Annex 1. Contribution to the terms of reference of the Workshop on fleetfishery based approach
Classification of fishing activities combined to a new fleet segmentation :
proposition to build an operational dataframe for the collection of fisheries
data.
Joël Vigneaua, Fabienne Dauresb, Sebastien Demanecheb, Christian Dintheerd, Patrick Lespagnole, Paul Marchalf,
Claude Merrieng, Alain Tétarda
a
Ifremer, DCMMN-HMMN Port-en-Bessin
Ifremer, DCB-EM Brest
d
Ifremer, DCN-EMH, Nantes
e
Ifremer, DCM-HMT, Sète
f
Ifremer, DCMMN-HMMN Boulogne/Mer
g
Ifremer, D, Lorient
b
Abstract
The inclusion of economic parameters in fisheries management has proved to be more problematic than initially
thought, especially when combined to the biological parameters. The reason is that the two estimation process
are sampling different populations, one is sampling the population of fishing trips while the other samples the
population of vessels. This document proposes first to stratify fishing activities regarding the gear used and the
species targeted, this stratification is aimed to enhance the precision of the biological sampling by shifting from
stock sampling to métier sampling. The fleet segmentation based on dominance criteria has shown instability of
the vessels remaining in one segment during several years. The new segmentation proposed here is more stable
and is supposed to empower the use for management purpose. In the last part of the document, both stratification
will be linked together to form a data collection grid authorising the association of both biological and economic
information. This three step process has been drawn from the French experience in order to start the reflection on
the enhancement of the European gathering program for fisheries data.
1. Introduction
Fisheries catch-at-age data have traditionally been collected on a stock basis for the purpose of stock assessments
and forecasts. Some attempts to turn to a fishery/métier based sampling have been undertaken in the European
framework with projects like FIEFA (FIEFA, 1995), SAMFISH (Anon, 2000) in Atlantic waters and
COPEMED (Coppola, 2000) in the Mediterranean. Sampling for biological parameters like discards, length/age
structure implies to refer to a population of fishing trips (Anon, 2003 and ICES 2004b). Fishing trip is defined as
the sampling unit and the population can be split into strata like quarter, gear types or more generally into strata
of similar exploitation pattern. The idea behind regrouping the fishing trips according to their exploitation
pattern is to improve the sampling precision by integrating the dynamics of fishing in an explicit way.
With regards to economic data, the sampling unit is the vessel throughout the year and the population is derived
from the fleet register. The segmentation proposed in appendix III and IV of the EC Regulation No 1639/2001
(hereafter called Data Collection Regulation, DCR) will be tested against two criteria: the stability of the vessels
and the variability of gross revenue in each segment. Based on the outcomes of this analysis, a new
segmentation will be proposed, and linked to the vessels’ annual fishing activity and capacity.
A major challenge of bio-economic modelling and also of management strategies evaluations, is to be able to
link input data collected under different sampling schemes and derived from different populations. The common
item of both the biological and the economic sampling scheme is not the stock, but the fishing activity. The
fishing activity at a yearly basis defines the economic strata and the fishing activity at the trip level defines the
exploitation pattern to sample.
This working document proposes a generic approach to split the fishing trips into groups of similar exploitation
pattern. These groups will be clustered in a hierarchical tree, which will represent the different levels of
biological sampling. The same concept will be applied to the fleets for economic sampling purpose. Those two
concepts will then be linked into a stock-based matrix where the different sampling levels could be positioned.
2. The population of fishing trips
By sampling or by census, the collection of data in fisheries science is often linked to a fishing trip. Catches,
discards, length or age structure, effort, CPUE can be linked to variables of interest like gear used, geographical
area, time of the year and species targeted. Grouping fishing trips into homogeneous sampling units raises three
issues. The first issue is to ensure that sampling units are homogeneous considering the variables of interest and
that all the variables are known at the population level (Cochran, 1977). The second issue is to define fishing
units with similar exploitation pattern so that sampling of biological parameters achieves minimal bias and
maximal precision. The third issue is to cluster the different fishing units into a hierarchical tree to enable
sampling at different levels of disagregation
2.1. Homogeneity of a fishing trip
Within a fishing trip, some vessels will use only one gear, target one (assemblage of) species into one
geographical area, but others will have a more flexible behaviour. Analysing the landings of one vessel can
prove difficult, when these landings result from a combination of gears and/or areas. Although, the most
appropriate way to sample biological parameters is in theory to sample onboard, there are practical difficulties in
implementing such a sampling procedure (ICES, 2005).
