Jela Steinerová; Juraj Roháč; Gabriela Podušelová
Keywords : Slovakia; Slovak libraries; Slovak archives; Slovak museums; Slovak library and information science; Slovak archival science; Slovak museology; the Slovak National
Library; the Slovak National Archives; the Slovak National Museum; cultural portals
ABSTRACT
The article presents brief cultural history of Slovakia as part of the central Europe. It concentrates on libraries, archives, and museums and the development of librarianship and information science, archival science and museology. History of libraries, archives and museums is outlined with an emphasis on the development since 1919. Legislative development and current situation is described. Special attention is given to the activities of the Slovak National Library in Martin and the University Library in Bratislava.
Academic, research and public libraries, including major representative examples, are briefly introduced. Education in librarianship and information science, archival science and museology is discussed. The Slovak National Archives in Bratislava is the leading institution in the state archives in Slovakia. Overview of archival legislation and specialized public archives is presented. History of museums highlights the establishment and position of the Slovak National Museum. Specialized museums are briefly outlined including ethnographic, archeological, historic and other collections and remarkable castles. Documentation of the political and social life of Slovak people in specialized collections of various museums and overview of Slovak professional museology is also presented. In conclusion the tendency towards collaboration of libraries, archives, and museums is emphasized. Future plans concentrate on national projects of cultural heritage digitization and building of digital cultural portals.
The goal of this article is to present the development of cultural institutions as libraries, archives and museums in Slovakia. The historical introduction highlights a few facts and historical events that have had an impact on literacy and culture in Slovakia. Three main sections of the text discuss libraries and library and information profession, archives and archival science, and museums and museology. Each section provides a brief historical overview and outline of legislation. Major libraries, archives and museums are briefly introduced, especially the Slovak National Library, the University Library, the Slovak
National Archives, and the Slovak National Museum.

Library system, network of public archives and network of museums and galleries are presented as part of cultural life of the Slovak people. A few examples of the most important cultural insitutions are given. Finally, education, professional associations and journals in contexts of library profession, archiving and museology are discussed.
In conclusion we emphasize the digitization activities in cultural sector in Slovakia. The perspectives of convergence of the three types of institutions are embodied in the plans of national digital projects of cultural heritage, specialized digital portals, and in an integrated portal of culture.
Slovakia (Slovenská republika, Slovak Republic ) is a state in central Europe situated in the Carpathian basin, between the Danube River in the south and the Tatra mountains in the north which are part of the Carpathian mountain range. Slovakia neighbours with
Poland to the north, with the Czech Republic to the west, with Hungary and Austria to the south, and with Ukraine to the east. Historical multicultural composition of population results from the geographic situation of the country including especially Slovaks (86%),
Hungarians (9, 7%), Roma, Czechs, etc. At present Slovakia has over 5, 4 million inhabitants and its geographic area represents 48, 845 sq km. Slovakia is a parliamentary democratic republic. It is administratively divided into 8 regions and 79 districts. The regions are represented by larger cities such as Bratislava, Trnava, Nitra, Trenčín, Žilina,
Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice. The capital and the centre of the political, economic, cultural and university life is Bratislava. After many transformations the present economic development has been marked by positive growth, especially since 2000.
The territory of Slovakia was inhabited since the Stone Age; the first ethnic groups were
Celts. At the territory of Slovakia the Roman military stations as part of Limes Romanus were situated north to the Danube. Since the 5th century the Slavs started to settle the territory. Since the 9th century the first Slavic states have risen at the territory of
Slovakia, especially the Great Moravian Empire. Later on Slovakia became part of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the cultural history of Slovakia an important role was played by foundations of old Slavic writings in 9th

century and by rise of libraries and book culture in 13th and 14th centuries. Codification of literary Slovak language in 1843 and the National Revival in 1848 represent milestones in cultural and historical development. In 1863 the Matica slovenská was established as an association and cultural institution aimed at defending national and cultural interests of Slovaks in a multinational state. As part of the Matica slovenská foundations of the national library, archives, museum, and scientific institutions were established. In the 19th century a significant cultural contribution was made by the “Štúr generation“ of politicians, linguists and literary intellectuals gathered around the leader
Ľudovít Štúr.
In 1918 the Czechoslovak republic was established of which Slovakia became a part. In
1919-1945 the foundations of systematic approach to building cultural institutions were laid. The first Czechoslovak republic set the environment for operating of the state supported cultural institutions as universities, theatres, libraries, and museums. After the end of the World War 2 the Czechoslovak republic was re-established falling under the influence of the Soviet Union. This had an impact on further economic, social and cultural development of the country under the Communist ideology. Slovakia was a part of the Czechoslovak socialist republic. After 1989 and the fall of Communism Slovakia was released from the Soviet influence in the common Czecho-Slovak Federative
Republic. On January the 1st 1993 the independent Slovak Republic was established and built on the principles of democracy and market economy. It became a member of UNO,
IMF, and in 2000 Slovakia joined OECD. In 2004 Slovakia entered NATO and became a part of the European Union. Politically and economically Slovakia became a part of the
European and Atlantic space.
In 1919 the first library Act No. 430/19 Col. in Czechoslovakia was passed, which determined the establishment of public libraries in every municipality. Library activity was provided under professional methodological guidance.

In 1959 the Act No. 53/59 Col. was issued establishing the national system of libraries.
The unified system of libraries was composed of library networks including public, research, school, academic libraries, libraries of museums, archives, galleries, and ancient monuments institutions, technical libraries, libraries of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, etc. The unified system of libraries was directed by the Matica slovenská. This centralized system of libraries, which was in existence in 1959 – 1989, has been marked by effort of unification of professional library activities and ideological pressure.
Moreover, there existed a parallel system of technical and company libraries, so called system of scientific, technical and economic information, which provided information for enterprises and other institutions. The significant personages of Slovak librarianship were especially bibliographers Ľ.V. Rizner, J. Čaplovič, and in the field of incunables I.
Kotvan.
Since 1993 a new stage of the library system development in Slovakia has been formed.
Its main characteristics are decentralization, cooperation and a new concept of electronization aimed at coordination of information systems in culture and public administration. International recommendations and standards started to be applied to professional procedures, systems and services, e.g. UNIMARC, ISBD, AACR2, ISO
2709. The professional international cooperation has been strengthened especially within the framework of IFLA and OCLC.
As early as 1960s the automation of procedures of bibliographic activites in the Slovak libraries started to be implemented. In the 1970s Slovakia was one of the first former socialist countries which introduced automated bibliographic system in the Matica slovenská. In 1980s an advanced integrated library and information system IKIS was designed with the use of then accessible technologies. Since 1990s the efforts for coordinated automation were embodied in the project the Czech and Slovak Library
Information Network (CASLIN) and other cooperative regional systems and networks
(e.g. KOLIN).
In 2000 a new Act No. 183/2000 on libraries passed followed by subsequent acts amending legal deposits of publications (2001) and copyright act (2003). The projects of

