Test Bank
to accompany
Introduction to Physical
Education, Exercise Science,
and Sport Studies
8th Edition
Angela Lumpkin
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport Studies-Dynamic Fields
Chapter 2
Exercise and Sport Sciences
Chapter 3
The Profession Of Physical Education, Exercise Science, And Sport
Chapter 4
Philosophy of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Chapter 5
Selecting a Career
Chapter 6
Preparation for a Career
Chapter 7
Early Heritage in Sports and Gymnastics
Chapter 8
Early American Physical Education and Sport
Chapter 9
Twentieth And Twenty-first Century Physical Education, Exercise Science,
And Sport
Chapter 10 Opportunities and Challenges in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Chapter 11 Issues in Sports
Chapter 12 Leadership for Active Living
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 1
Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport Studies- Dynamic Fields
Short Answer
1.Name and describe the five components of health-related physical fitness.
Ans: Cardiorespiratory endurance — The ability of the lungs, heart, and blood vessels to deliver
adequate amounts of oxygen to the cells to meet the demands of prolonged physical activity
Muscular strength — The ability to exert maximum force against resistance
Muscular endurance — The ability of muscles to exert sub-maximal force repeatedly over a
period of time
Flexibility — The ability of a joint to move freely through its full range of motion
Body composition — Percent body fat or lean body mass
2.What is included in sports?
Ans: Physical activities governed by formal or informal rules that involve competition against an
opponent or oneself and are engaged in for fun, recreation, or reward
3. What are the F.I.T.T. principles?
Ans: Frequency — how often a person should train
Intensity — how hard a person should exercise
Time — how long or the duration a person should exercise
Type — kind or mode of exercise performed
4.What is the principle of training of reversibility?
Ans: Describes what occurs when fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are
lowered.
5. What is the principle of training of progression?
Ans: Increasing gradually the stress on the muscles so the body can adapt
6. What is speed?
Ans: The skill-related ability to exert force rapidly through a combination of strength and speed
7. What are the two goals of Healthy People 2010?
Ans: Increase quality and years of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities
8. What are the three outcomes or objectives of physical education and two examples of each?
Ans: Cognitive — enhancements in academic performance, learning ability, and motivation
Affective — increases in self-confidence, stress management, and positive interactions with
1
people
Psychomotor — improvements in health, fitness, heart functioning, strength, fundamental
movement skills, and sport skills
True or False
1.Sportsmanship, discipline, self-confidence, and stress management are desirable affective
outcomes of physical education, exercise science, and sport programs.
Ans: T
2. Daily physical education is currently required for all students in kindergarten through the
twelfth grade throughout the United States.
Ans: F
3. The number and percentage of individuals in the United States with obesity is increasing
annually.
Ans: T
4. Increased cognitive involvement in physical education usually leads to a better understanding
of the activity and better execution of skills.
Ans: T
5. Senior citizens should not participate in vigorous activity because of cardiovascular problems,
osteoporosis, and arthritis.
Ans: F
6. The Healthy People 2010 goals have nearly been achieved by individuals of all ages.
Ans: F
7 One valued outcome of a school physical education program is to help students learn how to
achieve and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Ans: T
8. According to the research findings of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, for
most health outcomes, additional benefits occur as the amount of physical activity increases
through higher intensity, greater frequency, and/or longer duration.
Ans: T
9. Physical activity and physical fitness mean the same thing.
Ans: F
10. Individuals with chronic medical conditions should avoid physical activity.
Ans: F
2
11.Many of the beneficial affects of exercise training from both endurance and resistance
activities diminish within two weeks if physical activity is substantially reduced, and benefits
disappear within two to eight months if physical activity is not resumed.
Ans: T
12. According to the Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health (1996), regular
physical activity is necessary for maintaining normal muscle strength, joint structure, and joint
function.
Ans: T
13. A benefit of physical activity is controlling blood pressure.
Ans: T
14. Lack of motivation, time, money, physical skills, and knowledge prohibit many people’s
participation in physical activities.
Ans: T
15. Muscular strength and muscular endurance mean the same thing.
Ans: F
16. Physical activity must be vigorous, defined as exercising above the target heart rate zone, in
order to be beneficial.
Ans: F
17. There is no positive relationship between work productivity and level of physical fitness.
Ans: F
18. Wellness includes the emotional, mental, physical, social, and spiritual factors that lead to an
overall state of well-being, quality of life, and ability to contribute to society.
Ans: T
19. Physical activity, while beneficial, does not reduce the risk of hypertension, colon cancer,
and diabetes.
Ans: F
3
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of skill-related physical fitness?
A. Balance
B. Frequency
C. Intensity
D. Muscular strength
E. Perceptual-motor skills
Ans: A
2. According to the Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health, which of the
following conclusions is factual?
A. Most American adults regularly participate in physical activity
B. Only people below the age of 60 can benefit from regular physical activity
C. Regular physical activity greatly reduces the risk of dying from coronary heart disease
D. Significant health benefits only can be obtained by exercising vigorously for 30 minutes
most, if not all, days of the week
E. None of the above is factual.
Ans: C
3. What is the principle of training that is defined changing equipment, exercises, and
activities to avoid boredom, reduce risk of overuse injuries, and increase motivation or
adherence?
A. Regularity
B. Overload
C. Progression
D. Variety
E. Individualism
Ans: D
4. Which of the following describes the principle of training specificity?
A. Changing equipment, exercises, and activities to avoid boredom, reduce risk of overuse
injuries, and increase motivation or adherence
B. Fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered
C. Increasing gradually the stress on the muscles so the body can adapt
D. Placing increasing amounts of stress on the body to cause adaptations that improve fitness
E. Training exact areas of muscles, energy systems, and ranges of motion to improve fitness
Ans: E
5. Expecting students to demonstrate good sportsmanship during class activities is an
example of which type of physical education objective?
A. Affective
B. Cognitive
C. Nationalistic
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D. Naturalistic
E. Psychomotor
Ans: A
6. In designing and implementing a fitness program, what are the four most important
principles to implement?
A. Frequency, intensity, time, and type
B. Frequency, progression, rest, and individualization
C. Intensity, progression, specificity, and reversibility
D. Intensity, time, progression, and specificity
E. Time, type, variety, and recovery
Ans: A
7. Which of the following is an objective of Healthy People 2010?
A. Increase the proportion of adolescents who spend at least 50% of school physical
education class time being physically active
B. Increase the proportion of adults who engage regularly, preferably daily, in vigorous
physical activity for 60 or more minutes at least five days per week
C. Mandate that city and county recreation departments provide physical activity programs
for individuals with special needs
D. Require daily physical education for all school children
E. All of the above are included in Healthy People 2010.
Ans: A
8. Which of the following is not related to skill-related physical fitness?
A. Agility
B. Balance
C. Coordination
D. Reaction time
E. All of the above are related to skill-related physical fitness.
Ans: E
9. Which of these is a manipulative skill?
A. Eye-hand coordination
B. Striking
C. Twisting
D. Walking
E. All of the above are manipulative skills
Ans: B
9. Which of the following is not a research-proven benefit of physical activity?
A. Reduced risk of osteoporosis
B. Reduced risk of diabetes
C. Increased eye-hand coordination
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D. Increased maintenance of healthy bones, muscles, and joints
E. Increased alertness and ability to learn
Ans: C
10. Which of these following is a benefit of flexibility?
A. Enhances circulation of the blood and healing of muscular injuries
B. Enhances muscle fiber adaptation and hypertrophy
C. Increases muscular strength
D. Improves range of motion of joints
E. Both A and D
Ans: E
11.Which of the following would not be an example of an area of development within the
psychomotor objective?
A. Cardiorespiratory endurance
B. Flexibility
C. Learning sports rules
D. Locomotor skills
E. Perceptual-motor skills
Ans: D
12. Which of the objectives for physical education, exercise science, and sport includes the
evaluation, application, synthesis, analysis, comprehension, and acquisition of knowledge?