A good candidate for sampling unit would be the fishing operation, as a fishing operation is done with one gear,
targeting one (assemblage of) species in one area. However, there is currently no data sources (e.g. log-books)
documenting comprehensively total landings at the scale of the fishing operation. Therefore, it is currently not
possible to raise age-structured landings sampled by fishing operation to the total landings.
For that reason, the sampling unit will remain the trip, and the problem of vessels using several gears during the
main trip will have to be simplified considering only the main gear used. The problem of multi areas is more
difficult as different stocks could be caught during the same trip. One way to deal with this problem is to avoid
sampling these problematic voyages. The age structure of the landings of such voyages will be estimated using
biological samplings collected from single-area voyages.
2.2. Stratification based on fishing trips : the concept of métier
Fishing trips from vessels of similar characteristics, using one gear, targeting the same (assemblage of) species in
one area is the agreed definition of métier (ICES 2003 and 2004a, SGECA, 2004). There are hundreds of
different gears if one looks at their precise characteristics as there are an infinity of areas depending on the
definition of their frontiers. The notion of exploitation pattern is important here to discriminate two different
métiers or to aggregate others.
In France, hundreds of different métiers have been listed, as different as clam fishing on the beach, scallop
dredging, fixed net targeting crustaceans or saithe offshore trawling. There is no theoretical limit in the number
of métiers, as long as the fishing trips within the métiers strata do not overlap. For example, a vessel targeting
pelagic fish during the day with a pelagic trawl, and targeting sole during the night with a beam trawl will not
practice both pelagic and sole fishing métiers. To consider which is the principal métier practised, the rule taken
here is based on the most valuable species and the remaining species will be seen as by-catch. Another idea
would be to define a mixed pelagic-flatfish trawling metier, but this would cause confusion, especially in the
construction of the hierarchical tree (Cf. below).
2.3. Hierarchical model
For obvious practical reasons, it is not possible to sample the numerous French métiers at the most disaggregated
level, which has been identified in France. The main aim of a sampling plan is, (i) to estimate parameters with a
given precision and, (ii) to get the best compromise between quality and cost. This search of compromise
requires to sample at a more flexible level than the métier, which we refer to as the “métier family” or “super
métier” level. For example, the vessels targeting cod with demersal trawls during one fishing trip belong to the
same family as vessels targeting haddock and/or whiting and/or gadoid with demersal trawl if they fish in the
same area. For the purpose of length sampling, the population to sample will be the family of fishing trips were
gadoids were targeted. Other vessels in the same area can use demersal trawls to fish non-gadoid species, such as
squids or red mullet. In the purpose of discard sampling, it is more convenient to regroup all the gadoid and nongadoid fishing trips into a family of fishing trips using a demersal trawl. Table 1a to 1c present a generic
hierarchical tree, which could be applied to cluster a broad variety of fisheries.
For a given year, one vessel may have, (i) fished, (ii) been employed for the purpose of another activity than
fishing and, (iii) stopped any activity for reparation. This split into three categories is referred to as the the level
0 (table 1a). The sampling of some biological parameters, which are purely stock-based (e.g. maturity, weight at
length/age and the age/length key) could be envisaged at level 0.
During the time were the vessel has a fishing activity, this activity can be undertaken in the open sea, ashore or
in an estuary and this corresponds to the second level of the tree (level 1 of table 1a).
A vessel fishing in the open sea will operate mainly with one class of gear given the rule of paragraph 2.1. This
vessel may use this class of gear during a period of the year, and choose another one in a different period.
Switching between gear classes reflects the opportunistic behaviour of fishermen. The exhaustive list of classes
of gears available for fishing in the open sea is given on level 2 of table 1b. These classes of gears are then split
into more precise categories, gears families (level 3) and gears (level 4). The gears catalogue and coding
corresponding to level 4 (table 1b) are fully consistent with the international gear classification used by FAO
(Nedelec, 1982, Anon. 1994, Le Gall, 2004). Level 4 is a possible generic candidate for sampling discards.
With a specific gear (level 4), a vessel may target different species, depending on the fisher’s choice regarding
fishing grounds, fishing season and gear attributes. In the purpose of sampling for biological parameters, it is
impractical to split level 4 on the basis of all possible commercial species. For the sake of simplicity, groups of
species were constructed. Level 5 is then constructed by splitting the level 4 activities into gear specific targeted
groups of species (Shellfish, crustaceans, molluscs, benthic, demersal and pelagic fish). Level 5 is a possible
generic candidate for the biological sampling of the landings length distribution by stock.
The level 6 splits the species groups of level 5 into species families. This level is not meant to be generic and it
is presented here for the French case study. Level 6 is a possible candidate for the definition of Regional métiers
at the scale of a RAC.