a new integrated library system of the third generation have arisen, i.e. the project
KIS3G. Library system of the SR is part of the state information system and is included into the framework of building the European electronic systems in culture. The library system comprises 9127 libraries, of which there are 2658 public libraries (8). In 2005 and
2006 new concepts of the integrated library and information system and digitization were introduced by the Slovak National Library.
Library system is composed of the national library, 12 research libraries, 37 academic libraries, public libraries, special libraries, school libraries, libraries of churches, nonpublic military and prison libraries. Public libraries include 8 regional libraries, 29 district libraries, 106 city libraries, 271 municipal professional libraries, 2276 municipal nonprofessional libraries, and two private libraries for public in Nové Zámky and Tornaľa.
Special libraries are represented by 3 independent legal subjects, 118 medical libraries,
44 technical libraries, 23 agricultural libraries, 89 libraries of museums and galleries. In the network of school libraries more than 5000 libraries are involved.
The most important libraries established by the Ministry of Culture of the SR are
Slovenská národná knižnica v Martine ( the Slovak National Library in Martin, the SNL ),
Univerzitná knižnica v Bratislave ( the University Library in Bratislava, the ULB ), and three state research libraries in regional cities of Banská Bystrica, Košice and Prešov. The same position is held by Slovenská knižnica pre nevidiach Mateja Hrebendu v Levoči
( the Matej Hrebenda Slovak Library for Blind in Levoča ). The independent special libraries are Knižnica pre mládež mesta Košice ( the Library for Youth of the City of
Košice ), and Parlamentná knižnica NR SR v Bratislave ( the Parliamentary Library of the
National Council of SR in Bratislava) .
Important libraries in Slovakia also include Centrum VTI SR ( the Centre of Scientific and
Technical Information in Bratislava ), Ústredná knižnica Slovenskej akadémie vied
( Central Library of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava ), Slovenská ekonomická knižnica Ekonomickej Univerzity v Bratislave (
Slovak Economic Library of the University of Economics in Bratislava ), Slovenská poľnohospodárska knižnica pri
Slovenskej pôdohospodárskej univerzite v Nitre (
Slovak Agricultural Library of the
Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra ), and Mestská knižnica v Bratislave ( the
Municipal Library in Bratislava ).

Professional library activities are supported by two professional associations, namely
Spolok slovenských knihovníkov ( the Slovak Librarians´ Association, the SLA
), and
Slovenská asociácia knižníc ( the Slovak Association of Libraries, the SAL ). The SLA was established in 1946 and manages the professional activity at the level of individual membership and specialized professional sections. Annual conferences Infos have been organized by the SLA since 1970s. Since 1993 the SAL has been active as a professional coalition of institutions based on functional membership including sections of academic, public and special libraries. Library policy emphasizes coordination of services and systems and the objectives of information and knowledge society.
Slovenská národná knižnica ( the Slovak National Library, the SNL ) in Martin has evolved as part of the Matica slovenská (8) (Fig. 1). The complicated history of the
Matica slovenská was tied with social and political evolution in a number of state forms.
In the 19th century its activities were interrupted and in 1919 it has been revived.The
Matica has developed both professional institutional activity and the activity of an association. It has often resisted to political influence and undergone many organizational transformations. Following the Act No. 183/2000 the SNL has become independent from the Matica since 2000. It fulfils the tasks of the national library in the professional extent of preserving and making national cultural and scientific heritage available focused on documents of the Slovak origin (Slovak-subject documents - „slovacika“). The library collections include 4, 7 million of documents. The historical library holdings contain a stock of incunabula, collections of prints, manuscripts and other precious documents.
Among the most precious documents are Confessionale by Antonin Florentin from 1477
(Fig. 2), Hungarian Chronicle by Johannes de Thurocz from 1488, and Pantheologia by
Rainerius de Pisis printed in Basil in 1447 (Fig. 3). The most significant historical library holdings are private libraries of M. Hamuljak and M. Rešetka, and a historical library stock in Jasov. Apart from library activities the components of the SNL are formed by the literary archives containing over 1, 5 million items, and two literary museums. The oldest relic of manuscript collections is the Glagolitic text on the parchment from the 12th century. The SNL coordinates the library system in Slovakia. The SNL is also the

national bibliographic agency, ISBN agency, and the leader of the KIS3G project (12).
The project is aimed at development of interoperable environment for provision of library and information services in Slovakia. The SNL is engaged in many professional international cooperative activities including cooperation with European and other national libraries (e.g. the project TEL, The European Library). The SNL has recently developed several other national and international projects, e.g. the project Slovak digital library, the project Information for innovation, the research project of paper conservation, and the project Slovak digital edition of rare medieval codices, Memoria Slovaciae in the framework of the UNESCO´s Memory of the World Programme and the portal of the
Slovak cultural heritage - Memoria slovaca (13). The SNL is active in research in librarianship, bibliography, book culture, and literary archives and museums.
Univerzitná knižnica v Bratislave ( the University Library in Bratislava, the ULB ) is the next important institution in the library system of Slovakia (10). It was established as part of the former Elisabethan University in 1912. In 1919 it became a part of the Comenius
University. Until 1954 it also operated as the national library. In 1954 it became an independent research library fulfilling tasks of both national and international scope. The
ULB builds the collections of home and foreign literature with the emphasis on social scienes and sciences. Its collections contain over 2, 4 million of items. The historical holdings represent manuscripts and old prints, of which the most significant is the
Bašagić collection of oriental manuscripts registered in the list of the UNESCO Memory of the World. The ULB is active in library, bibliographic, research, cultural and educational tasks, coordinates building of national union catalogues of periodicals. It houses the international UN, UNESCO, and NATO information centres. The ULB is a member of international organizations as IFLA, UNAL etc. The ULB is also the centre of coordination of information systems and registries in culture. It is engaged in many international programmes, as e.g. e-Culture and digitization on demand. The library is housed in historic buildings in the center of the Old Town of Bratislava, namely the the
Palace of Hungarian Chamber (Fig. 4), the Leopold de Pauli Palace (Fig. 5), and the
Clariseum (St. Clara’s order convent). Since 2005, after the reconstruction of the historical premises, the ULB has become the Multifunctional Cultural and Library Centre and is also active in digitization of its historical collections.