A. Affective
B. Cognitive
C. Health-related physical fitness
D. Psychomotor
E. Skill-related physical fitness
Ans: B
Discussion
1. What is exercise science?
Ans: The scientific analysis of the human body in motion, which encompasses exercise
physiology, biomechanics, kinesiology, anatomy, physiology, motor behavior, and athletic
training.
2. What is the purpose of physical education, exercise science, and sport programs?
Ans: To optimize quality of life through a long-term commitment to enjoyable physical activity
and sport experiences that will meet the varied needs of all individuals.
3. What are basic locomotor and non-locomotor movements?
Ans: Locomotor movements include walking, running, jumping, leaping, and sliding
6
Non-locomotor movements include stretching, twisting, pushing, lifting, and swinging.
4. What are three examples of skill-related physical, and what does each mean?
Ans: Agility — ability to change directions rapidly and accurately
Balance — ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary or moving
Coordination — ability to perform motor tasks smoothly and accurately
Power — ability to exert force rapidly through a combination of strength and speed
Reaction time — ability to respond or react quickly to a stimulus
Speed — ability to quickly perform a movement
5. What are several reasons why people may choose not to be physically active?
Ans: Lack of leisure time; lack of money; lack of access to facilities and equipment; no
available programs; family or work responsibilities; lack of interest; preference for sedentary
activities such as watching television or videos, playing computer games, or surfing the web;
lack of knowledge and skills about how to participate in sports.
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CHAPTER 2
Exercise and Sport Sciences
Short Answer
1. What is a formal body of knowledge discovered, developed, and disseminated through
scholarly research and inquiry?
Ans: Academic discipline
2. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the internal processes associated
with movement or repetitive actions that result in changes in response or performance?
Ans: Motor learning
3. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study and application of the prevention,
analysis, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries?
Ans: Athletic training
4. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the social relationships of gender,
race, ethnicity, class, and culture in the context of sport and the social behavior of
individuals, groups, organizations, institutions, and societies in sporting context?
Ans: Sport sociology
5. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of human behavior in sport, including
an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill performance?
Ans: Sport and exercise psychology
6. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the maturation and changes in
motor behavior throughout life and the factors that affect them?
Ans: Motor development
7. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the theoretical and applied aspects
of leading, planning, organizing, staffing, funding, and conducting sporting events?
Ans: Sport management
8. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the anatomical and physiological
effects of natural laws and internal and external forces acting on the human body during
movement?
Ans: Sport biomechanics
9. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the beliefs and values of humans
as displayed within sport along with an analysis of their meaning and significance?
Ans: Sport philosophy
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10. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the body’s response to physical
activity and stress?
Ans: Exercise physiology
11. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the descriptive and analytical
examination of significant people, events, organizations, and trends that shaped the past?
Ans: Sport history
True or False
1. A sport psychologist may use biofeedback to help athletes relax or control their arousal
levels.
Ans: T
2. An academic discipline by definition must practically apply its body of knowledge.
Ans: F
3. Because dietary factors often affect physical performances, some exercise physiologists
conduct research relative to nutritional factors.
Ans: T
4. Methods of practice, such as whole or part and physical or mental, are often studied by the
sport sociologist.
Ans: F
5. Sport biomechanists use treatment modalities such as ultrasound, whirlpool, and ice massage.
Ans: F
6. Exercise physiologists, sport biomechanists, and athletic trainers may conduct joint research
projects concerning ways to prevent injuries.
Ans: T
7. Motor development applies only to learning of motor skills by children.
Ans: F
8. Applied sport psychology focuses on using an understanding psychological theories and
techniques to help athletes improve their performances.
Ans: T
9. A sport philosopher studies the optimal frequency, intensity, and duration of an effective
conditioning program.
Ans: F
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10. Motor learning specialists and sport psychologists are interested in studying how imaging
may improve an athlete’s performance.
Ans: T
11. Sport historians study sportsmanship and other aspects of ethical behavior in sports.
Ans: F
12. The first step in the research process or scientific method is to ask a research question or state
a problem that is measurable.
Ans: T
13. Art, music, and literature enjoy numerous synergies and relationships with the exercise and
sport sciences.
Ans: T
14. Knowledge of results and feedback are associated with motor learning.
Ans: T
15. A sport manager uses computer-enhanced images to analyze and improve the performance of
sport skills.
Ans: F
16. Exercise physiologists investigate the biochemical reactions that supply muscles with energy.
Ans: T
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the exercise and sports sciences is described by the maturation and changes in
motor behavior throughout life and individuals progressing from unskilled movements to the
learning of complex motor patterns?
A. Motor development
B. Motor learning
C. Sport and exercise psychology
D. Sport biomechanics
E. Sport sociology
Ans: A
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of an academic discipline?
A. Body of scholarly knowledge
B. Code of ethics
C. Intrinsic motivation for serving others
D. Practical application
E. All of the above are descriptive of an academic discipline
10
Ans: A
3. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of human behavior in sport, including
an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill performance?
A. Exercise physiology
B. Motor learning
C. Motor development
D. Sport philosophy
E. Sport and exercise psychology
Ans: E
4. Specialists in this exercise and sport science study the mechanical principles of force
application and absorption, leverage, and stability.
A. Athletic training
B. Sport biomechanics
C. Sport management
D. Sport and exercise psychology
E. Sport sociology
Ans: B
5. Individuals in this exercise and sport science use both descriptive and interpretive
research.
A. Motor development
B. Motor learning
C. Sport history
D. Sport management
E. Sport philosophy
Ans: C
6. Researchers in this exercise and sport science study information processing, types of
feedback, and methods of practice.
A. Athletic training
B. Exercise physiology
C. Motor development
D. Motor learning
E. Sport psychology
Ans: D
7. Monitoring of oxygen uptake and exhalation of carbon dioxide, measuring heart rate and
function, and analyzing the chemical activities of the body during exercise are examples of
research in this exercise and sport science.
A. Athletic training
B. Exercise physiology
C. Motor learning
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D. Sport biomechanics
E. Sport and exercise psychology
Ans: B
8. Specialists in this exercise and sport science examine achievement, motivation, arousal,
attribution, and personality development.
A. Athletic training
B. Exercise physiology
C. Motor learning
D. Sport biomechanics
E. Sport and exercise psychology
Ans: E
9. Which of the exercise and sport sciences would include research into developmentally
appropriate physical education for all ages?
A. Athletic training
B. Exercise physiology
C. Motor development
D. Motor learning
E. Sport biomechanics
Ans: C
10. Which of the exercise and sport sciences would include the study of sport marketing,
sport finance, and legal aspects of sport?
A. Motor development
B. Sport management
C. Sport history
D. Sport philosophy
E. Sport sociology
Ans: B
11. A person in this exercise and sport science would study sportsmanship and other aspects
of ethical behavior in sports.
A. Motor development
B. Sport management
C. Sport history
D. Sport philosophy
E. Sport sociology
Ans: D
12. Which of the exercise and sport sciences would include the study of causal attribution
relative to the importance placed on ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty on the outcome of
a sporting event?
A. Motor development
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B. Sport and exercise psychology
C. Sport history
D. Sport philosophy
E. Sport sociology
Ans: B
13. Which of the exercise and sport sciences is the study of the causes and consequences of
bodily functioning and changes occurring due to physical activity?
Exercise physiology
A. Athletic training
B. Motor development
C. Motor learning
D. Sport biomechanics
E. Physical Education
Ans: A
Discussion
1. What are the components of an academic discipline?
Ans: A formal body of knowledge discovered, developed, and disseminated through scholarly
research and inquiry; a conceptual framework; scholarly procedures and methods of inquiry; the
process of discovery and the end result.
2. What do specialists in cardiac rehabilitation do?
Ans: Design and monitor exercise paradigms for individuals who have experienced
cardiovascular trauma and prescribe preventive physical activity programs for people
demonstrating coronary disease risk factors.
3. What, if anything, is the relationship between motor skill development and academic
performance?
Ans: Improved motor skills can lead to enhanced academic performance, and cognitive
development positively impacts the acquisition of skills.
