Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <2006 to March Week 3 2010>
Search Strategy:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 congenital anomal$.tw. (1948)
2 exp *female urogenital diseases/ or exp*male Urogenital diseases/ (96684)
3 1 and 2 (163)
4 limit 3 to (english language and humans) (139)
5 limit 4 to "review articles" (29)
6 from 5 keep 1-29 (29)
7 from 6 keep 1-29 (29)
***************************
<1>
Unique Identifier
19576808
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Altchek A. Paciuc J.
Authors Full Name
Altchek, Albert. Paciuc, John.
Institution
Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Hospital, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
albertaltchek@aol.com
Title
Successful pregnancy following surgery in the obstructed uterus in a uterus didelphys with
unilateral distal vaginal agenesis and ipsilateral renal agenesis: case report and literature review.
[Review] [9 refs]
Source
Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology. 22(5):e159-62, 2009 Oct.
Abstract
SYNOPSIS: After surgical correction of unilateral distal vaginal agenesis, the obstructed
didelphic uterus was able to harbor 2 subsequent pregnancies. BACKGROUND: There was a
congenital anomaly syndrome of uterus didelphys, unilateral distal vaginal aplasia, and
ipsilateral renal aplasia. Intuition suggests that later pregnancy would be in the unobstructed
uterus. OBJECTIVE: The purpose is to report pregnancy occurring twice in a previously
obstructed didelphic uterus after surgical correction. CASE: A girl aged 13 years, 8 months
presented with the syndrome of didelphic uterus, upper right hematocolpos, and right renal
aplasia. Right vaginal marsupialization was done. Subsequently, she had 2 pregnancies in the
right didelphic uterus. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy occurred in the obstructed uterus despite a
large hematometra, extensive right pelvic peritoneal endometriosis, and hematocolpos. The
surgeon should make every effort to preserve the obstructed uterus. [References: 9]
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Review.
<2>
Unique Identifier
19962026
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Singh GR.
Authors Full Name
Singh, Gurmeet R.
Institution
Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University Darwin,
PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia. gurmeet.singh@menzies.edu.au
Title
Glomerulonephritis and managing the risks of chronic renal disease. [Review] [141 refs]
Source
Pediatric Clinics of North America. 56(6):1363-82, 2009 Dec.
Abstract
The rising global burden of chronic renal disease, the high cost of providing renal replacement
therapies, and renal disease also being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is increasing focus
on renal disease prevention. This article focuses on the aspects of renal disease (specifically
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis [PSGN] and chronic kidney disease [CKD]) in Indigenous
populations in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States that diverge from those
typically seen in the general population of those countries. The spectrum of renal and many other
diseases seen in Indigenous people in developed countries is similar to that seen in developing
countries. Diseases like PSGN that have largely disappeared in developed countries still occur
frequently in Indigenous people. CKD during the childhood years is due to congenital anomalies
of the kidney and urinary tract in up to 70% of cases and occurs later in polycystic kidney
disease and childhood-onset diabetes. Several risk factors for CKD in adulthood are already
present in childhood. [References: 141]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<3>
Unique Identifier
19571476
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Sekine T. Miura K. Takahashi K. Igarashi T.
Authors Full Name
Sekine, Takashi. Miura, Ken-ichiro. Takahashi, Kazuhiro. Igarashi, Takashi.
Institution
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
sekinet-tky@umin.ac.jp
Title
Children's toxicology from bench to bed--Drug-induced renal injury (1): The toxic effects of
ARB/ACEI on fetal kidney development. [Review] [16 refs]
Source
Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 34 Suppl 2:SP245-50, 2009.
Abstract
Development of fetal kidney is a finely programmed sequence, and is regulated by many
important molecules. The perturbation of normal kidney development leads to congenital
anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). CAKUT includes hypoplastic/dysplastic
kidney, obstructive nephropathy and several other anomalies. CAKUT is of clinically
importance, since it could lead to end stage renal failure when its anomaly grade is severe. So far,
several causative genes responsible for development of CAKUT have been identified, including
genes encoding molecules related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAS system. In
humans, maternal administration of agents with inhibitory effects on the RAS system, such as
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers
(ARBs), have been reported to cause severe renal malformation, designated as ACEI/ARB
fetopathy. In this paper, we overview the development of fetal kidney and address the effects of
ACEIs/ARBs on fetal kidney. [References: 16]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<4>
Unique Identifier
19461520
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Shapiro E.
Authors Full Name
Shapiro, Ellen.