Academic libraries in SR developed as part of the development of the university education after 1919. An essential break in higher education was noted in the year 1990.
The new act on higher education made it possible that democratic principles of education and management of universities were introduced. Academic libraries started to implement automation more intensely, coordinated professional procedures, and improved services providing the access to quality foreign literature. At present a majority of academic libraries in universities offers electronic catalogues and electronic sources as well as value-added services for students, teachers and researchers. Academic libraries are either centralized for the whole university or decentralized for single university units.
Academic libraries are interconnected with the academic information network SANET.
As examples, academic libraries of major universities can be mentioned, e.g. Univerzita
Komenského v Bratislave (the Comenius University in Bratislava ), Univerzita Pavla J.
Šafárika v Košiciach (the P.J. Šafárik University in Košice ), Slovenská technická univerzita v Bratislave (the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava ).
Research libraries provide documents and information in scientific disciplines especially to researchers, experts and students. They are divided into the universal and specialized libraries. The universal (general) research libraries include state research libraries in regional cities of Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice; and independent specialized research libraries as Centrum VTI SR (the Centre of Scientific and Technical Information of the
SR, CSTI ), Slovenská lekárska knižnica (the Slovak Medical Library ), Ústredná knižnica
SAV (the Central Library of the Slovak Academy of Sciences ), Slovenská ekonomická knižnica pri EU (the
Slovak Economic Library of the University of Economics ),
Slovenská pedagogická knižnica (the
Slovak Pedagogical Library ), Slovenská poľnohospodárska knižnica SPÚ v Nitre (the
Slovak Agricultural Library of the Slovak
University of Agriculture in Nitra ), Slovenská lesnícka a drevárska knižnica vo Zvolene
(the Slovak Library of Forestry and Wood Sciences in Zvolen ). At present the research and academic libraries are becoming a part of the programme on innovation for information aimed at support of knowledge management and scientific and technical information.

Public libraries in the SR have undergone a complicated way. They started to emerge as municipal public libraries in 1919. They have been successively professionalized and integrated into a unified system of libraries according to the act from 1959. Since 1990 changes in the organization of public libraries have been introduced as a result of reorganization of local authorities. Basic types of public libraries are regional, county, city, and municipal libraries. In accordance with the UNESCO Manifesto on public libraries they take part in democratization of culture and education. In 2005 the 2657 libraries of SR comprised 18, 5 million of library units. More than 570 thousand library users, i.e. 10, 73 % from the whole population, used libraries in 2005.
Under new social and economic conditions public libraries are being transformed into community centres and cooperate with regional cultural institutions. As examples of active public libraries we can mention Mestská knižnica v Bratislave ( the Municipal
Library of Bratislava ), Knižnica P.O. Hviezdoslava Prešov (the P.O. Hviezdoslav Library in Prešov
), Knižnica Juraja Fándlyho v Trnave (the
Juraj Fándly Library in Trnava
),
Krajská knižnica Ľ. Štúra vo Zvolene (the Ľ. Štúr County Library in Zvolen
), Verejná knižnica Jána Bocatia v Košiciach (the Ján Bocatius Public Library in Košice
), and municipal libraries in Piešťany, Hlohovec, and Levice.
Since 1953 the education of librarians at the secondary level has been organized in Škola knihovníckych a informačných štúdií ( the School of Library and Information Studies ) in
Bratislava. In the course of its history the School provided various forms of daily, parttime and further professional education. The curricula were focused on librarianship, bibliography, archival studies, literary education and scientific information. Since 1993 the contents of studies have been changed, the study program on information systems and services has been established, including two orientations on libraries and business information. The School also currently offers higher professional education to library and information workers. The School cooperates with similar foreign institutions and makes use of international programs for modernization of the contents of studies.
The university education of library and information professionals was opened at the
Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University Bratislava in 1951. The independent

department of librarianship was established in 1961. The subject of Librarianship and
Scientific Information was combined with various disciplines and foreign languages. In the history of librarianship, bibliography and information science the important role was played by such personages as M. Štefanovičová, J.G. Žatkuliak, Š. Pasiar, Š. Kimlička.
Since 1990 the contents and the form of studies have been changed in the context of national changes in higher education.
Katedra knižničnej a informačnej vedy Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave (the Department of Library and Information Science at the Faculty of
Philosophy, Comenius University in Bratislava, the DLIS ) provides the education for library and information professionals within the library and information studies program at three levels – the bachelor´s, master´s, and doctoral levels. It is the most important professional institution in the area of university education and research. Following the
European curricular models it provides the core of the studies in the subjects of information seeking and retrieval, knowledge organization, and information systems. The new curricula represent information and media studies, literary communication, and book culture. The DLIS is involved with research projects. It is a member of the international association EUCLID, and organizes international conferences (e.g. 1999, 2003, 2006).
The staff is involved with international projects (e.g. DELOS-CEE), publishing, and lecturing at national and international conferences. In total approx. 1400 students graduated from the Department.
Higher education of library and information workers at levels of bachelor and master studies is also provided by new departments at Žilinská univerzita (the University of
Žilina ) in Žilina, Katedra knižničných a informačných vied a didaktiky informatiky (the
Department of Library and Information Sciences and Didactics of Informatics ) and at
Prešovská univerzita (the University of Prešov ) in Prešov, Katedra knižničných a slovakistických štúdií (the Department of Library and Slavic Studies ).
Information science in Slovakia developed since 1990 especially in research projects of
DLIS at Comenius University in Bratislava. The research topics are focused on a new paradigm of information science, human information behavior, digital libraries and on updating the curricular content.