Finally, level 7 is country specific and may contain as many métiers as necessary. Only one métier is given as an
example in table 1b.
Concerning the shore and estuary fishing (table 1c) only a sketch of hierarchical tree has been undertaken.
Coppola (2000) in the framework of COPEMED stresses the difficulty to carry out this kind of work in such an
heterogeneous population. This prototype hierarchical tree should be further examined by the forthcoming
STECF workshop on small-scale fisheries. Nevertheless, it has been thought important to propose at that stage a
basis structure relevant to shore and estuary fishing, in order to ensure consistency between the classification of
the open sea fishing activities (table 1b) and of the shore and estuary fishing activities (table 1c).
3. The population of vessels
For each country, the population of vessels is derived from the fleet register on a yearly basis. The vessels are
individually split into strata (or fleet segments defined by the DCR) on the basis of homogeneous fishing activity
and similar physical characteristics. Economic information must be collected for this population by sampling for
each segments defined by the DCR.
Theoretically, the vessel’s activity during a year can be defined with regards to the different métiers carried out
from January to December. The concept of métier has been presented previously (combination of gear/target
species/fishing areas) but for practical reasons, only the gear(s) used by the vessel was considered as selection
criterion. However, it must be recalled that the same gear can have different use depending on target species
and/or fishing areas.
The appendix III of the DCR is a little ambiguous, as the definitions of both fleet segment and of métier are
based on the gear used. Considering the fleet segment, the vessels are gathered in the same stratum when they
devote more or less time to one specific (type of) gear and when their physical characteristics are more or less
the same. This “more or less” rule is very important as it leads to some instability that will be discussed. Indeed,
the question is related to the efficiency of this stratification to (i) define an optimal sampling plan for the
collection of economic information and (ii) provide a stable stratification to analyze the evolution of economic
indicators over time. At last, the practical use of this economic information for the purpose of bio economic
modeling of fisheries must be discussed.
Briefly, the DCR considers the gear as the key point to gather vessels into fleets. The “bottom trawler’s fleet”
gather the vessels which have devoted the majority of their annual fishing time using the bottom trawl. Apart
from 6 “well known” categories of fleet (bottom trawl, pelagic trawl, beam trawl, netter, potter and hook) , 3
categories of polyvalent fleets exist (polyvalent mobile, polyvalent fixed gears and polyvalent mobile and fixed)
and some categories are created considering national cases (eel fleet in France for example). On the other hand,
the DCR considers the difference in physical characteristics of the vessels on the basis of 4 length categories
(less than 12 m., 12 to 24 m.; 24 to 40 m.; up to 40 meters). The crossing between fleet and length category
defines the segment or the stratum.
The objective of this part is to propose a new methodology for the definition of the stratum based on the
combination of gear and not on the dominance (for the fleet part) and on more classes of length categories for the
capacity part. Then, the two segmentations (First DCR segmentation, referred to as DCR_0, and a new generic
DCR segmentation, referred to as DCR_1) will be compared regarding their stability over the time and the
variability of economic indicators. Finally, a last DCR segmentation (referred to as DCR_2), more detailed than
the DCR_1 will also be presented, as a candidate for economic sampling in France.
3.1. From DCR_0 to DCR_1 fleet segmentations
The collection of information on fishing activity for each vessel of the French fleet register is done annually on
the basis of a questionnaire (see explanation later). Each vessel gives information on each métier (combination of
gear/target species and fishing areas) it practised for each month of the given year. The combination of gears
used during a year (disregarding when and for how long they have been used) is considered as a reasonable
proxy of the fishing activity, and this combination has been used as stratification criterion (IFREMER detailed
segmentation). Based on 2003 data, 30 large groups of vessel can be defined regarding the gear their use over the
year (Table 2).
Table 2 shows a large diversity of activities (defined on the basis of gear combination) represented in each first
DCR fleet. The bottom trawl fleet is composed with vessels using bottom trawl exclusively, mix bottom and
pelagic trawl, but also vessels which combined trawl and dredge or trawl and eel gear over the year. The time
allocated to each gear could be used as a criterion for another first DCR fleet. Finally, two vessels with the same
size can belong to the same Ifremer’s detailed segment but to different first DCR fleets and this is problematic as
the IFREMER detailed segment reveals a kind of homogeneity in economic indicators especially in terms of
investment and gross earnings.
The intensity of activity combined with physical capacity (measured with the length for example and/or the size
of the crew) are going to produce a certain level of gross earnings per year. The classification into 4 length
category can be discussed and a classification into 6 or sometimes 8 lengths category seems to be more realistic
and representative of the increasing function of the earning with the size of the vessel (table 3).
