17. Both plant cells and animal cells have cell membranes. In addition, plant cells are surrounded by a(n)
____________________ ____________________.
18. The random motion of particles of a substance that causes the substance to move from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration is called ____________________.
19. A cell does not expend ____________________ when diffusion takes place.
20. The diffusion of ____________________ through cell membranes is called osmosis.
21. If a cell is placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water will flow out of the cell.
22. If a cell is placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water will flow into the cell.
23. If a cell is placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water flows into the cell at a rate that is equal to
the rate at which water flows out of the cell.
24. Diffusion of ions through ion channels is a form of ____________________ transport.
25. In facilitated diffusion, ____________________ proteins are used to transport substances down their
concentration gradient.
1
26. The ____________________ ____________________ pump transports ions against their concentration
gradients.
27. The movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle is called ____________________.
28. Receptor proteins may act as ____________________, speeding up the chemical reactions inside the cell.
29. The study of radioactive decay in rocks indicates that the Earth is about ____________________ years old.
30. Forms of an element that differ in atomic mass are called ____________________.
31. ____________________ are unstable elements that give off energy as they decay, forming stable elements.
32. A(n) ____________________ ____________________ is the amount of time required for one half the
number of radioactive atoms in a sample to decay, forming stable elements.
33. By determining the number of half-lives that have passed since the formation of a rock containing
radioisotopes and their stable daughter elements, scientists are able to determine the approximate
____________________ of the rock.
34. Cyanobacteria produced the ____________________ that is now present in our atmosphere.
35. The ____________________ are the most common bacteria group found on the Earth today.
36. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ____________________.
37. ____________________ were the first eukaryotes.
38. All of the living things on the Earth today can be grouped into ____________________ kingdoms.
39. The death of all members of many different species is called ____________________
____________________.
40. At the end of the ____________________ period 250 million years ago, about 96 percent of all species of
animals became extinct.
41. The process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater
rate than organisms less suited for that environment is called ____________________
____________________.
42. Natural selection leads to changes in both the physical appearance and the ____________________
____________________ of a species.
43. The most direct evidence that evolution has occurred comes from ____________________.
44. Closely related species show more ____________________ in nucleotide sequences than distantly related
species.
45. Eyes in a blind salamander are an example of a type of organ known as ____________________.
46. ____________________ structures are similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor.
47. ____________________ ____________________ in species is the raw material for natural selection.
48. There are ____________________ levels of classification.
49. Each level of classification is based on ____________________ shared by all the organisms it contains.
50. Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens all belong to the same ____________________.
51. ____________________ evolution results in similar characteristics found in different organisms as the result
of selection within similar environments.
2
52. Homologous structures are found in organisms that once shared a(n) ____________________ ancestor.
53. Biologists group organisms in the different kingdoms based on their ____________________.
54. Two of the kingdoms include prokaryotes, while four of the kingdoms include ____________________.
55. Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals are called ____________________.
56. The tough material that makes up the exterior wall of fungal cells is called ____________________.
57. Tissues organized into specialized structures with specific functions are called ____________________.
58. ____________________ ____________________ is a group of specialized cells in plants that transport water
and dissolved nutrients.
59. Seed plants can be divided into two general types, ____________________ and ____________________.
60. Animals are multicellular ____________________.
61. Animal cells differ from plant cells in that animal cells do not contain ____________________
____________________.
62. Microscopic, nucleic acid–containing particles that invade cells of organisms in order to reproduce, and often
destroy the cells in the process, are called ____________________.
63. Structurally, bacteria have one of two types of ____________________ ____________________ that can be
distinguished by the Gram stain.
64. Protective coverings that some bacteria may form under harsh conditions are ____________________.
65. Spiral bacteria are called ____________________.
66. Round bacteria are called ____________________.
67. Bacteria that obtain their energy by removing electrons from inorganic molecules, rather than obtaining
energy from the sun, are called ____________________ bacteria.
68. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that can be obtained from bacteria or fungi and can be used as a
drug to fight pathogenic bacteria.
69. Most protists live in a(n) ____________________ environment.
70. One of the greatest effects that protists have on humans is that protists cause ____________________.
71. Disease-causing protists are transmitted mainly by insects and contaminated ____________________.
72. Unlike plants, fungi lack ____________________ and cannot carry out photosynthesis.
73. Fungi obtain food by ____________________ organic matter.
74. Mildews and yeasts are examples of ____________________.
75. A lichen consists of a fungus and a(n) ____________________ living together in a symbiotic relationship.
76. In leaves, the expansion and contraction of the guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the
____________________.
77. The surface of a vascular plant is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) ____________________.
78. One of the first environmental challenges that early land plants had to overcome was finding a way to
conserve ____________________.
79. Nonvascular plants transport materials within their bodies through the process of ____________________.
3
80. The seed coat prevents the embryo from drying out, from mechanical injury, and from
____________________.
81. A flower is a(n) ____________________ structure that produces pollen and seeds.
82. Many fruits are spread by ____________________ that are attracted to sweet, fleshy fruits, which they use
for food.
83. Gymnosperms are pollinated through ____________________, which makes sexual reproduction possible
even during dry conditions.
84. A fern is an example of a(n) ____________________ vascular plant.
85. Compounds derived from plants form the foundation of modern ____________________.
86. ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant.
87. The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.
88. As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant.
89. ______________ are found in plants and some protists that are used to convert light energy to chemical
energy.
90. ______________ are called the “powerhouses” of the cell because they generate ATP to be used by the cell
for energy.
91. _________________ are organelles that produce proteins.
92. _________________ is an organelle known as the “recycling center” of the cell because it digests/recycles
old worn out cells or wastes.
93. _______________ are organelles that transport things to/from the cell membrane.
94. ________________ are organelles that store water/nutrients and are very large in the plant cell.
95. _________________ are organelles known as the “post office” because they process/package proteins.
4
Biology Semester Review
Answer Section
COMPLETION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
Electrons
nucleus
covalent
Hydrogen
nonpolar
nucleic acids
energy
cell theory
bacteria
organelles
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
membrane
Marker
polar
ribosomes
cell wall
diffusion
energy
water
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
passive
carrier
sodium-potassium
endocytosis
enzymes
4.5 billion
isotopes
Radioisotopes
half-life
age
oxygen
eubacteria
DNA
Protists
six
mass extinction
Permian
5
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
natural selection
genetic makeup
fossils
similarities
vestigial
Homologous
Genetic variation
seven
characteristics
genus
Convergent
common
similarities
eukaryotes
protists
chitin
organs
Vascular tissue
nonflowering, flowering
heterotrophs
cell walls (or central vacuoles)
viruses
cell walls
endospores
spirilli
cocci
chemoautotrophic
antibiotic
water
disease
food or water
chloroplasts
decomposing
ascomycetes
alga
stomata
cuticle
water
diffusion
disease
reproductive
animals
wind
seedless
medicine
Dermal
6
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
roots
pulled
chloroplasts
mitochondria
ribosomes
lysosome
vesicles
vacuole
Golgi
7