Professional development education of library workers is provided by various trainings organized by the Slovak National Library, Centre of STI SR, and the DLIS. Professional library associations and major research and public libraries take part in education of librarians, as well. The professional activity is also supported by the electronic information portal for library and information theory and practice Infolib (since 2003) and professional periodicals as Knižnica ( Library ), as well as ITLib.
Present state of the library system in Slovakia is marked by efforts of continuing informatization and digitization. National programs of informatization are managed by the SNL and the Ministry of Culture of the SR. Topical strategies are focused on public internet for libraries and schools, common software, small and medium-size libraries.
Libraries are involved in the European projects as MINERVA, TEL-ME-MORE, eCulture, Digitization on Demand (DoD), DIGICULT, etc. The international standards are applied to the integration of memory institutions and to preservation and presentation of cultural and scientific heritage. Based on UNESCO recommendations and the EU network of ministries of culture digitization of Slovak cultural, scientific and intellectual heritage is in progress. Among the most important results of these projects we can range the Illuminated Codices of the Bratislava Chapter Library placed in the Slovak National
Archives and the selection of collections of Arabic and Persian manucripts in the
University Library in Bratislava - Bašagić Collection of Islamic Manuscripts. The goal of the digitization is to develop value-added services in e-learning, content industry and culture. First results are represented by the national library and information system
KIS3G, registries of cultural institutions, SNL portals as the Slovak digital library and
Memoria slovaca presenting digitized museum and archival objects.
The beginnings of archiving in Slovakia date back to the 13th century. The first historically documented public archives were founded at the so called trustworthy

locations - loca credibilia and in medieval towns. Loca credibilia were public institutions which operated at chapters and convents in the Hungarian kingdom and carried out tasks of notary public character. Later on they were enriched in county/district archives, followed by the archives of mining and economic institutions. Private archives were the most common - feudal families’ archives, archives of mansions and church institutions. Guilds, and later on brotherhoods and organizations had also their own archives. As Slovakia was part of the Hungarian kingdom until 1918, no central archives were founded in the Slovak territory with the exception of the period between 1756 and
1785, when the royal/regional archives were moved to Bratislava due to the Turkish occupation of part of the territory of the Hungarian kingdom. The Slovak national emancipation movement of the second half of the 19th century initiated the idea of establishing the Slovak national archives. Thus the most important Slovak national cultural institutions as the Matica slovenská, Muzeálna slovenská spoločnosť ( the Slovak
Museum Society) , and Spolok svätého Vojtecha ( St. Adalbert Association ) began to develop archive documentation.
After establishing the Czechoslovak Republic, the Krajinský archív (the Regional
Archives, 1928 – 1939), became the most important archives in Slovakia, and was later replaced by Archív Ministerstva vnútra Slovenskej republiky (the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic Archives, 1939 – 1945). Archív Slovenského národného múzea (the
Slovak National Museum Archives) in Martin operated quite systematically since 1929.
The archives network in Slovakia was composed of county and municipal archives.
However, it was impossible to establish either an archiving organization, or a central archiving institution, or even to push through a law on archiving.
The efforts to establish the central Slovak archives and archiving organization culminated in the second half of the 20th century. In 1948 Pôdohospodársky archív (the Agricultural
Archives) was founded taking over the archive funds of the feudal families and mansions, and capitalist farms. In 1950 Ústredný banský archív (the Central Mining Archives) was established and, eventually, Slovenský ústredný archív (the Slovak Central Archives) was founded in 1952 as a result of the activities of Slovenská archívna komisia (the Slovak
Archiving Commission) . Apart from completing archival documents and making them accessible, the Slovak Central Archives’ main task was to supervise and coordinate the

activities of regional, district and municipal archives in Slovakia. In 1954 the Decree on archiving No. 29/1954 Col. was issued. It was the first legislative norm for archiving in history which created the unified archiving organization in the Czechoslovak Republic.
Archiving in Slovakia was administered by Povereníctvo vnútra (the Home Affairs
Authority) through Slovenská archívna správa (the Slovak Archives Administration) . The archiving organization was composed of state central archives, state archives, district, municipal, special, and company archives. Church archives were also controlled by the state administration.
In 1975 the Act on archiving No. 149/1975 Col. was passed by the Slovak Parliament. In the wording of the Act, archiving became part of the agenda of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Socialist Republic. The archives network consisted of the central archives
(Štátny ústredný archív SSR, the Central State Archives of SSR and Štátny ústredný banský archív, the
State Central Mining Archives ); the state regional archives in
Bratislava, Nitra, Bytča, Banská Bystrica, Levoča, Prešov, Košice; Archív hlavného mesta SSR Bratislavy, the Archives of the Capital City of Bratislava ; 35 state district archives, Archív mesta Košice, the Archives of the City of Košice
; archives of the organizations of special significance, and company archives. The armed forces’ archives and the archives of armed security corps were administered by relevant ministries.
Political parties, the national front and trade unions established and administered their own archives. The Act on archiving considerably enhanced the scientific character of the archives’ activities. Štátny ústredný archív SSR became the main research workplace in the field of archiving. The new building of the Central State Archives of the SSR (today the Slovak National Archives) in Bratislava was handed over in 1983. In the 1960s and
1970s, modern technology began to be introduced and a new automated archiving system was created used for recording, processing and provision of archival documents.
Social and political changes which affected Slovak archiving after 1989 were reflected in amending the Act on archiving No. 332/1992 Col. More amendments were made in 1996 and 2001. Due to the state administration reform in Slovakia, the changed territorial arrangement, the complex demands on the registry system, and due to the process of