Table 4 shows the composition of the fleet within the new DCR_1 segmentation: 1) mobile and passive gears
are still differenciated, 2) no more categories of polyvalent fleet, 3) more length categories taking account of the
high correlation (sensitivity) between the size of the fleet and the size of production and investment (in value).
DCR_1 improves the stability of the segmentation (tables 5 and 6) and the precision of economic indicators. In
addition, this regulation presents a simple rule for allocating vessels into fleets. Indeed, as soon as a vessel has
invested in the trawl, the possibility of affectation is only two fleets: exclusive trawlers if it has got only trawls
on board (bottom and or pelagic), non exclusive if it combines trawl with another gear, whatever it is, mobile or
not. This is mainly motivated by the fact that the investment in trawl is very massive for a vessel owner.
For 4 years now and on a yearly basis, the IFREMER Observatory system is collecting activity information (all
the métier that have been practiced each month over the year) on each vessel registered in the national
administration database. This allows to analyze and to compare the stability of each segmentation (tables 5 and
6). The population of vessels present over the 4 years is 3715 vessels. The new DCR is more stable (74% of the
vessels remain in their previous fleet over the period, compared to 60%). Moreover, if the majority of split is
related to only 2 fleets in the first DCR (31%), the number of go/back is important (18% of vessels have change
their fleet two or 3 times over the period). Some fleets are less stable than other and this is particularly the case
for polyvalent fleets (table 7).
3.2. From DCR_1 to DCR_2 fleet segmentations
While DCR_1 is a candidate for a generic fleet segmentation, sampling could be carried out at a more
disaggregated level. Based on an economic analysis similar to 3.1, a DCR_2 segmentation is proposed for the
French fleets (Table 8).
4. Linkage between fishing trips and vessels
4.1. Activity calendar
During the year, one vessel can practice several métiers. Each combination of métiers may characterise one
single vessel. At the regional and stock level, it is possible to fill the fleet/métier grid (table 9) with the total
effort and the total landings from the stock. Effort can be defined, either by the hours/ days at sea/ days fishing,
or using the number of months of activities as a first proxy. The latter, used in France, is available for all vessels,
irrespective of their size. The originality of the French sampling program is that the sampling survey is carried
out to gather a census of the fishing activities throughout the year on a monthly basis for all the vessels
belonging to the fleet register. The knowledge of this information is essential to get a picture of the reality of the
fishing activities and enable raising procedure of any kind of biological sampling.
4.2. Biological and economic sampling
Biological samples taken for a family of métier will apply identically for all the relevant fleets. That means that
when a non exclusive trawler [12-16m[ targets sole with a Trammel net at a certain moment of the year, the
biological sampling related to Trammel nets apply to this vessel during that time. In the grid proposed table 9,
the same biological samples will be found at the intersection of column Trammel nets [GTR] and the lines
 Non exclusive trawler [12-16m[,
 Other towed gear >=12m.,
 Exclusive netter [12-16m.[ and
 Other fixed gear >=12m.
For the lines comprising the vessel size [12-16 m.[ amongst others (>=12m.), the biological samples will be
combined with those taken for the other relevant length classes. The knowledge of the activity calendar (Cf.
above) allows to make this combination with respect to the size of each length class strata. The size of the strata
can be defined either as the effort or the total landings documented in the strata. The discard samples work
identically at an upper level, and the discard values are split in each relevant cell of the grid.
The linkage between biological and economic samples is done when the biological samples are split in the
column of the fleet/métier grid. The economic performance of a fleet will be dependent on the diversity of
activities and this diversity is described by parameters of effort and production related to the exhaustive métiers
performed by the fleet on a Regional scale.
4.3. Focus on specific species
This process enables special focus on a particular métier and a particular fleet segment, for example, discards of
vessels of 12 – 24 m. targeting nephrops with otter trawl. Within the level sampled for discards (vessels using
Bottom otter trawl), the vessels targeting nephrops share the effort and the production with vessels of the same
length using the same gear on the same area at the same time but not targeting nephrops. The column Bottom
otter trawl has to be split in several columns at a national level with respect to the hierarchical tree defined
above. For special cases, it will be needed to go down to level 5 or level 6 of the hierarchical tree as shown in
table 10 for the particular case of fishing trips using a bottom trawl and targeting nephrops. At a national level, a
Member State can sample as precise as necessary for particular need, the only counterpart being to build a strata
for sampling the remaining trips.