4. In what areas could sport historians and sport sociologists collaborate in their research?
Ans: In the description and analysis of the significance of people and events and their
interactions within sports.
5. In what broad areas could an exercise physiologist and exercise and sport psychologist
collaborate in their research?
Ans: In analyzing the interface between how the body and mind react to stressful situations in
sport or physical activity, such as while training intensely, throughout a competitive season, or
during a championship game.
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An
CHAPTER 3
The Profession of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Short Answer
1.What is the art and science of teaching and the study of theories and application of teaching
methods?
Ans: Pedagogy
2. What are two characteristics, other than a body of knowledge, of a profession?
Ans: Obtained knowledge and experience through a formal educational process
Requires standards and competencies for entry, often through a certification process
Requires continuing growth and development
Provides a socially valuable service that has received societal recognition and status
Is governed by a code of ethics
3. What is the name of the teacher who provides specialized physical activity programs for
students with special learning needs?
Ans: Adapted physical educator
4. What is one service provided by each of the five organizations of the American Alliance for
Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance?
Ans: AAHE — position statements
AAPAR — professional development
NAGWS — Leadership in sports for females
NASPE — standards; advocacy
NDA — curricular materials
True or False
1. Illustrations of professional involvement would be joining a professional organization, reading
its journals, and attending its conferences.
Ans: T
2. A characteristic of effectively teaching physical education is to use practice time effectively
and efficiently.
Ans: T
3. Strategies is a research-based journal for coaches and physical educators.
Ans: F
4. All high school coaches must have degrees in physical education.
Ans: F
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5. Licensure requirements for physical education teachers are the same throughout the United
States.
Ans: F
6. Professional organizations publish journals to disseminate research findings and information
that can enhance the learning of individuals in the field.
Ans: T
7. Practitioners are only interested in the application of knowledge, while disciplinarians are only
interested in the creation of new knowledge.
Ans: F
8. The American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance sponsors an
annual convention and, through its national associations, non-convention workshops and other
opportunities for professional enrichment and growth.
Ans: T
9. The best academic preparation for a student majoring in sport management includes
management foundations, sports applications, and an internship or work experience within the
field.
Ans: T
10. Inclusion is the placement of students with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities or
limitations into regular classes with their peers.
Ans: T
11. School physical education programs are financed well and a priority in schools because of
their unique contributions to the education of the whole child.
Ans: F
12. Exercise scientists in clinical settings are committed to helping people of all ages learn more
about the importance of physical activity to their health and well-being.
Ans: T
13. Adapted physical education is a program for gifted and talented athletes.
Ans: F
14. A student must have completed an entry-level athletic training program accredited by the
Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education and pass the Board of Certification
exam in order to become certified as an athletic trainer.
Ans: T
15. Specialists in nutrition promote scientific inquiry and the application of research findings to
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the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and specific medical conditions.
Ans: F
16. School teachers who also coach are paid approximately half of their salaries for teaching and
half of their salaries for coaching.
Ans: F
17. Physical therapy is the treatment of physical injury or dysfunction using therapeutic exercises
and modalities with the goal of restoring normal function.
Ans: T
18. The greatest challenge facing a personal trainer is designing a safe and effective program.
Ans: F
Multiple-Choice
1. Which of the following is a justification for inclusion?
A. Students without special needs lose respect for classmates with special needs who cannot
perform at the same skill level.
B. All students learn to accept each other for who they are not what they can or cannot do.
C. It is more cost effective.
D. Fewer specialized teachers are required.
E. All of the above are justifications.
Ans: B
2. Which of these is not a publication of the American Alliance for Health, Physical
Education, Recreation and Dance?
A. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education
B. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
Update
C. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
D. B and C
E. It publishes all of these journals.
Ans: A
3. Which of the following criteria is not essential for a field of study or work to be classified
as a profession?
A. Extensive, formal educational process completed
B. Complex, systematic body of theoretical knowledge
C. Continued professional growth and development
D. Professionals must hold graduate degrees
E. Service to society
Ans: D
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4. Which of the following is not an association within the American Alliance for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance?
A. American Association for Health Education
B. American Association for Physical Activity and Recreation
C. National Association for Athletic Education
D. National Association for Girls and Women in Sport
E. National Dance Association
Ans: C
5. Which association establishes professional standards for the prevention, treatment, and
rehabilitation of sports injuries?
A. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
B. American College of Sports Medicine
C. American Council on Exercise
D. National Athletic Trainers’ Association
E. National Strength and Conditioning Association
Ans: D
6. Members of this association organize college recreational programs.
A. American Council on Exercise
B. National Collegiate Athletic Association
C. National Federation of State High School Associations
D. National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans:D
7. This association's journal provides empirical, theoretical, and applied research for
recreational sports professionals.
A. Amateur Athletic Union
B. American Council on Exercise
C. National Collegiate Athletic Association
D. National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans: D
8. Members of this association facilitate research associated with physical activity, athletic
training, and exercise physiology.
A. Amateur Athletic Union
B. American College of Sports Medicine
C. American Council on Exercise
D. National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans: B
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9. Members of this association seek practical applications for new research findings in the
strength and conditioning field.
A. Amateur Athletic Union
B. American College of Sports Medicine
C. National Strength and Conditioning Association
D. National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans: C
10. This association's certification program ensures the public that the academic preparation
and skills of exercise physiology candidates have been verified.
A. American Society of Exercise Physiologists
B. National Collegiate Athletic Association
C. National Federation of State High School Associations
D. National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans: A
11. Therapeutic Recreation Journal is a journal for which association?
A. Amateur Athletic Union
B. National Collegiate Athletic Association
C. National Federation of State High School Associations
D. National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans: E
Discussion
1.What are the benefits of joining a professional organization?
Ans: Receive professional journals, newsletters, and other informational materials; attend
professional conferences and workshops to learn about research and practice; enjoy opportunities
for involvement in committees and leadership positions; have opportunities to share expertise;
benefit from job placement services and career networking.
2. Describe the characteristics that qualify physical education, exercise science, and sport as a
profession.
Ans: Consists of a complex, systematic body of theoretical knowledge; accepts individuals who
have attained extensive knowledge and experience through a formal educational process;
requires standards and competencies for entry, often through a certification process; provides
mechanisms and opportunities for growth and development within the field to ensure adherence
to established standards and competencies; serves a socially valuable function that has received
societal recognition and status; is governed by a code of ethics to protect those served.
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3. Describe some services provided by the National Association for Sport and Physical
Education.
Ans: Advocates for daily physical education for all school students; sponsors National Physical
Education and Sport Week; conducts conferences, workshops, and convention programs;
establishes and promotes national standards and position statements.
4. Name five professional associations that focus on any one of the exercise and sport sciences.
Ans: American College of Sports Medicine
American Society of Exercise Physiologists
Association for Applied Sport Psychology
North American Society for Sport History
North American Society for Sport Management
North American Society for the Sociology of Sport
National Athletic Trainers’ Association
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CHAPTER 4
Philosophy of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Short Answer
1. Which philosophy emphasizes that the scientific method provides the process for acquiring
and applying truth?
Ans: Realism
2. Which philosophy states that truth and things valued exist within the physical realm of nature
and that students learn and develop in and through nature?
Ans: Naturalism
3. Which philosophy advocates that reality depends on the mind for existence and that truth is
universal and absolute?
Ans: Idealism
4. The systematic process of evaluating personal values and developing a consistent and an
impartial set of moral principles by which to live
Ans: Moral reasoning
5. What is the ethical theory that focuses on the greatest good to the greatest number?
Ans: Utilitarianism
6. Which philosophy focuses on students developing social efficiency as they experience solving
the problems of life and learn how to become better functioning members of society?
Ans: Pragmatism
7. Which philosophy focuses the curriculum on students with an emphasis on their selfactualization or self-realization?
Ans: Existentialism
8. What is the term used to describe a combination of theories and concepts from several
philosophies into a philosophy reflective of one’s personal beliefs and values?