approximation of the legal system of the SR with the legal system of the European Union, new Act No. 395/2002 Col. on archives and registries came into effect on January 1st
2003. This amendment contributed to significant modification of the system of archives in Slovakia – since then the system has been made up of both public and private archives.
The public archives include the state central archives, i.e. the Slovak National Archives and the State Central Mining Archives , as well as the state archives of regional territorial effect including 8 archives and their branches, state administration bodies archives, state budget and state subsidies organizations, municipal archives and archives of selfgoverning regions, archives of legal entities established by law, archives of legal entities and natural persons who are the bodies of public administration. Private archives are archives of legal entities and natural persons. Archiving lies within the competences of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic. It is administered by the Department of
Archives and Registries and the advisory body is the Scientific Archiving Council. The act on archives and registries was amended in 2007 by the Act No. 178/2007 Col.
The basis of archiving in Slovakia is represented by the set of 47 state archives consisting of two central archives, 8 regional archives and their 38 branches. The archiving legacy of the Slovak Republic kept in the state archives amounts to over 25, 000 archival collections represented by approximately 200,000 metres of length.
Terms of use and access to the archived documents are defined by the Act No. 395/2002
Col. and by the Decree of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic No. 628/2003
Col. The access to collections is limited, based on a written application and decided upon by the archives. Archive aids as guides through the collections, stock lists, catalogues and analyses of collections in both traditional and electronic forms help in orientation within the archives, resources and collections.
The administrative body of the archives in Slovakia is the Department of Archives and
Registries of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic .
The advisory bodies are

represented by the Scientific Archives Council, the Heraldic Commission, the
Acquisition Commission, and the Document Shredding Commission.
Slovenský národný archív ( the Slovak National Archives, the SNA ) in Bratislava (14) is the largest and the most significant public archives in the Slovak Republic, which gathers, protects, processes and makes accessible archived documents from the activities of the central bodies of the Slovak Republic and their legal ancestors, and archived documents of the national importance. It is the central research and educational workplace in the field of archiving.
The Department of Early Resources and Collections administers the collections of the state power and administration bodies before 1918; the archives of aristocratic families and mansions (the largest collection keeping documents dating from as far back as the
13th century), religious institutions and trustworthy locations, repository of medieval documents, personal resources of important personages of the public life, archive collections, and a collection of maps and plans. The Department of New Resources and
Collections administers the collections of the state power and administration bodies from the period of 1918 to 1968; the resources of economic, legal and financial organizations, political parties, associations and unions. The Department of the Pre-archival Care methodologically supervises the central bodies of the state administration and of organizations of the national importance in the area of registry, discarding and archiving activities. The Department of Reference Services secures the contact with the public, the use of archive documents for scientific, cultural and administrative purposes. The department includes a study room, library, and a film library. The Science and Research
Section is a scientific workplace in the field of archiving. The Department of Archival
Preservation provides for the complex protection of the archived documents and it is an educational and research workplace. The department also includes the conservation and restoration laboratories, photo laboratory, and a disinfecting chamber.

The state archives collect, process, make accessible, and protect the resources of the state power, administration and self-administration represented by counties, offices, committees, justice (regional and district courts, prosecutors’ office), army and security
(gendarme headquarters and stations, national security), finance, economy, agriculture, political parties, educational system, health and social care, science and culture and history, religious organizations, families and mansions, families and persons, guilds, associations and interest organizations, and collections (registers, documents, maps and plans, sealing sticks, photographs, music materials, etc.)
The branches keep the stocks of the state power, administration and self-administration of towns, villages, Local National Committees, district offices, and District National
Committees, notary public offices. Further resources are represent by justice - district courts, tax offices, economic associations and chambers, cooperatives, political parties and social organizations, elementary, secondary and professional schools, culture and national history, health care, families and persons, guilds, associations and interest organizations, and collections.
The State Central Mining Archives in Banská Štiavnica collects, processes, makes accessible and protects the archived documents concerning mining, metallurgy, geological research and related branches of economy between 1255 and 1991.
The Archives of the Capital City of Bratislava houses the resources of the municipal administration bodies, schools, health and social facilities, religious organizations, families and persons, guilds, associations and interest organizations. A valuable collection is that of the Council Office of the City of Bratislava from the 13th to the 20th centuries.
The Archives of the City of Košice keeps the resources of state power and self-governing bodies from the 13th to the 20th centuries, especially the collection Council Office of the
City of Košice from the years 1239 – 1922. Further resources include justice – e.g. district and municipal courts, prosecutors’ office, the police headquarters, resources of manufactures and factories from 16th – 20th centuries, schools, health care and social facilities, religious organizations, cooperatives, political parties and social organizations, guilds and associations, family and personal collections (e.g.
King Ján Zápoľský,
1537 –
1540).

Other state archives in the SR are Štátny archív (
State Archives) in Banská Bystrica,
Bratislava, Bytča, Košice, Levoča, Nitra and Prešov and other cities.
The specialized public archives keep unusually varied archived sets concerning all the fields of the social life. They include the archives of the central state administration bodies, scientific, cultural, and educational institutions, as well as media archives. Such are the following archives: Archív Slovenského národného múzea ( the Slovak National
Museum Archives) , Ústredný archív Slovenskej akadémie vied ( the Slovak Academy of
Sciences Central Archives ), Archív literatúry a umenia Slovenskej národnej knižnice ( the
Literature and Art Archives of the Slovak National Library
), Vojenský historický archív
( the Military History Archives
), Archív pamiatkového úradu SR ( the Archives of the
Memorial Authority of the SR
), Ústredný archív geodézie a kartografie ( the Central
Archives of Geodesy and Cartography
), Archív Ústavu pamäti národa ( the Archives of the Nation’s Memory Institute of the SR
), Národný filmový archív Slovenského filmového ústavu ( the National Movies Archives of the Slovak Film Institute
), Archív výtvarného umenia Slovenskej národnej galérie ( the Visual Art Archives of the Slovak
National Gallery
), Archív Divadelného ústavu ( the Theatre Institute Archives
), Archív
Univerzity Komenského ( the Comenius University Archives
), Archív Slovenskej technickej univerzity ( the Slovak Technical University Archives
), Archív Ekonomickej univerzity ( the University of Economics Archives
), Archív Národnej banky SR ( the
National Bank of the SR Archives
), Archív Slovenského rozhlasu ( the Slovak Radio
Archives )
, Archív Slovenskej televízie ( the Slovak Television Archives ),
Archív
Kancelárie prezidenta SR ( the Archives of the Office of President of the SR
), Parlamentný archív ( the Parliamentary Archives ), Archív Ministerstva zahraničných vecí SR ( the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the SR Archives ), Archív Zboru väzenskej a justičnej stráže
SR ( the Archives of the Corps of Prison and Justice Guards ), Archív Mincovne
Kremnica ( the Kremnica Mint Archives ).
During the period of the Hungarian Kingdom historians and lawyers used to work as archivists in a few archives. Special education in archiving was available only at universities abroad. After establishing the Czechoslovak Republic Štátna archívna škola