5. Discussion and conclusions





A generic matrix data frame (fleet X fishing activity) is proposed to structure both biological and
economic sampling in a standard way
The columns of the matrix could be used as biological sampling units to sample purely stock based
biological data (level 0), discards data (level 5), market landings (level 6). Levels 0-5 are meant to be
generic, level 6 could be RAC-dependent, level 7 could be country-dependent.
The lines of the matrix could be used as economic sampling units. Level DCR_1 is meant to be generic,
while level DCR_2 could be RAC or country-dependent.
The rationale for identifying strata of fishing activity is, in the French case study, experts knowledge.
Other methods could include cluster analyses or arbitrary classification using fisheries inputs (e.g.
combined gear, mesh size and fishing area).
The rationale for identifying fleet segments is, in the French case study, based on the analysis of fleet
stability and gross revenues variability. Other economic criteria could include e.g. the variability of
operational costs
6. References
Anonymous 1994. Bulletin of fishery statistics.. N°34. Rome, FAO. 1994. 448 pp.
Anonymous 2000. Final report of CFP Study Project 99/009. Improving Sampling of Western and Southern
European Atlantic Fisheries, - SAMFISH.
Anonymous 2001. "Final report of CFP Study Project 98/075, Evaluation of market sampling strategies for a
number of commercially exploited stocks in the North Sea and development of procedures for consistent
data storage and retrieval (software) - EMAS."
Anonymous 2003. Workshop on Discard Sampling Methodology and Raising Procedures. Charlottenlund,
Denmark. 2 – 4 September, 2003 in ICES (2004)
Cochran, W. G. 1977. Sampling techniques, John Wiley and Sons.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1639/2001 of 25 July 2001 on establishing the minimum and extended
Community programmes for the collection of data in the fisheries sector and laying down detailed rules for
the application of the Council Regulation (EC) No 1543/2000.
Coppola, S.R. 2000. Inventory of Artisanal Fishery Communities in the Western-Central Mediterranean. FAO,
Rome. FAO-COPEMED Project. 75 pp.
FIEFA, 1995: Providing a Framework to Improve the Assessment of the main Demersal and Pelagic Fisheries in
Western Europe EU Study project 95/013.
George, J.P, Nedelec, C. 1991. Dictionnaire des engins de pêche. Editions Ouest-France. 278 pp.
ICES, 2003. Report of the Study Group on the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts. ICES C.M. 2003 /
ACFM:08 Ref. D, 37 pp.
ICES, 2004a. Report of the Study Group on the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts. 37-30 January 2004.
Ostend, Belgium. ICES C.M. 2004 / ACFM:11 Ref. D, 41 pp.
ICES 2004b. Report of the Planning Group on Commercial Catch, Discards and Biological Sampling, 2–5
March 2004 Mallorca, Spain. ICES CM 2004/ACFM:13, 75 pp.
ICES. 2005. Report of the Workshop on Sampling Design for Fisheries Data, 1-3 February 2005, Pasajes, Spain.
ICES CM 2005/ACFM:11, 78 pp.
Le Gall, J.Y., 2004. Engins, techniques et méthodes des pêches maritimes. Editions TEC & DOC ed. 2004. 367p.
Nedelec, C. 1982. Définition et classification des catégories d’engins de pêche. FAO, Doc. Tec. Pêches,
(222):51p.