Institution
Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016,
USA. ellen.shapiro@nyumc.org
Title
Clinical implications of genitourinary embryology. [Review] [28 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Urology. 19(4):427-33, 2009 Jul.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on recent advances in molecular embryology of
the upper and lower urinary tract with an emphasis on clinical correlation in order to gain a
better understanding for the mechanism of congenital anomalies. RECENT FINDINGS: Normal
morphogenesis of the kidney, ureteral bud differentiation, ureteropelvic junction formation, and
bladder and trigone development are regulated by complex epithelial-mesenchymal signaling
events. Failure of these signaling events to occur at specified times results in developmental
anomalies. Immunohistochemical staining using animal and human tissues provides insights into
the timing of various signaling events during development. Murine knockout models examine the
role of various signaling molecules in genitourinary organogenesis. Lineage studies map the fate
of cells in developing genitourinary tissues. Some of the most important findings include the role
of bone morphogenetic protein-4 in morphogenesis of the kidney, the importance of the
mesenchyme associated with the proximal and distal segments of the ureter in directing
differentiation, the role of bone morphogenetic protein-4 signaling in smooth muscle formation at
the ureteropelvic junction, and the predominant contribution of bladder smooth muscle in
forming the trigone. SUMMARY: Recent studies have begun to unravel the complex molecular
and cellular mechanisms for many common congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract. A
more precise understanding of these developmental events may provide insights into normal and
abnormal development. [References: 28]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<5>
Unique Identifier
19344847
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Breech LL. Laufer MR.
Authors Full Name
Breech, Lesley L. Laufer, Marc R.
Institution
Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's
Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 4000, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
lesley.breech@cchmc.org
Title
Mullerian anomalies. [Review] [94 refs]
Source
Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinics of North America. 36(1):47-68, 2009 Mar.
Abstract
The development of the Mullerian system and the female reproductive tract is a complex
process involving an integrated series of events with significant potential for abnormal
development and anomalies. Structural anomalies of the female reproductive tract may be
isolated or occur in association with other congenital anomalies, including renal or bladder
anomalies and anorectal malformations. Although rare in occurrence, it is important to be
familiar with these conditions for appropriate diagnosis, management, and possible referral. The
diagnosis, management, and surgical treatments of female reproductive tract anomalies in girls
and young women have advanced with improvements in diagnostic imaging techniques, surgical
and nonsurgical techniques and innovative instrumentation and developments. [References: 94]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<6>
Unique Identifier
18928390
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Li-Ling J. Wu Y.
Authors Full Name
Li-Ling, Jesse. Wu, Yiyang.
Institution
Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
jliling2000@gmail.com
Title
Congenital syndromes involving the lungs: pathogenetic models based on chinese medicine
theories. [Review] [56 refs]
Source
Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 14(8):1017-25, 2008 Oct.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Striking similarity seems to exist between the Jing-Luo and Zang-Fu theories
of Chinese Medicine (CM) and clinical features of many so-called multiple congenital
anomaly/mental retardation syndromes (MCA/MRs), as both may involve multiple organs and/or
body systems. MATERIALS, METHODS, AND RESULTS: Comparison of MCA/MRs involving
the lungs and paths of 5 Jing-Mai traversing the organ has suggested that development of lung
and radial ray (embryonic structure that gives rise to radial-side structures of the upper limb, in
particular thumb and radius) are closely connected. The Lung Jing-Mai and those traversing the
Kidneys may well explain combined malformations involving the lungs, radial ray, and the
body's developmental midline. Furthermore, Zang-Fu theories such as "The Lungs rule the skin
and body hair," and "The Lungs as a Zang pair with the Large Intestine" also seem to be in
keeping with syndromes simultaneously affecting the lungs, colon, and skin. It may be deducible
that the Jing-Mai, as described by CM, probably exists, and that the Jing-Mai and Zang-Fu
theories have correctly summarized the connections between particular parts of the human body
during embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS: The CM theories therefore may provide
important insights into the pathogenesis of relevant diseases as well as clues for development of
new treatment for lung-related diseases. [References: 56]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<7>
Unique Identifier
18497336
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Wang MH. Baskin LS.
Authors Full Name
Wang, Ming-Hsien. Baskin, Laurence S.
Institution
UCSF Children's Hospital, Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 400
Parnassus Avenue A640, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Title
Endocrine disruptors, genital development, and hypospadias. [Review] [60 refs]
Source
Journal of Andrology. 29(5):499-505, 2008 Sep-Oct.
Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in the United States, occurring in
approximately 1 in 125 live male births. Embryological studies have demonstrated that,
depending on where the urethral development arrests, the meatal opening can be anywhere along
the shaft of the penis or, in more severe forms, within the scrotum or in the perineum. Currently,
the only available treatment is surgery. If left uncorrected, especially in its severe form, there is
risk of infertility and psychological effects, such as avoidance of intimate relationships. The cause
of hypospadias is largely unknown; however, current epidemiology and laboratory studies have
shed new light into the etiology of hypospadias. With recent advancements in molecular biology
and microarray technology, it appears that hypospadias is potentially related to disrupted gene
expression. Specifically, some of the environmental chemicals are acting as antiandrogens and
interfere directly with the action of testosterone-related gene expression. In this paper, we briefly
review the normal development of male external genitalia and the prevalence and environmental
risk factors related to hypospadias. In addition, we discuss some of the recent laboratory findings
that contribute to our current understanding of this disease. [References: 60]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<8>
Unique Identifier
18631884
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Halachmi S. Pillar G.
Authors Full Name
Halachmi, Sarel. Pillar, Giora.
Institution
Pediatric Urology Service, The Department of Urology and Pediatrics, Rambam Medical Center
and The Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
s_halachmi@rambam.health.gov.il
Title
Congenital urological anomalies diagnosed in adulthood - management considerations. [Review]
[40 refs]
Source
Journal of pediatric urology. 4(1):2-7, 2008 Feb.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Despite worldwide availability of prenatal ultrasound, many patients are
diagnosed in adult life with congenital anomalies such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction
(UPJO), undescended testicle (UDT), ureterocele, hypospadias, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and
primary obstructing megaureter (POM). The aim of this review was to describe these clinical
conditions and their suggested management based on the available medical literature. REVIEW:
Adult UPJO is not a rare condition; symptomatic patients should be treated rather than
observed. Treatment options are nephrectomy for non-functioning kidneys and reconstructive
surgery for functioning renal units. The adult UDT has low fertility potential and increased
cancer risk; hence most of the data in the literature indicate performing an orchiectomy. Adult
ureteroceles are usually related to single systems and they are intravesical and less obstructive.
For symptomatic patients endoscopic incision showed high efficacy for symptom elimination with
minimal side effects. Primary hypospadias correction in the adult patient is feasible, but success
rates are low compared to the pediatric age group. Secondary correction, whether primary
correction was performed in childhood or adulthood, is a challenging task with a high
complication rate. Treatment decisions regarding adult patients with VUR are difficult to make
as the available data are inconsistent; there is no strict evidence that reflux in an adult is directly
related to renal growth impairment, ascending pyelonephritis, and/or embryo loss in a pregnant
woman. In contrast to the pediatric age group, adult POM is usually a symptomatic condition
and related to a high complication rate including infections, stone formation and renal failure.
Spontaneous resolution is rare and hence active surgical management is advocated.
CONCLUSION: Congenital urological anomalies identified in adulthood are not rare and pose a
management challenge to the urologist. For most of the reviewed diseases, evidence-based
management direction is difficult due to a lack of randomized trials and long-term follow up.
[References: 40]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<9>
Unique Identifier
18558166
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kumar B. Sharma C. Sinha DD.
Authors Full Name
Kumar, Basant. Sharma, Chetan. Sinha, D D.
Institution
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute, JayKayLon
Hospital, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. drbkpg75@rediff.com
Title
Supernumerary testis: a case report and review of literature. [Review] [7 refs]
Source
Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 43(6):E9-E10, 2008 Jun.
Abstract
Supernumerary testis or polyorchidism is a rare anatomical and congenital anomaly, and
approximately 100 cases have been reported in the literature so far. It is often associated with
processus vaginalis anomalies and with increased risk of malignancy and infertility. We report a
case and its management, having left-sided duplex testis and found incidentally during inguinal
hernia repair, and review the literature. [References: 7]
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Review.
<10>
Unique Identifier
18519067
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Elizur SE. Tulandi T.
Authors Full Name
Elizur, Shai E. Tulandi, Togas.