( the State Archiving School ) was founded in Prague in 1919. In 1970 secondary extension lectures in archiving began to be given at the Secondary School of
Librarianship in Bratislava. Later on also pre-A-levels study of archiving was established at the same school. In 1950 archiving began to be studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of
Comenius University in Bratislava. Since 2000 archiving can be studied at the independent Department of Archiving and Auxiliary Historic Sciences at the Faculty of
Philosophy, Comenius University in Bratislava.The programme of archiving and auxiliary historic sciences takes forms of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral studies. The study programme provides courses in archiving, auxiliary historic sciences, administration history, national and world history, source languages (Latin, Old Slovak,
Czech, Hungarian, German), information technologies, archived documents protection, and professional training in archiving. Since 1991 archiving can be studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of Prešov University. The university graduates of archiving can find jobs with public and private archives, registry centres, scientific institutions, central and local state administration, museums, libraries, galleries, publishing houses, newspapers, magazines, radio and television editor’s offices, and in educational and cultural institutions.
In 1990 the guild interest organization of Slovak archivists – Spoločnosť slovenských archivárov ( the Association of Slovak Archivists ) was founded in Bratislava. Its main aims and tasks include the development of Slovak archiving and improving the professional level of archiving. It organizes professional conferences, functions as a permanent partner of the archiving bodies, protects interests and rights of its members.
The association organizes annual national meetings of archivists Archívne dni v SR ( the
Days of Archives in the Slovak Republic ) with the international participation. It publishes its own information bulletin – Fórum archivárov ( the Archivists’ Forum).
Since 1980 Sekcia archívnictva a pomocných vied historických ( the Archiving and
Auxiliary Historic Sciences Section
) has been active within the Slovenská historická spoločnosť pri Slovenskej akadémii vied ( the Slovak Historic Association at the Slovak

Academy of Sciences) which organizes scientific conferences, symposiums, and exhibitions. It publishes proceedings of presentations from the events.
Since 1966 the Department of Archives and Registries of the Ministry of Interior of the
Slovak Republic has been publishing a scientific magazine Slovenská archivistika
( Slovak Archiving ). This periodical publishes scientific studies and professional articles on theory and practice of archiving and auxiliary historic sciences. Since 1979 the
Ministry of Interior of the SR awards the archivists P. Križko’s Medal.
Since 1998 the
Ministry of Interior of the SR acknowledges the merits in the development of archiving by awarding the F.V.
Sasinek’s medal.
The first collections of antiques and natural objects were founded in Slovakia in the 18th century. It was then that the Albert of Saxony-Cziesyn’s collection was founded in
Bratislava, the then capital of the Hungarian Kingdom, as the basis of the today’s
Albertina in Vienna. Many historic artifacts were presented to the Magyar Nemzethi
Museum in Budapest in the 19th century (1835). The first museum institution in the
Slovak territory was founded in Bratislava in 1868 – today’s Múzeum mesta Bratislavy
( the Bratislava City Museum ) and Galéria mesta Bratislavy ( the City Gallery of
Bratislava ). By 1918 museums in Košice (1872), Poprad (1886), Bardejov (1905),
Ružomberok (1912), Trenčín (1876), Rožňava (1902) and Banská Štiavnica were founded. Between 1918 and 1945 museums were growing in number, as well as in the size of their collections. The museums have been partly subsidized by the state. After
1948 all the museums were taken over by the state and fully subordinated to the policy and ideology of the Communist party. New museums specializing in the national history and special museums and galleries were established. The operating system of museums

was defined by the Act No.109/1961 Col. on museums and galleries, which confirmed the complete dependence of museums and galleries on the government’s power.
As democracy was restored in the Slovak Republic after 1989, changes in museums administration and management were introduced. The Act No. 115/1998 Col. on museums and galleries and on protection of the objects of museum and gallery value, in the wording of latter regulations, altered the rights and duties of museums and galleries and their founders and organizers. The decree of the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak
Republic No. 342/1998 on professional administration of museum and gallery collections determines predominantly the professional processing of museum collections, including the digitization of the records.
Slovenské národné múzeum ( the Slovak National Museum, the SNM) is one of the largest and oldest museum institutions in Slovakia (15). The basis of the collections was laid thanks to the Matica slovenská, which struggled for collecting artifacts and objects from the past as the evidence of the maturity of the Slovak nation. The institutional and professional grounds of the SNM were laid within Muzeálna slovenská spoločnosť ( the
Slovak Museal Society, the SMS ) founded in Martin in 1893. The SMS was established with the aim of collecting artifacts of the history and culture of the Slovak nation, and of documenting the Slovak nature. The orientation of the SMS was determined by the founder of the professional Slovak museum science, Andrej Kmeť, who collected rich collections through his own activities and donated them to the museum. The museum collections expanded predominantly thanks to the gifts - artifacts from history, ethnography, numismatics, art history, archaeology, botany, zoology, and mineralogy.
The collections were introduced to the public in the first museum building which was built from the money from petty subsidies and opened to the public in Martin in 1908.
The museum in Martin operated as an association with no support from the Hungarian kingdom government. The SMS substituted for the tasks of scientific research in Slovakia for several decades.
The position of the museum changed after the establishing of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. Since 1919 the SNM began to receive subsidies from the state. The activities of