Level 1
FISHING ACTIVITY
ASHORE OR ESTUARY OPEN SEA
Level 0
OTHER ACTIVITY
THAN FISHING
INACTIVE
Level 2 - 7
DREDGES
TRAWL
HOOKS AND LINES
POTS
NETS
SEINE NETS
DREDGES
DIVING
SHORE FISHING
HOOKS AND LINES
TRAPS
NETS
SEINE NETS
Harvest gear
TAMIS
Table 1b
Table 1c
Charter
Charter for game fisheries
Charter for game fisheries
Culture
Culture
Culture
Inactive
Inactive
Inactive
Table 1a : Hierarchical tree for metiers. Levels 0 and 1
Classes of gears
Level 2
Family of gears
Level 3
Gears
Level 4
Gear + Group of species
Level 5
Gear + species family
Level 6
Gear + Species (examples)
Level 7
DREDGES
Dredges
Dredge [DRB]
DRB Shellfish
DRB Pectenids
DRB Clams
DRB Scallop
DRB Venus
TRAWL
Bottom trawl
Bottom otter trawl [OTB]
OTB Shellfish
OTB Crustaceans
OTB Pectenids
OTB Nephropidae
OTB Shrimps
OTB flatfish
OTB Other Benthic fish
OTB Deep water fish
OTB Gadoids
OTB Demersal fish (nei)
OTB cephalopods
OTB Queen scallop
OTB Nephrops norvegicus
OTB Brown shrimp
OTB Sole
OTB Rays
OTB Roundose Grenadier
OTB Saithe
OTB Red mullet
OTB Cuttle fish
OTT flatfish
OTT Benthic fish (nei)
OTT Nephropidae
OTT Shrimps
OTT Sole
OTB Rays
OTT Nephrops norvegicus
OTT Brown shrimp
OTB Benthic fish
OTB Demersal fish
OTB Demersal others
Otter Twin Trawl [OTT]
OTT Benthic fish
OTT Crustaceans
HOOKS AND LINES
Beam Trawl [TTB]
TTB Benthic fish
TTB Crustaceans
TTB Flatfish
TTB Shrimps
TTB Sole
TTB Brown shrimp
Pelagic trawl
Pelagic Otter Trawl [OTM]
Pelagic Pair Trawl [PTM]
OTM Pelagic fish
PTM Pelagic fish
OTM Small pelagics
PTM Small pelagics
OTM Sardine
PTM Sea bass
Rod and lines
Hand lines [LH]
LH Demersal
LH Gadoids
LH Demersal (nei)
LH Large pelagics
LH Pollack
LH Sea bass
LH Dolphinfish (coyphene)
LH Pelagic fish
POTS
Trolling lines [LTL]
LTL Pelagics
LTL Large pelagics
LTL Small pelagics
LTL Swordfish
LTL Mackerel
Longlines
Drifted Longlines [LLD]
Fixed Longlines [LLS]
LLD Pelagic fish
LLS Demersal fish
LLS Benthic fish
LLD Large pelagics
LLS Gadoids
LLS Sharks
LLS Congers
LLD Marlin
LLS Hake
LLS Dogfish
LLS European conger
Pots
Pots [FPO]
FPO Molluscs
FPO Gastropods
FPO Cephalopods
FPO Small crustaceans
FPO Large crustaceans
FPO Demersal tropical
FPO Whelks
FPO Cuttle fish
FPO Common prawn
FPO European lobster
FPO Red snapper
GNS_LM Spider crab
GNS_LM Turbot
GNS_LM Rays
GNS_SM Cod
GNS_SM Sole
GTR Sole
GTR Cuttle fish
FPO Crustaceans
FPO fish
NETS
GNS Large Mesh (>200 mm)
GNS_LM Crustaceans
GNS_LM Fbenthic fish
GNS Small Mesh
GNS_SM Demersal fish
GNS_SM Benthic fish
GTR Benthic fish
GTR Molluscs
GNS_LM Large crustaceans
GNS_LM Flatfish
GNS_LM Benthic fish (nei)
GNS_SM Gadoids
GNS_SM Flatfish
GTR Flatfish
GTR Cephalopods
GND Large Mesh
GND_LM pelagics fish
GND_LM Large pelagics
GND_LM Yellowfin tuna
GND Small Mesh
GND_SM Pelagic fish
GND_SM Small pelagics
GND_SM Herring
Encircling seines
Purse Seine [PS]
Lamparo nets [LA]
PS Fish
LA Fish
PS Large pelagics
PS Small pelagics
PS Bluefin tuna
PS Sardine
Seines (nei)
Seine hauled on board [SV]
SV Fish
SV Small pelagics
SV Sardine
Fixed Nets
Trammel nets [GTR]
DriftNets
SEINE NETS
Table 1b :Hierarchical tree for Fishing activity – Open Sea. Levels 2 to 7
Classes of gears
Level 2
DREDGES
DIVING
Family of gears
Level 3
dredges
Diving
Gears
Level 4
Gear + Group of species
Level 5
Gear + species family
Level 6
Gear + Species (examples)
Level 7
Hand Dredges [DRH]
DRH Shellfish
DRH Clams
DRH Grooved carpet shell
Dredges [DRB]
DRB Algae
DRB Algae
DRB Gelidium
Free diving Shellfish
Free diving Clams
Free diving Grooved carpet shell
Free diving fish
Free diving Demersal
Free diving ??