Institution
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Title
Drugs in infertility and fetal safety. [Review] [81 refs]
Source
Fertility & Sterility. 89(6):1595-602, 2008 Jun.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of drugs used in infertility treatment. DESIGN: Literature
search using the keywords birth defect, congenital malformation, clomiphene, aromatase
inhibitor, letrozole, gonadotropin, metformin, gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and
antagonist, progesterone, progestin, and estrogen. We conducted the search in Medline,
EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of systematic reviews. RESULT(S): The available data
suggest that clomiphene treatment, especially after several cycles, might be associated with a
slightly higher risk of neural tube defects and severe hypospadias in the offspring. Letrozole and
metformin do not appear to be teratogenic. The existing data concerning gonadotropin
preparations suggest that there is no evidence of teratogenicity, yet, information after 1991 is
lacking. Micronized progesterone, which is widely used in in vitro fertilization treatment, does
not appear to increase the risk of nongenital birth defects; however, there might be a possible
weak association between other progestational agents and hypospadias. CONCLUSION(S):
Infertility per se is a risk factor for congenital anomalies. Repeated clomiphene treatment might
be associated with a slightly higher risk of hypospadias and neural tube defect. However, the
overall increased risk related to various fertility drugs is only 1% to 2%. [References: 81]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<11>
Unique Identifier
18446149
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kerecuk L. Schreuder MF. Woolf AS.
Authors Full Name
Kerecuk, Larissa. Schreuder, Michiel F. Woolf, Adrian S.
Institution
Nephro-Urology Unit at University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
Title
Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists. [Review] [146 refs]
Comments
Comment in: Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008 Aug;4(8):E1; PMID: 18654600]
Source
Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology. 4(6):312-25, 2008 Jun.
Abstract
Renal tract malformations are congenital anomalies of the kidneys and/or lower urinary tract.
One challenging feature of these conditions is that they can present not only prenatally but also
in childhood or adulthood. The most severe types of malformations, such as bilateral renal
agenesis or dysplasia, although rare, lead to renal failure. With advances in dialysis and
transplantation for young children, it is now possible to prevent the early death of at least some
individuals with severe malformations. Other renal tract malformations, such as congenital
pelviureteric junction obstruction and primary vesicoureteric reflux, are relatively common.
Renal tract malformations are, collectively, the major cause of childhood end-stage renal disease.
Their contribution to the number of adults on renal replacement therapy is less clear and has
possibly been underestimated. Renal tract malformations can be familial, and specific mutations
of genes involved in renal tract development can sometimes be found in affected individuals.
These features provide information about the causes of malformations but also raise questions
about whether to screen relatives. Whether prenatal decompression of obstructed renal tracts, or
postnatal initiation of therapies such as prophylactic antibiotics or angiotensin blockade, improve
long-term renal outcomes remains unclear. [References: 146]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<12>
Unique Identifier
18239920
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Griffin N. Grant LA. Sala E.
Authors Full Name
Griffin, N. Grant, L A. Sala, E.
Institution
Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 219, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ,
UK. nyreegriffin@hotmail.com
Title
Magnetic resonance imaging of vaginal and vulval pathology. [Review] [41 refs]
Source
European Radiology. 18(6):1269-80, 2008 Jun.
Abstract
There are a number of conditions affecting the vagina and vulva that can be optimally assessed
with the use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This paper gives a suggested
protocol for MRI technique and sequences for imaging the pelvis and perineum and reviews the
MRI appearances of many of the common pathologies affecting the vagina and vulva. Congenital
anomalies, inflammatory and neoplastic entities such as vaginal and vulval carcinoma are
discussed, with rarer malignancies also reviewed. [References: 41]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<13>
Unique Identifier
18226074
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kishi R. Sata F. Yoshioka E. Ban S. Sasaki S. Konishi K. Washino N.
Authors Full Name
Kishi, Reiko. Sata, Fumihiro. Yoshioka, Eiji. Ban, Susumu. Sasaki, Seiko. Konishi, Kanae.
Washino, Noriaki.
Institution
Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Japan. rkishi@med.hokudai.ac.jp
Title
Exploiting gene-environment interaction to detect adverse health effects of environmental
chemicals on the next generation. [Review] [45 refs]
Source
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 102(2):191-203, 2008 Feb.
Abstract
There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies that genetic susceptibilities may
modify the teratogenic effects of toxic chemicals. However, in contrast to tobacco smoke, few
epidemiological studies have addressed environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in regard to
genetic susceptibility. Recent studies, including the Hokkaido Study of Environments and
Children's Health, have investigated the impacts of both environmental and genetic factors on
children's development. Several xenobiotic-metabolizing genes have been reported to confer
genetic susceptibility to low birth weight. These genes seem to be influenced functionally by
maternal smoking during pregnancy, itself a significant risk factor. In our study, we found that
birth weight was significantly lower among infants born to smoking women having the specific
AHR, CYP1A1, GSTM1, CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes. When combinations of these genotypes
were considered, birth weight was even lower. On the other hand, congenital anomalies such as
hypospadias seemed to be caused by environmental factors in conjunction with genetic
predisposition as suggested by linkage in several case-control studies reported to low birth
weight. We have found an association between maternal CYP1A1 genotype or low birth weight
and the risk of hypospadias irrespective of smoking. At the same time, birth weight was
negatively correlated with maternal blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans.