the museum grew after Ján Geryk joined it in 1926, as he expanded the collections and took on educated curators. The new museum building designed by the architect M.M.
Harminc in Martin was opened in 1933. In the same year Národná galéria slovenská ( the
Slovak National Gallery ), and in 1938 the first national historic and ethnographic expositions were opened. In 1940 the memorial exposition of M.R. Štefánik, the cofounder of the Czechoslovak Republic was opened. The construction of the first national
Slovak open-air museum of folk architecture in Martin began in 1967.
After the establishing of the Czechoslovak Republic, conditions of new quality were created for the development of Slovakia. The state authorities supported the development of education, science and culture. Zemědělské museum ( the Agricultural Museum ) was founded in Bratislava in 1924 and Slovenské vlastivedné múzeum ( the Slovak Museum of
National History ) opened in 1928. In 1940 the two museums merged into the Slovak
Museum.
The Slovak National Museum in Martin and the Slovak Museum in Bratislava concentrated in their collecting activities on enriching the collections with artifacts from all scientific fields, i.e. archaeology, history, art history, arts and crafts, ethnography, zoology, botany, anthropology, mineralogy and petrography.
Changes in managing museums in Slovakia occurred after 1948 by transfer of the SNM in Martin and the Slovak Museum in Bratislava into the hands of the state by the Act No.
12/1948 Col. The organizing activity was taken over by the state which subsequently initiated the founding of new, regional museums specializing in national history. By the
Act No. 24/1948 Col. Slovenská národná galéria ( the Slovak National Gallery) was established in Bratislava as the specialized museum institution for documenting the art history in all possible time and expression forms. The gallery’s resources were based on the ancient art collections of the SNM in Martin and the Slovak Museum in Bratislava.
The Act No. 109/1961 Col. on museums and galleries merged the SNM in Martin and the
Slovak Museum in Bratislava, thus creating the Slovak National Museum based in
Bratislava.

The SNM in Martin became the centre of the ethnographic research and the development of ethnography as a science. The workplaces in Bratislava transformed into the
Archaeological Museum, the Historic Museum, the Music Museum and the Museum of
Natural History as a result of their specialization in museum documentation of the Slovak nature and society development. In 1990s workplaces specializing in museum documentation of ethnic and minority cultures began to be founded within the SNM, gradually becoming the independent specialized SNM museums. The Museum of Jewish
Culture (1992), the Museum of Carpathian German Culture (1994), the Museum of of
Hungarian Culture in Slovakia (2001), the Museum of Croatian Culture in Slovakia
(2005) are active in Bratislava. The Museum of the Ukrainian-Ruthenian Culture (1956) is situated in Svidník and has been part of the SNM since 2002. The SNM in Martin includes the Museum of Czech Culture and the Museum of Roma Culture. The SNM also administers remarkable Slovak castles and palaces – the Červený kameň castle, the
Krásna Hôrka castle, the Spišský hrad ( the Castle of Spiš
), administered by the Spišské múzeum (the
Museum of Spiš ) in Levoča, the castle at Bojnice, the manor house in
Betliar, the Modrý Kameň castle with Múzeum bábkarských kultúr a hračiek ( the
Museum of Puppet Cultures and Toys ). The SNM also administers two open-air museums
– Múzeum slovenskej dediny ( the Museum of the Slovak Village ) in Martin and Múzeum ľudovej architektúry ( the Museum of Folk Architecture
) in Svidník. Other museums administered by the SNM include the museums documenting the important historic turning points and personages of the Slovak history - the Museum of the SNR ( Slovak
Parliament
) in Myjava and the Ľudovít Štúr Museum in Modra.
The Collections of the SNM currently contain over 3.5 million objects documenting the development of nature and society in all time horizons and in all scientific disciplines.
The SNM - the Archaeological Museum - administers rich antiquity collections, especially Egyptian, Greek, and Roman - the lyceum collection, the Mohapl’s and
Marcelová collections, and graves from the Roman period. The remarkable findings of
European and world significance date back to the Bronze, Halstattian and Laten Periods, through the period of migration of nations to the Middle Ages. The historic collections of

the SNM found in specialized museums concentrate on documenting the crafts in the period of guilds, industry, transport and communications, education and science, life of urban families in the 19th and 20th centuries, including clothing and textiles. The collection of military objects is extensive, too. The numismatic collection of the Museum of History containing over 100 thousand items is the largest in Slovakia. It comprises medals, but predominantly means of payment and coins dating from the Celtic period
(“biatec”) up to the 20th century. As far as the history of art and arts and crafts is concerned, the collections of the SNM cover all historical periods - from sparse evidence of Romanesque art, through relatively rich collections of Gothic and baroque periods
(gallery of the inland baroque portrait, the Danubian school, ornamental sculptures from
J.R. Donner’s circle) to the 19th century art (burghers’ portraits, realism), etc. The large group of objects of arts and crafts is represented by traditional materials - clay, glass, metal, wood, textiles. It houses the collection of manufactured pottery from the whole
Slovakia, a collection of faience of Holíč, a set of historical glass of Slovak provenance, furniture dating from varied historical periods - from single pieces from the period of
Renaissance to the furniture sets from the first half of the 20th century. The exceptionally valuable historic artifacts include predominantly the original interiors preserved in their complexity at the castles of Krásna Hôrka and Červený kameň, at the manor house of
Betliar, and at the castle of Bojnice.
Apart from documenting the material culture and history of visual arts, the SNM concentrates also on documenting the political and community life in Slovakia. The collections documenting the history of the National Revival are very important, as are the collections documenting the Memorandum of the Slovak Nation (1861), or iconography of the Slovak industry. The SNM administers also the legacy of the remarkable representatives of science, culture and art in Slovakia. The most precious sets include the almost complete legacy of M. R. Štefánik, A. Dubček, A. Kmeť, the painter Martin
Benka, the ethnographer and cinematographer K. Plicka, musicians J. L. Bella, E.
Suchoň, A. Moyzes, A. Albrecht, etc. The archives of the SNM include many historic