Scuba diving Shellfish
Scuba diving Gastropods
Scuba diving European abalone
LTSF Clams
LTSF Common cockle
LA Small pelagics
LA Sardine
Tamis Glass eels
Tamis Glass eel
Free diving
Scuba diving
SHORE FISHING
Low Tide Shore fishing
LTSF
LTSF Shellfish
HOOKS AND LINES
Lines
Lines [LH]
LH Pelagic
LH Demersal
LH Benthic
Longline [LLS]
LLS Demersal fish
LLS Pelagic fish
LLS Benthic fish
TRAPS
Fixed Traps
Fykes [FYK]
Stow nets [FSN]
Barrier, … [FWR]
FYK coastal species
FSN coastal species
FWR coastal species
Aerial traps [FAR]
FAR coastal species
Other traps
NETS
Fixed Nets [GNS]
Fixed Nets on stakes [GNF]
Other Fixed Nets [GN]
Lift Nets
Lifted Nets from shore [LNS]
LNS Fish
Portable Lifted Nets [LNP]
Encircling nets
Encircling Gillnets [GNC]
Lamparo nets [LA]
LA Fish
Falling nets
FCN
FCN fish
SEINE NETS
Seine nets
Beach seines [SB]
Harvest gear
Tickle Chain
Tickle Chain
SB Crustaceans
SB Fish
Tickle Chain Algae
TAMIS
Tamis
Tamis
Tamis Glass eels
Table 1c : Sketch of a hierarchical tree for Fishing activity – Ashore or Estuary. Levels 2 to 7
Appendix III of the current DCR
Polyvalent
gears
Trawl and fixed gear
7
Seiner
35
8
Tropical seiner
26
9
Dredge exclusively
75
10
Dredge & other gear except trawl
59
11
Eel gear exclusively
123
12
Eel gear & other gear except trawl
140
13
Netter exclusively
14
Netter with other fixed gear except potter and hook
15
Netter & Potter exclusively
16
Netter & Potter principally
17
Netter and Hook exclusively
18
Netter and Hook principally
19
Potter exclusively
20
Potter with other fixed gear except netter and hook
21
Potter and Hook exclusively
22
Potter and Hook principally
23
Liner exclusively
75
24
Liner with other fixed gear except potter and netter
2
25
Longliner exclusively
59
26
Longliner with other fixed gear except potter and netter
1
1
27
Liner and Longliner exclusively
40
40
28
Liner and Longliner with other fixed gear except potter and netter
4
4
29
Dakar canning
5
30
Other fixed gear
31
Farming
6
32
Other activities
2
2
33
Inactive
119
119
127
3 935
555
33
11
2
141
53
20
467
17
158
30
68
63
9
224
1
63
160
125
2
12
4
28
4
4
2
1
38
26
75
8
5
32
49
33
4
140
42
58
15
21
12
330
123
288
410
2
7
1
410
11
13
101
96
31
26
13
46
92
14
123
53
56
8
9
228
25
43
189
1
189
5
1
6
38
27
10
75
8
8
15
32
75
1
5
6
Total
19
1 019
158
294
90
3
59
69
283
373
725
386
143
94
3
224
Table 2 : crossing over Atlantic and North Sea French fleet 2003 segmentation vs Appendix III of the DCR.
Length size
< 12 meters
Total
Inactive
Trawl and Eel gear
6
gears
5
Combining mobile and passive
Trawl & Dredge
Others (to be specified)
4
Polyvalent
Pelagic trawl exclusively
Pots and traps
3
Drift and fixed nets
94
Gears using hooks
548
1
Others (to be specified)
7
Mix bottom and pelagic trawl
Polyvalent
Bottom trawl exclusively
2
Dredges
1
Ifremer detailed segmentation
Pelagic trawl and seiners
Demersal trawl and demersal seiner
Passive gears
Beam trawl
Mobile gears
Number of vessel (Eco sample)
Average gross earnings (€)
St deviation gross earnings
Average lenght (cm)
Average size of crew
Average number of days at sea
[12-24[ m
Number of vessel (Eco sample)
Average gross earnings (€)
St deviation gross earnings
Average lenght (cm)
Average size of crew
Average number of days at sea
[24-40[ m
Number of vessel (Eco sample)
Average gross earnings (€)
St deviation gross earnings
Average lenght (cm)
Average size of crew
Average number of days at sea
< 7 meters [7-9[ m
[9-12[ m
Average
428
90
145
193
37 003
69 717
152 510
100 172
22 277
45 572
88 898
82 167
874
616
796
1 053
2
1
1
2
179
147
183
190
[12-16[ m
[16-20[ m
[20-24[ m
Average
128
62
33
33
325 581
490 164
768 698
482 254
143 752
183 513
223 494
253 607
1 692
1 398
1 735
2 201
5
4
6
7
209
194
196
251
[24-40[ m
Average
22
22
1 030 649
1 030 649
282 518
282 518
2 790
2 790
9
9
237
237
Table 3 : Difference in principal economic parameters between sub-population of vessel length size.
78
6
FLEET
length size (m)
< 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
Exclusive trawler
[16-20[ m.
[20-24[ m.