Further studies should elucidate the impact of genetic factors on adverse effects of exposures to
dioxin-related chemicals. [References: 45]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Review.
<14>
Unique Identifier
18203929
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Leyendecker JR. Barnes CE. Zagoria RJ.
Authors Full Name
Leyendecker, John R. Barnes, Craig E. Zagoria, Ronald J.
Institution
Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd,
Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. jleyende@wfubmc.edu
Title
MR urography: techniques and clinical applications. [Review] [68 refs]
Comments
Comment in: Radiographics. 2008 May-Jun;28(3):907; author reply 907-8; PMID: 18480492]
Source
Radiographics. 28(1):23-46; discussion 46-7, 2008 Jan-Feb.
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) urography comprises an evolving group of techniques with the
potential for allowing optimal noninvasive evaluation of many abnormalities of the urinary tract.
MR urography is clinically useful in the evaluation of suspected urinary tract obstruction,
hematuria, and congenital anomalies, as well as surgically altered anatomy, and can be
particularly beneficial in pediatric or pregnant patients or when ionizing radiation is to be
avoided. The most common MR urographic techniques for displaying the urinary tract can be
divided into two categories: static-fluid MR urography and excretory MR urography. Static-fluid
MR urography makes use of heavily T2-weighted sequences to image the urinary tract as a static
collection of fluid, can be repeated sequentially (cine MR urography) to better demonstrate the
ureters in their entirety and to confirm the presence of fixed stenoses, and is most successful in
patients with dilated or obstructed collecting systems. Excretory MR urography is performed
during the excretory phase of enhancement after the intravenous administration of gadoliniumbased contrast material; thus, the patient must have sufficient renal function to allow the
excretion and even distribution of the contrast material. Diuretic administration is an important
adjunct to excretory MR urography, which can better demonstrate nondilated systems. Staticfluid and excretory MR urography can be combined with conventional MR imaging for
comprehensive evaluation of the urinary tract. The successful interpretation of MR urographic
examinations requires familiarity with the many pitfalls and artifacts that can be encountered
with these techniques. [References: 68]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<15>
Unique Identifier
18155200
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Taylor E. Gomel V.
Authors Full Name
Taylor, Elizabeth. Gomel, Victor.
Institution
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, BC Women's
Hospital and Women's Health Centre,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
victorgomel@cs.com
Title
The uterus and fertility. [Review] [167 refs]
Source
Fertility & Sterility. 89(1):1-16, 2008 Jan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the current understanding of the role the uterus plays in embryo
implantation and to outline congenital anomalies and acquired diseases that impact normal
uterine function. DESIGN: The publications related to the embryo implantation, Mullerian
anomalies, uterine polyps, uterine synechiae, and myomas were identified through Medline and
reviewed. CONCLUSION(S): Congenital anomalies and acquired diseases of the uterus may
negatively impact on the complex processes of embryo implantation. Hysteroscopic surgery to
correct uterine septa, intrauterine synechiae, and myomas that distort the uterine cavity may
benefit women with infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss. The effect of endometrial polyps on
fertility is uncertain, but their removal, once identified, is justifiable. Complex congenital
anomalies such as unicornuate uterus and uterus didelphys may negatively affect fertility and
pregnancy outcome, and surgical treatment may benefit select patients. [References: 167]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<16>
Unique Identifier
17572890
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Levin TL. Han B. Little BP.
Authors Full Name
Levin, Terry L. Han, Bokyung. Little, Brent P.
Institution
Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center, 714 Forest Ave,
Mamaroneck, NY 10543, USA. jebl1@optonline.net
Title
Congenital anomalies of the male urethra. [Review] [51 refs]
Source
Pediatric Radiology. 37(9):851-62; quiz 945, 2007 Sep.
Other ID
Source: NLM. PMC1950215
Abstract
The spectrum of congenital anomalies of the male urethra is presented. The embryologic basis
of each anomaly, when known, is discussed. Clinical and imaging features of each entity are
presented. [References: 51]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<17>
Unique Identifier
17579162
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Arora SS. Breiman RS. Webb EM. Westphalen AC. Yeh BM. Coakley FV.
Authors Full Name
Arora, Sandeep S. Breiman, Richard S. Webb, Emily M. Westphalen, Antonio C. Yeh,
Benjamin M. Coakley, Fergus V.