guild artifacts, historic maps, and documents on the history of museums and museum science in Slovakia.
The ethnographic collections are predominantly concentrated in Etnografické múzeum
( the Ethnographic Museum ) in Martin, in Historické múzeum ( the Museum of History ) in
Bratislava and in the museums of national and ethnic minorities. The ethnographic collections comprise objects documenting traditional agriculture, sheep-farming, apiculture, woodcraft. Collections of folk pottery, crafts, jewellery, furniture, folk art
(wooden sculptures, paintings on glass), toys, as well as collections documenting the traditional customs are also rich. The largest ones are the collections of folk costumes and textiles. The folk music culture is represented by the collections of Hudobné múzeum
( the Music Museum ). The natural collections are concentrated predominantly at
Prírodovedné múzeum ( the Museum of Natural History ) in Bratislava, which houses the largest collection of natural materials in Slovakia. It houses anthropological, botanical, mineralogical, palaeonthologic, and zoological collections. The museum administers a lot of precious collections by e.g. Souček, Roubal, Hrubý, Holuby. The most precious among the collections is definitely the herbarium of the flying monk Cyprián of Červený kláštor from the 18th century and A. Kmeť’s, the father of Slovak museum science, herbarium.
The SNM also administers extensive libraries containing over 240 thousand books, of which 31059 are historic library documents, including several incunabula. 1718 of them have been recorded as collection objects.
The Museum at Betliar manor house administers the extensive library of the noble
Andrássy family, containing over 14 thousand units. The SNM library is a specialized library containing literature on museology, museography and museum book production in the Slovak Republic.
The Slovak National Museum presents its collections in 63 permanent expositions and installs over a hundred exhibitions every year. The nature of Slovakia and the biodiversity of the Earth are presented in the permanent expositions of the Museum of
Natural History in Bratislava. The most precious archaeological collections are presented in the exposition Jewels of the Distant Past of Slovakia at the Bratislava Castle. The wealth and diversity of the folk culture are presented by permanent expositions at the
Ethnographic Museum in Martin and the open-air museums. The share of individual

ethnic and national minorities in the history and culture of Slovakia is presented by permanent expositions of the same museums. At present there is no permanent exposition showing the historical, cultural and social development in Slovakia and it is substituted for by some long-term exhibitions at the Bratislava Castle.
The SNM publishes two specialized periodicals; the magazine Pamiatky a múzeá. Revue pre kultúrne dedičstvo (
Monuments and Museums. Review for Cultural Heritage) for wider public; and the magazine Múzeum ( Museum ) for museum workers and experts in the cultural heritage protection. The SNM volumes as Ethnography, History, Archeology and Natural Sciences present the outcomes of the research and scientific activities. The edition Acta judaica slovaca is for publishing documents on the history of Jews in
Slovakia and on holocaust. The edition Acta carpatho-germanica documents the history and culture of Carpathian Germans. The edition the Little Library of Museum Science
Literature publishes literature for museum workers and information materials for the public. The SNM also publishes guide books, brochures and other printed materials for the use of expositions and exhibitions. Within the edition Fontés scientific surveys of the
SNM collections are published. The SNM has been appointed to create the central registry of museum collections, using the special software ESEZ.
The museum and gallery network in the Slovak Republic is represented by museum institutions differing in size, profiling, specialization, contents and topics of their expositions. They include specialized museums of national character, i.e. mining, agriculture, forestry and woodcraft, military, literary, glass making, technological, post, the museum of coins and medals, education, physical education, transportation, police, trading, etc. National history museums concentrate on some of the regions of Slovakia, museums of the national history of more narrow specialization document e.g. tinkers’ trade, paper works, fire extinguishing technologies, etc. Local museums and expositions map the history, folk culture and personages who came from the particular village. Most

of museums administer objects which have been listed in the cultural heritage such as castles, palaces, manor houses, burghers’ palaces, medieval town halls, technological monuments, archaeological sites, open-air folk architecture museums. Almost 400 museum and gallery expositions are available in Slovakia altogether. The museums in the
SR administer over 15 million objects in their collections. Over one thousand exhibitions are prepared by the museums every year. In 2006 the museums in Slovakia were visited by 3.8 million visitors, galleries were visited by 450 thousand people.
The specialized studies in museology are provided by the Faculty of Philosophy,
Constantine the Philosopher University at Nitra (single-branch daily and external forms), by the Faculty of Philosophy, Comenius University, Bratislava (external study after completing the studies in bachelor’s degree in related specializations, e.g. ethnology, history, archaeology, etc.), and by the Faculty of Humanities, Matej Bel University,
Banská Bystrica (single-branch daily and external forms). Museum science is also offered at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University as an elective course for students of biology. Postgraduate studies and permanent education of museums’ employees is provided by the Cabinet of Museum Sciences of the SNM.
Since 1990 the museums in Slovakia have been associated in the Union of Museums in
Slovakia, thus cultivating the traditions of the Czecho-Slovak Union of Museums
(1919–1960). The Union of Museums is an interest association of museums with the purpose of pushing forward and developing the interests of museums, coordinating the museum activities, communicating with the administrators and founders of museums.
The membership is voluntary. The seat of the union is in Banská Bystrica.
Libraries, archives and museums and the corresponding professions evolved in historical and cultural contexts of the development of the Slovak nation in various state forms. At present Slovakia is becoming an active part of the European cultural and information space.

Closer cooperation and the subsequent convergence of libraries, archives and museums is an inevitable trend. Information systems are successively integrated into a prospective national portal of culture as part of the European portal of culture. As examples we can mention the Central Registry of Museum Collections and Portal of Museums, the Central
Registry of Visual Art Works, information systems of the Literary Information Centre, the Theatre Institute, the Music Centre, the Slovak Movies Database of the Slovak Film
Institute, the information system of the Slovak Design Center. The common strategic goal of cultural systems is digitization of content, services, presentations, and broadcasting.
The Centre for digitization is planned to be established in the Slovak National Library.
Strategies of informatization of society emphasize the electronization of libraries, internet for schools, development of public portals, services of e-government, and education in public administration. In 2006 the act on information systems of public administration passed and national strategies for information security and interoperability were issued.
The vision of digital cultural information services is focused on knowledge society with the emphasis on innovation, human resources, education and information literacy.
The authors thank to directors of the national and university libraries, archives, museums, colleagues from libraries, museums and archives, and from Comenius University in
Bratislava, for their help in compiling this article. The text was compiled as part of the project VEGA 1/2481/05.
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Figure Captions
Fig. 1 The building of the Slovak National Library in Martin on the hill Hostihora
(opened 1975)
Fig. 2 Confessionale by Antonin Florentin from 1477
Fig. 3 Pantheologia by Rainerius de Pisis. Basilae, Betholdus Ruppel, cca 1477-1479
Fig. 4 The building of the University Library in Bratislava – the Palace of the Hungarian Chamber
Fig. 5 The building of the University Library in Bratislava - the Palace of Leopold de Pauli (1777)