[24-40[ m.
>= 40m.
> 12 m.
Non exclusive trawler
[12-16[ m.
>= 16m.
< 40 m.
Seiner
>= 40 m.
Other towed gear
< 12 m.
>= 12 m.
< 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
Exclusive netter
[16-20[ m.
[20-24[ m.
>= 24 m.
Other fixed gear
< 12 m.
>= 12 m.
Inactive
All
Table 4 : Proposed segmentation of the fleet (DCR_1)
Number of change
current DCR
Number of
vessels
%
New proposal
Number of
vessels
%
No change
2227
60%
2747
74%
1 change
823
22%
636
17%
2 changes
526
14%
285
8%
3 changes
139
4%
47
1%
Total changes
1488
40%
968
26%
Table 5 : Number of vessels that have moved from one fleet to another during a four year period. Difference
between the current DCR (DCR_0) and the new proposed segmentation (DCR_1).
Mobile gears
Passive gears
Polyvalent gears
Inactive
Beam trawl
Demersal trawl and demersal seiner
Pelagic trawl and seiners
Dredges
Polyvalent
Others (to be specified)
Gears using hooks
Drift and fixed nets
Pots and traps
Polyvalent
Others (to be specified)
Combining mobile and passive gears
mean number of % of vessels having changed of % of vessels having changed of
vessels per year segment from one year to another segment on a four year period
17
42%
80%
990
9%
21%
148
11%
22%
260
24%
50%
112
69%
91%
277
26%
55%
343
17%
36%
674
16%
35%
361
16%
35%
140
55%
83%
67
20%
49%
223
38%
62%
98
41%
80%
Table 6 : Stability of the segments defined in appendix III of the DCR from 2001 to 2004 for the French fleet.
Fleet segmentation proposal
Exclusive trawler
Non exclusive trawler
Seiner
Other towed gears
Exclusive netter
Other fixed gear
Inactive
mean number of % of vessels having changed of
vessels per year segment from one year to another
750
5%
671
10%
50
6%
783
14%
389
17%
975
13%
98
41%
% of vessels having changed of
segment on a four year period
9%
20%
11%
27%
36%
26%
80%
Table 7 : Stability of the proposed segmentation from 2001 to 2004 for the French fleet
Table 8. From DCR_1 fleet segmentation to DCR_2 fleet segmentation
FLEET
Exclusive trawler
Non exclusive trawler
Seiner
Other towed gear
Exclusive netter
Other fixed gear
Inactive
Table 9: Grid of effort or production disagregated by fleet and gears (level 4 of the hierarchical tree)
Inactive
Other activity than fishing
Fishing on shore or in Estuary
Seine hauled on board [SV]
Lamparo nets [LA]
Purse Seine [PS]
GND Small Mesh
GND Large Mesh
Trammel nets [GTR]
GNS Small Mesh
GNS Large Mesh (>200 mm)
Pots [FPO]
Fixed Longlines [LLS]
Drifted Longlines [LLD]
Trolling lines [LTL]
Hand lines [LH]
Pelagic Pair Trawl [PTM]
Pelagic Otter Trawl [OTM]
Beam Trawl [TTB]
Otter Twin Trawl [OTT]
Bottom otter trawl [OTB]
Dredge [DRB]
length size (m)
< 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
[16-20[ m.
[20-24[ m.
[24-40[ m.
>= 40m.
> 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
>= 16m.
< 40 m.
>= 40 m.
< 12 m.
>= 12 m.
< 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
[16-20[ m.
[20-24[ m.
>= 24 m.
< 12 m.
>= 12 m.
All
Dredge [DRB]
Level 5
Level 6
FLEET
length size (m)
< 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
[16-20[ m.
Exclusive trawler
[20-24[ m.
[24-40[ m.
>= 40m.
> 12 m.
Non exclusive trawler [12-16[ m.
>= 16m.
< 40 m.
Seiner
>= 40 m.
< 12 m.
Other towed gear
>= 12 m.
< 12 m.
[12-16[ m.
Exclusive netter
[16-20[ m.
[20-24[ m.
>= 24 m.
< 12 m.
Other fixed gear
>= 12 m.
All
Inactive
Otter Twin Trawl [OTT]
OTB Crustaceans OTB Crustaceans (nei)
OTT Crustaceans
OTT Crustaceans (nei)
OTB Nephropidae OTB Nephropidae (nei)
OTT Nephropidae
OTT Nephropidae (nei)
Beam Trawl [TTB]
Bottom otter trawl [OTB]
Level 4
Table 10: Example of particular focus on trawling for nephrops métier in the purpose of biological sampling