Institution
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm. M372, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
Title
CT and MRI of congenital anomalies of the seminal vesicles. [Review] [12 refs]
Source
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 189(1):130-5, 2007 Jul.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide a current review of the spectrum of CT
and MRI findings seen in common congenital anomalies of the seminal vesicles. CONCLUSION:
CT and MRI can both accurately show renal and seminal vesicle anomalies. Seminal vesicle
anomalies often occur concurrently with renal and vasal defects. MRI is a better tool for
accurately defining anatomic relationships when one is planning to excise a seminal vesicle cyst
or if one is considering a difficult differential diagnosis. [References: 12]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<18>
Unique Identifier
17495637
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Puscheck EE. Jeyendran RS.
Authors Full Name
Puscheck, Elizabeth E. Jeyendran, Rajasingam S.
Institution
Wayne State University Medical School, University Women's Care, Division of Reproductive
Endocrine and Infertility, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. epuschec@med.wayne.edu
Title
The impact of male factor on recurrent pregnancy loss. [Review] [44 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 19(3):222-8, 2007 Jun.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present paper reviews the current literature on the impact of
male factor on recurrent pregnancy loss. RECENT FINDINGS: Most clinicians focus their
evaluation of recurrent pregnancy loss on the female, without much, if any, consideration of the
other half of the couple - the male. Yet, the male contributes one-half of the genes for the embryo.
Recent literature demonstrates that the male contributes to recurrent pregnancy loss due to
genetic factors, semen factors or due to other factors such as age. SUMMARY: Recurrent
pregnancy loss results as a factor of a couple. This paper emphasizes the contribution of the male
to implantation failure, miscarriage, and congenital anomalies suggested by recent literature.
The current data are preliminary. With further investigation, evaluation of the male may be
considered a routine part of the evaluation in the near future. [References: 44]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<19>
Unique Identifier
17483812
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Willingham E. Baskin LS.
Authors Full Name
Willingham, Emily. Baskin, Laurence S.
Institution
Austin, TX 78746, USA. ejwillingham@austin.rr.com
Title
Candidate genes and their response to environmental agents in the etiology of hypospadias.
[Review] [51 refs]
Source
Nature Clinical Practice Urology. 4(5):270-9, 2007 May.
Abstract
The molecular events that lead to isolated hypospadias remain largely unknown, and the
etiology of this common congenital anomaly seems to be multifactorial. We have explored the
response of several candidate genes to environmental agents that cause hypospadias in a mouse
model. Here, we provide an overview of current findings in relation to candidate genes and their
response to environmental agents, including the results of genomic analyses of both mouse and
human tissues. In addition to steroid-hormone receptors, one gene of specific interest is activating
transcription factor 3 (ATF3). We hypothesize a potential mechanism of action for ATF3 and
other identified genes, including TGF-B. [References: 51]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<20>
Unique Identifier
17395122
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Blowey DL. Warady BA.
Authors Full Name
Blowey, Douglas L. Warady, Bradley A.
Institution
Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, University of Missouri at
Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA. dblowey@cmh.edu
Title
Outcome of infants born to women with chronic kidney disease. [Review] [41 refs]
Source
Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 14(2):199-205, 2007 Apr.
Abstract
Pregnancy in women with chronic kidney disease is not uncommon and is not without risk to
the mother and child. This article reviews the literature on the outcome of infants from
pregnancies in women with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including those receiving dialysis and
those living with a functional kidney transplant. Pregnancy in women with CKD and end-stage
renal disease (ESRD) is associated with a higher rate of premature birth and small-forgestational-age (SGA) infants, with resultant increase in neonatal mortality. Although congenital
anomalies or long-term developmental issues do not appear to be a significant risk, these areas
deserve further study, especially as newer immunosuppressive medications are employed in
kidney transplant recipients. [References: 41]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<21>
Unique Identifier
17187155
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Leung AK. Robson WL.
Authors Full Name
Leung, Alexander K C. Robson, William L M.
Institution
Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, The Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary,
Alberta T2M OH5, Canada. aleung@ucalgary.ca
Title
Hypospadias: an update. [Review] [64 refs]
Source
Asian Journal of Andrology. 9(1):16-22, 2007 Jan.