Ans: Eclecticism
9. The universal rules of conduct that identify what kinds of actions, intentions, and motives are
valued are
Ans: Non-consequential or Kantian
True or False
1. When a coach allows an athlete to dispute an official’s call, the coach is making an ethical
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choice.
Ans: T
2. Developing a personal philosophy is important in gaining insights into your behaviors, beliefs,
and values.
Ans: T
3. The development of moral values is an automatic outcome of competing in sports.
Ans: F
4. Physical education and sport professionals cannot teach ethical behaviors.
Ans: F
5. Personal experiences are important as foundations for developing personal philosophies.
Ans: T
6. Once you have formulated your personal philosophy, it will remain the same throughout your
career.
Ans: F
7. The naturalist believes that physical well-being can enhance a readiness to learn mental,
moral, and social skills.
Ans: T
8. Utilitarianism states that moral duties are prescriptive and independent of consequences.
Ans: F
9. Moral knowing is the most important step in the moral reasoning process.
Ans: F
10. Developing a personal philosophy as a coach will help you answer the question of what is
most important for your athletes and the relative significance of winning, skill development, and
fun.
Ans: T
11. Claiming there is no rule against an unethical behavior, no one will ever know about the
unethical behavior, or everyone else does the unethical behavior are rationalizations for trying to
make this unethical behavior seem to be ethical.
Ans: T
12. The moral reasoning of interscholastic athletes is more consistent, impartial, and reflective
than is that of non-athletes.
Ans: F
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13. The longer athletes participate in sport, the higher their moral reasoning because they are
learning how to play fair and be good sports.
Ans: F
14. Allowing or disallowing an athlete to dispute an official’s call is an ethical choice by the
coach.
Ans: T
15. Physical therapists are governed by a code of ethics.
Ans: T
16. Fair play means playing within the letter and spirit of the rules.
Ans: T
Multiple Choice
1. Which of these philosophies uses the scientific method when seeking truth?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: E
2. Which of these philosophies advocates that ideals, values, and truths are universal and
eternal and remain the same regardless of how the interpretations of individuals may vary?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: B
3. Which of these philosophies states that one’s experiences and free choices and the
associated responsibility for one’s actions result in truth?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: A
4. Which of these philosophies states that knowledge originates in the physical world but
22
emerges through experimentation?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: E
5. Which of these philosophies states that the development of the total person is important,
but if there is a conflict development of the mind and the body, the mind must take
precedence?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: B
6. In which of these philosophies does the individual determine the subject matter and the
learning method?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: A
7. Which of these philosophies stresses the importance of developing social skills and
education for social efficiency?
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: D
8. A twentieth-century philosophy that centers on individual existence and advocates that
truth and values are arrived at by each person’s experiences.
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: A
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9. The philosophy based on the laws and order of the world as revealed by science
independent from human experience.
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: E
10. A belief that the laws of nature governs life and that individual goals are more important
than societal goals.
A. Existentialism
B. Idealism
C. Naturalism
D. Pragmatism
E. Realism
Ans: C
11. Which of these items should not be included in a personal philosophy in a professional
portfolio?
A. Academic honors received
B. Description of your personal values and how they relate to your chosen career
C. Professional certifications earned
D. Work experiences
E. All of the above should be included in a professional portfolio.
Ans: E
12.What is the term that describes a combination of theories and concepts from several
philosophies into a philosophy reflective of one’s personal beliefs and values?
A. Categorical imperative
B. Deontological or non-consequential (Kantian)
C. Eclecticism
D. Moral reasoning
E. Teleological or consequential (utilitarianism)
Ans: C
13. Which of the following could be used as a rationalization or justification for behaving
unethically?
A. Argue that while a rule was violated, the situation along with the amount of good
accomplished overshadowed the small amount of harm; that is, the end justifies the means.
B. State that the action is not unethical since the action harmed no one or no foul was called
or penalty assessed.
C. Try to make it seem that the unethical action is really ethical, such as by claiming there is
24
no rule against it, no one will ever know, or everyone else does it.
D. All of the above can be used as rationalizations or justifications.
E. Only B and C could be used as rationalizations or justifications.
Ans: D
Discussion
1. What is philosophy, and why is it important to physical education, exercise science, and sport?
Ans: The love, study, or pursuit of wisdom, knowledge, and truth; it includes an exploration of
what we know, how we know it, and why it is important that we know it as well as the study of
the processes governing thought, conduct, and reality.
2. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
Ans: To provide professionals with an ethical standard for their actions.
3. What is an example of unethical behavior in sports?
Ans: Anything that breaks the spirit and letter of the rules; doing harm to another person.
4. Why do you need a personal philosophy about physical education, exercise science, and sport?
Ans: It influences your behavior, your attitudes toward others, and your decisions regarding
programs and activities.
5. Name three moral imperatives in sports.
Ans: Fair play
Playing by the spirit of the rules
Treating others with respect, while avoiding intimidation and violent actions
6. Explain the difference between consequential and non-consequential ethical theories.
Ans: Consequential theories stress the greatest good for the greatest number
Non-consequential theories state there are unchanging standards that must be followed regardless
of the situation
25
CHAPTER 5
Selecting a Career
True or False
1. An important criterion for continuation in a job is the level of personal fulfillment and
satisfaction.
Ans: T
2. A need exists for physical education, exercise science, and sport professionals prepared to
provide recreational and leisure activities for senior citizens.
Ans: T
3. It is illegal (violation of state laws) for physical educators to teach classes in the public schools
outside their major field.
Ans: F
4. Social skills, sales ability, and sports expertise are important credentials for careers in health
and fitness clubs.
Ans: T
5. Career opportunities in the exercise and sport science are limited.
Ans: F
6. Many corporate fitness centers provide individually prescribed exercise programs, health
appraisals, and stress management workshops.
Ans: T
7. Because athletic programs at large universities have become businesses, coaches increasingly
have earned master’s degrees in sport management.
Ans: F
8. Opportunities to teach sport skills exist in schools, youth sport programs, public and private
health, fitness and sport clubs, and colleges.
Ans: T
9. Work hours for intramural/campus recreation specialists are normally 8 am to 5 pm.
Ans: F
10. Individuals with degrees in sport management find jobs in professional and college sports
programs, recreation departments, corporate fitness centers, and commercial sports businesses.
Ans: T
26
11. The career choice made in college is critically important since seldom does a person change
careers during a lifetime.
Ans: F
12. Careers in sports broadcasting, sports journalism, and sports photography reflect the
interdependence of sports and the media.
Ans: T
13. More teachers desire coaching positions in the schools than there are available teams to
coach.
Ans: F
14. Sport management degrees provide important preparation for administering golf courses,
bowling lanes, gymnastics schools, tennis camps, and swimming centers.
Ans: T
15. Careers in fitness may include leadership, instruction, and exercise prescription in clinical,
club, and specialized settings.
Ans: T
16. Careers in sport management could include sales positions for sports clothing and sporting
equipment.
Ans: T
17. Becoming a compliance officer in intercollegiate athletics is an example of a career choice
for a sport manager.
Ans: T
18. A bachelor’s degree in physical education, recreation, sport manager, or exercise science is
required to become an instructor in outdoor education.
Ans: F
19. Continuing education or lifelong learning of new knowledge and skills are beneficial for
career advancement.
Ans: T
20. A personal trainer and a strength coach is the same career choice.
Ans: F
21. Before choosing a career, it is important to assess your personal lifestyle preferences.
Ans: T
22. Most careers in fitness fields offer lucrative salaries and traditional working hours.
Ans: F
27
23. The opportunity to be responsible for other people and their performance could be a factor
contributing to career choice.