Abstract
Hypospadias is the most common congenital anomaly of the penis. The problem usually
develops sporadically and without an obvious underlying cause. The ectopically positioned
urethral meatus lies proximal to the normal site and on the ventral aspect of the penis, and in
severe cases opens onto the scrotum or perineum. The foreskin on the ventral surface is deficient,
while that on the dorsal surface is abundant, giving the appearance of a dorsal hood. Chordee is
more common in severe cases. Cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia are the most common
associated anomalies. The frequency of associated anomalies increases with the severity of
hypospadias. For isolated anterior or middle hypospadias, laboratory studies are not usually
necessary. Screening for urinary tract anomalies should be considered in patients with posterior
hypospadias and in those with an anomaly of at least one additional organ system. The ideal age
for surgical repair in a healthy child is between 6 and 12 months of age. Most cases can be
repaired in a single operation and on an outpatient basis. Even patients with a less than perfect
surgical result are usually able to enjoy a satisfactory sexual life. [References: 64]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<22>
Unique Identifier
17433976
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Brown MA.
Authors Full Name
Brown, Michele A.
Institution
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor
Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. m9brown@ucsd.edu
Title
MR imaging of benign uterine disease. [Review] [55 refs]
Source
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America. 14(4):439-53, v, 2006 Nov.
Abstract
MR provides excellent depiction of the female pelvic anatomy and has become the imaging
modality of choice for the accurate diagnosis of numerous benign gynecologic conditions.
Detection and characterization of leiomyomata and adenomyosis is performed routinely at many
centers, and MR plays an important role in stratifying patients into appropriate treatment
options. MR imaging is also uniquely well suited to the evaluation of gynecologic conditions that
occur during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. This article describes MR protocols and
the typical findings of various benign conditions of the uterine corpus and cervix, including
congenital anomalies, leiomyomas, adenomyosis, and complications related to pregnancy.
[References: 55]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<23>
Unique Identifier
17186690
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Gheissari A.
Authors Full Name
Gheissari, Alaleh.
Institution
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
gheisari@med.mui.ac.ir
Title
The place of ultrasound in renal medicine. [Review] [62 refs]
Source
Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation. 17(4):540-8, 2006 Dec.
Abstract
Today, ultrasound is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools, the reasons being that it is
non-invasive, reliable, widely available, and affordable. In this paper, we review the place of
ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with kidney diseases. We briefly discuss a
wide range of kidney diseases for which ultrasound imaging is still performed as one of the initial
steps of diagnosis. To achieve this, five following categories are addressed: congenital anomalies
of the kidney; renal cystic diseases; renal infections; kidney stones; and kidney tumors. The
sonographic findings of these diseases are discussed. [References: 62]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<24>
Unique Identifier
16896811
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Kajbafzadeh AM. Tajik P. Payabvash S. Farzan S. Solhpour AR.
Authors Full Name
Kajbafzadeh, Abdol-Mohammad. Tajik, Parvin. Payabvash, Seyedmehdi. Farzan, Shima.
Solhpour, Amir Reza.
Institution
Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir
Title
Bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex in sibling: case report and review of literature.
[Review] [17 refs]
Source
Pediatric Surgery International. 22(9):767-70, 2006 Sep.
Abstract
The bladder exstrophy and classic epispadias represent a spectrum of congenital anomalies with
different degrees of anterior midline defect. Although the anomaly usually occurs sporadically
there are some cases indicative of a strong genetic component. We present the clinical data of two
siblings with bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex (BEEC), who were the product of
consanguineous union. All previous reports of familial BEEC in the literature have been
reviewed. [References: 17]
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Review.
<25>
Unique Identifier
16716788
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Greenbaum LA. Mesrobian HG.
Authors Full Name
Greenbaum, Larry A. Mesrobian, Hrair-George O.
Institution
Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare
of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Lary_Greenbaum@oz.ped.emory.edu
Title
Vesicoureteral reflux. [Review] [81 refs]
Source
Pediatric Clinics of North America. 53(3):413-27, vi, 2006 Jun.
Abstract
Vesicoureteral reflux, the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, is one of the
most common congenital anomalies found in children. The association of vesicoureteral reflux
with urinary tract infections and renal scarring has important clinical implications. New insights
into pathogenesis and new surgical techniques are changing the approach to the management of
this disorder. [References: 81]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<26>
Unique Identifier
16601496
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Niimura F. Kon V. Ichikawa I.
Authors Full Name
Niimura, Fumio. Kon, Valentina. Ichikawa, Iekuni.
Institution
Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
Title
The renin-angiotensin system in the development of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and
urinary tract. [Review] [46 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 18(2):161-6, 2006 Apr.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognition of the dramatically expanded functional repertoire of the
renin-angiotensin system now includes a role in morphogenesis of the kidney and urinary tract.