Ans: T
24. An elementary physical education teacher must be licensed to teach.
Ans: T
25. The director of a cardiac rehabilitation program must be certified as a personal trainer.
Ans: F
26. College coaches must have earned at least a master’s degree.
Ans: F
Multiple Choice
1. This career requires a doctor’s degree and research productivity for tenure.
A. Athletic administration
B. Athletic training
C. Fitness club management
D. Therapeutic recreation
E. University professor in one of the exercise and sport sciences
Ans: E
2. Which of the following career areas is associated with the leisure services field?
A. Athletic training
B. Elementary physical education specialist
C. Private sport club
D. Sport psychology
E. None of the above
Ans: C
3. Professionals in this career help individuals rehabilitate from injuries and disabling
conditions.
A. Elementary physical education
B. Physical therapy
C. Senior citizens’ exercise programs
D. Sporting goods sales
E. Sports information
Ans: B
4. Which of the following would not be a responsibility of a sport promotions director?
A. Facility management
B. Increase ticket sales
28
C. Market the team’s image and reputation
D. Sell team merchandise
E. All of the above are associated responsibilities.
Ans: A
5. Which of the following is not an example of sport marketing?
A. Fund raising for capital improvements for college athletics
B. Health club membership sales
C. Research and design of improved equipment and facilities
D. Sports clothing sales
E. All of the above are examples.
Ans: C
6. For this career, a person needs skills in interviewing, writing, and the willingness to work
under the pressure of deadlines?
A. Athletic administration
B. Coaching
C. Recreation services
D. Sports journalism
E. University teaching
Ans: D
7. Which of the following would not be an influencing factor on a person’s career choice?
A. A role model in this career
B. Enjoyment of working with people
C. Monetary benefits
D. Job security
E. All of the above could be influencing factors.
Ans: E
Discussion
1. Compare the positive and negative features of teaching physical education in schools.
Ans: Positive: enjoyment; working with people; job security; free time in the summer
Negative: low budgets; discipline problems; lack of administrative support; inadequate facilities
and equipment; apathetic students
2. List five important factors influencing career choices.
Ans: Family, friends, teachers, and other role models; desire to work with people; desire to serve
others; knowledge and skills; job security; money, or other benefits; ease of entrance into this
career
3. Describe the requirements for entry, availability, and accessibility of coaching positions in
colleges and universities along with the job potential in these careers.
29
Ans: Requirements: college degree; coaching experience; college playing experience is helpful
Availability: plenty of positions, except in football and basketball, resulting from constant
turnover
Accessibility: success in these areas or positions and networking with those who can help you
get a job
Job potential: little job security although opportunities for advancement if successful
4. Compare the positive and negative features of teaching physical activities in at least three nonschool settings.
Ans: Fitness club — positive: personal enjoyment; working with people; good facilities and
equipment; people want to participate
Fitness club — negative: working evenings and weekends and often long hours; no job security;
often must put sales ahead of service
Corporate fitness program — positive: personal enjoyment; working with people; good facilities
and equipment
Corporate fitness program — negative: working evenings and weekends and often long hours; no
job security; lack of adherence to exercise programs by participants
Senior citizens’ recreational program — positive: personal enjoyment; working with people
Senior citizens’ recreational program — negative: limited facilities and equipment; no job
security; low salaries
5. Name three examples of careers in recreation and leisure services.
Ans: Adaptive recreation; arts and crafts coordination; aquatics program coordination; camp
counseling, facility operations; outdoor adventure instruction; program supervision; recreation
coordination for fitness and wellness; recreation program management; recreation therapy; senior
center management; sport instruction; wilderness therapy counseling
6. Name five examples of careers in sport management.
Ans: Accounting and finance; corporate fitness; community relations; customer services;
equipment design; facility operations
health club; human resources; intramurals/campus recreation; media relations; merchandise sales
program administration; public fitness and recreation; sport camp or school; sport club; sport hall
of fame and museum; theme park and resort; ticket sales
30
CHAPTER 6
Preparation for a Career
Short Answer
1. What are three benefits of completing an internship?
Ans: Get more extensive learning experiences
Benefit from extensive hands-on experiences
Obtain better preparation for employment
Gain a competitive edge when seeking employment
Develop networks with potential employers
Learn from fellow employees and build good relationships with them
Impress internship employers, making them more likely to hire you as a full-time employee
Position yourself for more job offers
Qualify for a higher starting salary
Advance through more frequent promotions
2. What are two benefits to your career if you obtain a certification?
Ans: Confirms attainment of a high level of competence and achievement of professional
standards
Demonstrates that fundamental knowledge and skills associated with job responsibilities have
been learned
Shows a willingness and commitment to enhance career preparation
Provides potential clients and the general public with a quality control measure that reassures
them of a proven level of competence
Enables potential employers to differentiate among applicants based on a known standard of
knowledge and skills
3. What types of career-related experiences can you gain while a student?
Ans: Volunteering as a research assistant; serving as a tutor; helping with Special Olympics;
working on a community service project; completing an internship; providing leadership in a
student organizations; working with a student professional organization
4. What is the importance of developing a personal philosophy?
Ans: To identify personal values and how these shape your approach to your career
5. What are five factors that could influence your career choice(s)?
Ans: Family and significant others
Identification with role model(s)
Knowledgeable about many aspects of this career
Would personally enjoy this career
Enjoy working with people
Desire to serve others
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Ease of entrance into this career
Monetary and other benefits from this career
Time compatibility (work hours versus leisure time) meets personal desires
Job security available in this career
6. What are the five requirements for setting and achieving goals?
Ans: Specific — establish a definite goal that is important and write it down
Measurable — identify specific criteria that will verify progress in achieving the goal
Attainable — establish a challenging, yet realistic, path to achieving the goal
Rewarding — identify the reasons why this goal is important and visualize how it will feel when
this goal is accomplished
Timely — set a specific time limit so you will know that the price to be paid will be worth it
when the goal is accomplished
7. What is the name of one professional organization that offers a certification for personal
trainers?
Ans: American College of Sports Medicine
National Strength and Conditioning Association
8. What are two benefits received by becoming a member of a professional organization?
Ans: Networking; reading professional journals; obtaining certifications; professional
development;
9. What is the academic degree required for professors in college who teach in one of the
exercise and sport sciences?
Ans: Ph.D.
10. What is the professional association that encourages scientific research among physicians,
exercise physiologists, physical educators, and athletic trainers?
Ans: American College of Sports Medicine
True or False
1. Students do not know enough to participate in internships until after they have completed their
undergraduate degrees.
Ans: F
2. Intramural programs can provide opportunities to officiate, schedule, program, and manage
personnel.
Ans: T
3. The National Athletic Trainers’ Association Board of Certification must certify anyone who
serves as an athletic trainer in a high school.
32
Ans: F
4. No required national certification program exists for coaches.
Ans: T
5. All master’s degree programs in physical education require specialization and a thesis or an
internship.
Ans: F
6. The Ph.D. is more research oriented than is the Ed.D.
Ans: T
7. Admission requirements to graduate schools are standardized nationally.
Ans: F
8. Youth sport programs provide opportunities for individuals to develop their officiating
abilities.
Ans: T
9. Participation in extracurricular activities while in college will not enhance your potential for
employment.
Ans: F
10. Setting goals helps people articulate their determination to achieve future expectations.
Ans: T
11. Holding a physical fitness specialist or personal trainer certificate is a requirement for getting
a job in a health, fitness, or sport club.
Ans: F
12. Obtaining a certification in the content field is a prerequisite to obtaining an internship.
Ans: F
13. Volunteer activities are ways that students can participate in experiences related to their
future profession and current major.
Ans: T
14. A portfolio used to obtain a job should include a professional philosophy.
Ans: T
15. Fringe benefits are non-salary compensations of employment.
Ans: T
16. A portfolio is individualized so a person can include whatever documents can best describe
33
his or her accomplishments.
Ans: T
17. Serving as a subject in a research study is an example of an internship.
Ans: F
18. The Graduate Record Exam is a type of a graduate entrance or admissions test.
Ans: T
19. A portfolio contains a resume and letters of recommendation.
Ans: F
20. A Master of Education degree is required for a teacher to be licensed to teach.
Ans: F
Multiple Choice
1. What certification is offered by the National Strength and Conditioning Association?
A. Certified optimal performance trainer
B. Certified personal trainer
C. Certified physical fitness specialist
D. Certified strength and conditioning specialist
E. Both B and D
Ans: E
2. Which of the following would not be an outcome of completing an internship?
A. Always results in a full-time job with the same organization
B. Benefits from extensive hands-on learning experiences
C. Develops networks with potential employers
D. Gains a competitive edge when seeking employment
E. Learns from fellow employees
Ans: A
3. For which of the following could you volunteer so that you could gain experience for a
career in a related field?
A. Community recreation director
B. Exercise testing technologist
C. High school basketball official
D. Youth sport coach
E. You could do all of these as a volunteer to gain experience.
Ans: D
4. Which of the following questions might be important to ask about a prospective career?
A. What are the prior experiences required?
34
B. What is the education or degree required?
C. What is the potential for advancement in this career?
D. What is the salary range?
E. All of the above are important questions to ask.
Ans: E
5. Which of these does not emphasize the importance of obtaining a specialized certification?
A. Confirms the attainment of a high level of competence and the achievement of the
standards of the profession
B. Enables potential employers to differentiate among applicants based on a known standard
of knowledge and skills
C. Provides potential clients and the general public with a quality control measure reassuring
them that a certified person has a proven level of competence
D. Shows a willingness and commitment on the part of certification applicants to enhance
career preparation
E. All are important relative to certifications.
Ans: E
6. What organization offers Certified Personal Trainer, Clinical Exercise Specialist, Health
and Fitness Instructor, and Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist certification programs?
A. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
B. American College of Sports Medicine
C. American Council on Exercise
D. National Association for Sports and Physical Education
E. National Recreation and Park Association
Ans: B
7. Which of the following is not a valuable aspect of career preparation for a physical
education teacher in a school?
A. Observing master teachers as they instruct students in schools
B. Mini-teaching experiences in college classes
C. Serving as a camp counselor
D. Teaching private sport lessons
E. All of the above would be helpful learning experiences.
Ans: E
8. Which of the following would not be a benefit of interviewing a person who is currently
working in the career that interests you?
A. Determine is the salary range appeals to you
B. Gain insights into the scope of responsibilities
C. Learn about working conditions and hours
D. Understand the educational requirements
E. All of the above are potential benefits that could be gained.
Ans: E
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9. Which of the following would require a certification or license for employment in this
career?
A. Athletic director
B. Personal trainer
C. Physical therapist
D. Youth sport coach
E. All of the above require a certification or license.
Ans: C
10. Which of the following is not important for goal setting?
A. Establish a challenging, yet attainable, path to achieving the goal
B. Establish a specific goal that is important and write it down
C. Identify measurable criteria that will verify progress in achieving the goal
D. Set a specific time limit so you will know that the price to be paid will be worth it when
the goal is accomplished
E. All of the above are important in effective goal setting.
Ans: E
11. Which of the following must an athletic trainer complete in order to obtain certification?
A. Complete a master’s degree program
B. Complete a semester-long internship
C. Complete an accredited program
D. Pass a certification examination
E. Both C and D
Ans: E
Discussion
1. What are the purposes of short-term and long-term goals?
Ans: Short-term goals should provide semester, year, or collegiate goals that are unique to each
person
Long-term goals should relate to one’s chosen career and aspirations for it
2. What are several ways that you can become actively involved as a professional while still a
student.
Ans: Join your institution’s physical education, exercise science, or sport majors club; join state,
regional, or national professional associations; volunteer to serve as a research subject or
assistant; help in fund raising for charities by conducting activity programs; coach a youth sport
team; learn to officiate in intramurals; serve as a camp counselor; offer to report on sporting
events for the college newspaper
3. What are five resources or aids that can help you in your job search?
Ans: Ask advice of faculty; read professional journals to expand your knowledge about careers;
36
use your college placement center to seek information about jobs; read about graduate programs
in brochures in the library or via the Internet; attend conventions and workshops to meet people
(network) and learn
4. What are several careers for which a graduate degree or degrees would be desirable or
required?
Ans: Athletic trainer; college physical activity and sport instructor; school physical education
teacher; intramural director; athletic director; sport manager; exercise scientist in a corporate or
commercial fitness setting; recreation program director
5. What are several reasons why volunteering in activities related to your chosen career is
important?
Ans: Gain experiences, knowledge, and skills; learn if this type of career is of interest;
networking with individuals who might offer future jobs; allows for practical application of
theory learned in classes
37
CHAPTER 7
Early Heritage in Sports and Gymnastics
Short Answer
1. What were two characteristics of the athletic competitions that occurred during the Homeric
Era?
Ans: Warrior skills displayed noblemen; individual events only; informal; spontaneous; prizes
given
2. What is the term used to describe the unity of the man of action and the man of wisdom?
Ans: Greek Ideal
3. What people advocated that females should be trained physically so they could bear healthy
children?
Ans: Sparta
4. What were the two schools attended by Athenian boys?
Ans: Wrestling school; music school
5. What were the two types of activities that took place at a gymnasium in Early Athens?
Ans: Physical development Intellectual activities
6. Why did the Late Athenians deemphasize the development of the body?
Ans: Intellectualism; decline in military interest and involvement; replacement of citizens by
mercenaries
7. What is the purpose of the ancient Olympic Games?
Ans: Honor Zeus and other gods
8. What were two requirements for athletes who competed in the ancient Olympic Games?
Ans: Greek citizen; any social class; train 10 months and last month at Olympia; pledge an oath
of fair play; compete in the nude
9. What was the sport in the ancient Olympic Games that symbolized the all-around athlete?
Ans: Pentathlon
10.What were the two activities in the ancient Olympic Games in which the loser has to raise his
hand to admit defeat?
Ans: Boxing
Pancratium
11. What were the five events in the pentathlon during the ancient Olympics?
38
Ans: Stade race; javelin; long jump; discus; wrestling
12. Why did Roman males train physically during the time of the Republic?
Ans: Prepare for war
13. What were the three activities that the Romans, during the Empire, spent their days doing?
Ans: Chariot races; gladiatorial contests; go to thermae
14. What was a combat between armed knights who divided into teams and fought under
conditions similar to war (later was eliminated due to the deaths of knights)?
Ans: Grand tourney or melee
15. What is a combat between two knights on horseback with lances who try to knock each other
off their horses?
Ans: Joust
16. What was the series of activities engaged in by the knights that led to the spread of the Greek
culture in Europe?
Ans: Crusades
17. What was the era of time when the classical ideal of “a sound mind in a sound body” was
embraced and health was emphasized?
Ans: Renaissance
18. What is the Protestant work ethic?
Ans: Putting work ahead of pleasure
19. What was the theme of the gymnastics program at the Philanthropinum and Schnepfenthal
Institute?
Ans: Naturalism
20. What were the five types or categories of activities taught by Johann GutsMuths at
Schnepfenthal Institute?
Ans: Natural activities; Greek-type activities; knightly activities; military exercises; manual labor
21. What was the purpose or theme of Friedrich Jahn’s system of turner gymnastics?
Ans: Nationalism
22. What were any two characteristics of Adolph Spiess’ school gymnastics program in
Germany?
Ans: Exercise hall; trained instructors; daily; equal to other subjects by giving grades; adapted to
age levels; provided for boys and girls; free exercise with music; marching with music and
stressed discipline
39
23. What were the four themes or areas of gymnastics for Per Henrik Ling at the Royal
Gymnastics Central Institute?
Ans: Military
Medical
Pedagogical
Aesthetics
24. What was Hjalmar Ling’s program for school gymnastics for Swedish children?
Ans: Progressive, precise execution of movements on command; adapted to ages, ability levels
and both sexes; adapted apparatus to children
25. What was the programmatic theme of Franz Nachtegall’s program in Denmark?
Ans: Nationalism
26. What was the nation whose physical program for upper-class boys was characterized by the
concept of “playing the game for the game's sake”?