On the basis of published data, the article presents formulations of mechanisms through which
the system operates. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies in humans and animals carrying defective
angiotensin-related genes have provided unequivocal evidence that the renin-angiotensin system
is involved in the normal development of both the kidney and the urinary tract. Angiotensin
exerts its function through at least two different types of receptors, AT1 and AT2. AT1 mediates
establishment of the ureteral peristaltic machinery, while AT2 mediates the early kidney and
urinary tract morphogenesis. Disruption in receptor functions promotes development of
congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. SUMMARY: Angiotensin is involved in
multiple steps of normal development of the kidney and urinary tract through two types of
receptors. This takes place in concert with other functionally overlapping genes. [References: 46]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<27>
Unique Identifier
16549607
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Simpson WL Jr. Beitia LG. Mester J.
Authors Full Name
Simpson, William L Jr. Beitia, Laura G. Mester, Jolinda.
Institution
Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Box 1234, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place,
New York, NY 10029, USA. william.simpson@mountsinai.org
Title
Hysterosalpingography: a reemerging study. [Review] [16 refs]
Source
Radiographics. 26(2):419-31, 2006 Mar-Apr.
Abstract
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) has become a commonly performed examination due to recent
advances and improvements in, as well as the increasing popularity of, reproductive medicine.
HSG plays an important role in the evaluation of abnormalities related to the uterus and
fallopian tubes. Uterine abnormalities that can be detected at HSG include congenital anomalies,
polyps, leiomyomas, surgical changes, synechiae, and adenomyosis. Tubal abnormalities that can
be detected include tubal occlusion, salpingitis isthmica nodosum, polyps, hydrosalpinx, and
peritubal adhesions. Some complications can occur with HSG-most notably, bleeding and
infection-and awareness of the possible complications of HSG is essential. Nevertheless, HSG
remains a valuable tool in the evaluation of the uterus and fallopian tubes. Radiologists should
become familiar with HSG technique and the interpretation of HSG images. (c) RSNA, 2006.
[References: 16]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
<28>
Unique Identifier
16516617
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Baskin LS. Ebbers MB.
Authors Full Name
Baskin, Laurence S. Ebbers, Michele B.
Institution
Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, UCSF Children's Hospital, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA. lbaskin@urology.ucsf.edu
Title
Hypospadias: anatomy, etiology, and technique. [Review] [84 refs]
Comments
Comment in: J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Oct;41(10):1786; author reply 1786; PMID: 17011292]
Source
Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 41(3):463-72, 2006 Mar.
Abstract
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies defined by abortive development
of the urethral spongiosum, the ventral prepuce and in more severe cases penile chordee. The
etiology of hypospadias remains unknown with environmental exposure in the form of endocrine
disruptors the most likely explanation for the worldwide increase in incidence in the last three
decades. There are five sequential steps for the successful repair of hypospadias: 1) Orthoplasty
or penile straightening, 2) Urethroplasty, 3) Meatoplasty and Glanuloplasty, 4) Scrotoplasty, and
5) Skin Coverage. The major technical advances in hypospadias surgery that have improved
surgical outcomes are 1) Preservation of the urethral plate, 2) Incision of the urethral plate, 3)
Dorsal midline plication, 4) Deepithelized urethroplasty dartos flap coverage, and 5) Two stage
alternative techniques. This article reviews the pertinent embryology, anatomy and the most
common hypospadias reconstructive operations to accomplish a successful repair. [References:
84]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Review.
<29>
Unique Identifier
16365564
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Elsayes KM. Mukundan G. Narra VR. Abou El Abbass HA. Prasad SR. Brown JJ.
Authors Full Name
Elsayes, Khaled M. Mukundan, Govind. Narra, Vamsidhar R. Abou El Abbass, Hatem A.
Prasad, Srinivasa R. Brown, Jeffrey J.
Institution
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
63110, USA. elsayesk@mir.wustl.edu
Title
Endovaginal magnetic resonance imaging of the female urethra. [Review] [11 refs]
Source
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 30(1):1-6, 2006 Jan-Feb.
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is playing an important role in the clinical evaluation of
women presenting with urethral symptoms. Voiding cystourethrography, direct urethrography,
and pelvic sonography provide limited information on abnormalities that are in continuity with
the urethra. On the other hand, urethra and periurethral tissues can be noninvasively evaluated
by high-resolution endocavitary MRI. Because of its multiplanar capability and high tissue
contrast, endovaginal MRI is an extremely reliable diagnostic test in the evaluation of urethral
abnormalities. In this article, the utility of endovaginal MRI in the detection and characterization
of a wide spectrum of urethral pathologic conditions, such as congenital anomalies, diverticula,
urethritis, and benign and malignant neoplasms, is discussed. [References: 11]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.