Ans: England
27. What is the British Amateur Sport Ideal?
Ans: Learning moral values such as sportsmanship and teamwork, through sports and an upperclass snobbishness toward competing against those who might violate the amateur tradition
28. What were three characteristics that described sports for public-school boys in England?
Ans: Sports more influential than of books and scholastic training; physical fitness was not
valued; sports were just a part of life; less specialized with less expertise; sport skills learned by
playing; masters acted as coaches; sports were believed to teach socialization skills, leadership,
loyalty, cooperation, sportsmanship, self-discipline, and initiative
True or False
1. The Greek gods were worshipped as the personifications of the Greek Ideal.
Ans: T
2. The agoge, the Spartan educational system, advocated the singular goal of intellectual
development.
Ans: F
3. In Athens, girls trained physically so they could bear healthy children.
Ans: F
4. The singular focus for Romans during the Republic was serving the state in battle.
Ans: T
5. The favorite leisure activity for the Romans during the Roman Empire was attending the
40
Olympic Games.
Ans: F
6. During the Renaissance, the human body as a work of art was again revered.
Ans: T
7. Naturalism, according to Rousseau, stressed that each child possesses a unique readiness to
learn.
Ans: T
8. The contribution of Great Britain to physical education programs in the United States was
formal gymnastics.
Ans: F
9. Danish gymnastics were based on the principles of naturalism and individualized
programs.
Ans: F
10. The Turner gymnastics movement promoted physical development for nationalistic goals.
Ans: T
11. Friedrich Jahn wrote Gymnastics for the Young, the theoretical foundation for modern
physical education programs.
Ans: F
12. Warrior activities were the same as the athletic contests during the funeral games.
Ans: T
13. Knights trained squires in archery, climbing, fencing, riding, swimming, and wrestling.
Ans: T
14. In the early years, the Olympic Games were dominated by the Spartans.
Ans: T
15. Naturalism was the program theme shared by Friedrich Jahn, Per Henrik Ling, and Franz
Nachtegall.
Ans: F
16. Naturalism was the initial theme of educational gymnastics programs in Germany.
Ans: T
17. An illustration of the popularity of athletics for the Greeks was the existence of numerous
Pan-Hellenic festivals.
Ans: T
41
18. During the Middle Ages, females trained physically so they could bear healthy children.
Ans: F
19. The Olympic Games were ended by the Romans around 400 A.D. because the Romans
did not want to lose to the Greeks in these athletic contests.
Ans: F
20. Vaulting bucks, parallel bars, climbing ladders and ropes, balance beams, running track,
and a wrestling ring were located at the turnplatz set up by Friedrich Jahn.
Ans: T
21. Winners in the ancient Olympic Games often received statutes, odes in their honor, cash,
and special privileges from their city-states, but only an olive wreath at Olympia.
Ans: T
22. Gymnasiums during the Late Athenian era of time became pleasure resorts and places for
philosophical discussions instead of activity-filled centers; the only ones who trained
physically there were professional athletes.
Ans: T
23. Greek athletes took great pride in setting records in sports.
Ans: F
24. Maidens in Greece during ancient times competed in the Heraean Games.
Ans: T
25. The loser had to raise his hand to admit defeat in wrestling in the ancient Olympic
Games.
Ans: F
26. The two schools attended by Spartan boys were the wrestling school and the music
school.
Ans: F
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of athletic competitions for Greeks during
the Homeric era?
A. Competitors were warriors
B. Held in conjunction with funerals
C. Individual competitions
D. Men and women competed
E. Victories were sought more fiercely than records
42
Ans: D
2. These people practiced yoga, a system of meditation and regulated breathing.
Athenians
Chinese
Egyptians
Spartans
None of these
Ans: E
3. Upper-class boys in this civilization were educated at two schools that stressed the
importance of all-around development.
A. Athens
B. England
C. Germany
D. Sparta
E. Sweden
Ans: A
4. During this period there was a rebirth of and an eagerness for learning.
A. Dark Ages
B. Homeric era
C. Middle Ages
D. Reformation
E. Renaissance
Ans: E
5. Which of the following was not a skill learned by squires during the medieval period?
A. Charioteering
B. Dancing
C. Fencing
D. Jousting
E. Wresting
Ans: A
6. Which of the following was a requirement for participation in the ancient Olympic Games?
A. Ownership of land
B. Pledge an oath of fair play
C. Training for 10 months before the competition
D. Upper-class status
E. Both B and C
Ans: E
7. Which of the following was not an indicator of the decline of the Greek Ideal in the late
43
Athenian era?
A. Economic expansion
B. Individualism
C. Intellectual curiosity
D. Professionalism in athletics
E. All of the above were signs of the decline.
Ans: E
8. Which of the following was the most important program emphasis for Per Henrik Ling’s
Swedish gymnastics?
A. Aesthetic
B. Educational
C. Medical
D. Military
E. All the above were emphasized equally.
Ans: D
9. What was the purpose of the educational program for boys in Early Athens?
A. Develop athletes
B. Develop philosophers
C. Develop soldiers
D. Develop the all-around man
E. None of the above
Ans: D
10. Johann GutsMuths at Schnepfenthal Institute taught all except which of these activities?
A. Greek-type exercises
B. Knightly activities
C. Military exercises
D. Natural activities
E. Turner gymnastics
Ans: E
11. Which of the following described the British Amateur Sport Ideal in the 1800s?
A. A sport for every person and every person in a sport
B. Physical fitness for all
C. Play the game for the game’s sake
D. Readiness to learn
E. There are no limits to my efforts, unless I limit myself
Ans: C
12. Which of the following is not descriptive of the Greek Ideal?
A. Appreciation of the aesthetics of beauty of movement
B. Beautiful body matched with beautiful deeds
44
C. Emphasized honor, modesty, and fair play
D. Winning the pancratium
E. All of the above were ideals depicted in the Greek Ideal.
Ans: D
13. Which of the following was a characteristic of public school sports in Great Britain in the
1800s?
A. Competitions between schools were emphasized.
B. The boys practiced long hours to develop their sports skills.
C. The boys trained to become physically fit.
D. The boys were sport generalists rather than specialists in certain sports.
E. All of the above were characteristics.
Ans: D
14. What Friedrich Jahn’s gymnastics program?
A. Develop the all-around man
B. Manual labor
C. Naturalism
D. Teaching values through gymnastics
E. Turner
Ans: E
15. What was the theme of Danish gymnastics under Franz Nachtegall at the Military 16.
Gymnastics Institute?
A. Anthropometrics
B. Greek Ideal
C. Nationalism
D. Naturalism
E. Play the game for the game’s sake
Ans: C
16. Which of the following was a cause for the ending of the ancient Olympic Games?
A. Corruption, cheating, professionalism, and specialization by the athletes
B. People in the Middle Ages did not value the Greek Ideal
C. Rome defeated and captured all of Greece
D. Spartans defeated and captured the Athenians
E. The Olympic Games have been continuous.
Ans: A
17. Which of the following would describe the attitudes of men toward physical activities
during the Roman Republic?
A. Being a citizen-soldier
B. Belief in the chivalric code
C. Emulation of the body beautiful
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D. Playing the game for the game’s sake
E. Unity of the man of action with the man of wisdom
Ans: A
18. What was the theme of Johann Basedow’s program of physical education at the
Philanthropinum?
A. Medical gymnastics
B. Nationalism
C. Naturalism
D. Play
E. Sound mind in a sound body
Ans: C
19. Which of the following were popular activities for the Romans during the Empire?
A. Attending the funeral games
B. Attending the Olympic Games
C. Chariot races
D. Chariot races, gladiatorial contests, and going to the thermae
E. None of the above
Ans: D
20. What role did the government in Sparta play in the physical development of boys?
A. Emphasized all-around development
B. Required attendance at the music school
C. Required attendance at the wrestling school
D. Required that boys train to become soldiers beginning at age 7 in the public barracks
E. All of the above
Ans: D
21. Where were upper-class Athenian boys educated during the early era of time?
A. Didascaleum (music school)
B. Gymnasium
C. Olympia
D. Palaestra (wrestling school)
E. Both A and D
Ans: E
22. In which European nation did school gymnastics begin with these characteristics: exercise
hall required; trained instructors; one class period per day; grades given; adapted to age
levels; and for boys and girls?
A. Denmark
B. England
C. France
D. Germany
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E. Sweden
Ans: D
23. Who was the founder of Swedish gymnastics and the director the Royal Gymnastics
Central Institute?
A. Johann GutsMuths
B. Friedrich Jahn
C. Per Henrik Ling
D. Franz Nachtegall
E. Adolph Spiess
Ans: C
24. Which European nation influenced amateur sport worldwide?
A. Denmark
B. England
C. France
D. Germany
E. Sweden
Ans: B
25. Which of the following was not a sport competed in by Homeric Greeks?
A. Boxing
B. Chariot racing
C. Foot racing
D. Pancratium
E. Wrestling
Ans: D
26. What is the unity of the man of action and the man of wisdom?
A. British Amateur Sport Ideal
B. Greek Ideal
C. Idealism
D. Nationalism
E. Naturalism
Ans: B
27. Which of the following was a characteristic of the funeral games of the Homeric era?
A. Scheduled every four years
B. Held in honor of the gods
C. Competed in between warriors from two city-states
D. Only warriors competed
E. Prizes were olive wreaths
Ans: D
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28. In which system of gymnastics did school children engage in the progressive, precise
execution of movements on command?
A. British
B. Danish
C. German
D. Light
E. Swedish
Ans: E
29. In which event in the ancient Olympic Games was the winner the symbol of the allaround athlete?
A. Chariot race
B. Pancratium
C. Pentathlon
D. Stade race
E. Wrestling
Ans: C
30. Who was trained in archery, climbing, fencing, jousting, riding, swimming, wrestling,
and courtly manners?
A. Greek warriors
B. Pages
C. Public school students in England
D. Squires
E. University students in England
Ans: D
31. What was the place for physical training for Athenians citizens?
A. Gymnasium
B. Military camps
C. Olympia
D. Palaestra
E. Thermae
Ans: A
32. What was the purpose of the original Olympic Games?
A. Honor Zeus
B. Win prizes
C. Determine the superior city-state
D. Find a best all-around warrior
E. Nationalism
Ans: A
33. What is a combat between armed knights who divided into teams and fought under
48
conditions similar to war?
A. Funeral games
B. Gladiatorial contests
C. Grand tourney
D. Joust
E. Pancratium
Ans: C
34. What series of activities engaged in by the knights led to the influence of the Greek
culture on Europe (led to the Renaissance)?
A. Crusades
B. Grand tourneys
C. Jousts
D. Reformation
E. Roman conquests
Ans: A
35. What was the purpose of the chariot races and gladiatorial contests during the Roman
Empire?
A. Entertain the people
B. Develop warrior skills of Roman soldiers
C. Honor the gods
D. Kill slaves and captives
E. All of the above
Ans: A
Discussion
1. Contrast the Spartan and the Athenian civilizations following their departure from the Greek
Ideal.
Ans: Sparta stressed the “man of action” for military conquests and control over its soldiers and
captives Athens stressed the “man of wisdom” because of intellectualism, individualism, and
military complacency
2. Compare the athletic programs in early Athens, late Athens, the Roman Republic, and the
Roman Empire.
Ans: Early Athens — stressed all-around development for males to be prepared for battle and
athletics
Late Athens — had mostly professional athletes, while other males did not train their bodies
Roman Republic — males trained militarily but were spectators when not at war
Roman Empire — provided frequent festivals for spectators and males did not train physically
3. How did knightly training serve a bridging role between the Dark Ages and the Renaissance?
49
Ans: Between a period of reduced emphasis on military preparedness and a renewal of concern
about physical awareness and development; knightly training kept alive some interest in training
the body; through the Crusades they helped rediscover the Greek culture
4. What was the significance of the concept of naturalism in the development of European
gymnastics programs?
Ans: Naturalism was the basis for the first schools that stressed physical development through
gymnastics and other activities; each subsequent program borrowed concepts from earlier ones
5. Compare the nationalistic gymnastics programs in Germany, Denmark, and Sweden.
Ans: Germany — stressed development of a strong youth through heavy apparatus work
Denmark — military training using command-response exercises
Sweden — precise, progressive movements for soldiers with limited apparatus
50
CHAPTER 8
Early American Physical Education and Sport
Short Answer
1. What immigrant group lived in isolated communities in the United States, thus maintaining
their national identity and gymnastics program?
Ans: Germans
2. What was the system of exercises with wands, rings, bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs
advocated by Dioclesion Lewis?
Ans: Light gymnastics
3. What were four components of Edward Hitchcock’s health and physical education program at
Amherst College?
Ans: Health lectures
20 minutes of daily Light gymnastics
10 minutes of sports
Anthropometrics
4. Why did Dudley Sargent develop exercise machines for his program at Harvard?
Ans: To individualized programs
5. What was the name of the school that between 1887 and 1932 offered advanced training for
teachers of physical education?
Ans: Harvard Summer School
6. What is anthropometrics?
Ans: Measurement of man
7. What system of gymnastics was taught at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics?
Ans: Swedish
8. What was the initial purpose of the Young Men’s Christian Association’s (YMCA) Training
School?
Ans: Develop the all-around man
9. What was the outcome of the “Battle of the Systems”?
Ans: None of the systems was adopted
10. What organization was established to check the evils of professionalism and promote
amateur sport?
Ans: Amateur Athletic Union
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True or False
1. Native Americans borrowed their ball games from European immigrants.
Ans: F
2. Football was the first men’s intercollegiate event.
Ans: F
3. Catharine Beecher’s calisthenics program consisted of exercises designed to promote
health, beauty, and strength, especially for females.
Ans: T
4. A normal school was a teacher training institution.
Ans: T
5. Playgrounds in the late 1800s were often established for assimilation and social control of
youth, and especially immigrant children.
Ans: T
6. Americans’ love for sports began with the development of intercollegiate athletics.
Ans: F
7. Turner gymnastics lost appeal in the United States because of too much emphasis on
nationalism and strength.
Ans: T
8. The National Collegiate Athletic Association was founded as a direct result of injuries and
deaths in football.
Ans: T
9. Puritan attitudes favored participation in sporting diversions.
Ans: F
10. College faculties initially organized men’s intercollegiate athletics.
Ans: F
11. Basketball was the first women’s intercollegiate event.
Ans: T
12. The purpose of the 1889 Boston Conference on Physical Training was to promote
Swedish gymnastics, but more importantly it provided exposure to the alternative physical
education programs or gymnastics systems popular at the time.
Ans: T
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13. Societal attitudes toward women in the 1800s restricted their sporting opportunities.
Ans: T
14. Lacrosse, footraces, bowling, and baseball were among the popular sporting pastimes of
early residents of the colony that became Virginia.
Ans: F
15. The Normal Institute for Physical Education, which was established by Dioclesian Lewis
in 1861 in Boston, was the first teacher training school for physical education in the United
States.
Ans: T
16. Gambling was often associated with the sports of Native Americans.
Ans: T
17. Swedish gymnastics were popular with females in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Ans: T
18. Dudley Sargent called the meeting that led to the establishment of the Association for the
Advancement of Physical Education.
Ans: F
19. Intercollegiate football helped popularize newspapers, while newspapers helped promote
intercollegiate football.
Ans: T
20. Catherine Beecher was one of the first to actively struggle to establish physical education
as a part of the school curriculum on a daily basis.
Ans: T
21. Men in the elite athletic clubs established in the United States in the mid to late 1800s
competed most often in the sport of track and field.
Ans: T
22. Health was the primary goal of Edward Hitchcock’s program at Amherst College.
Ans: T
23. The National Collegiate Athletic Association was established to check the evils of
professionalism and promote amateur sports.
Ans: F
24. Many physical education teachers in the late 1800s and early 1900 held medical degrees.
Ans: T
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25. Dudley Sargent was a leader in anthropometrics, teacher training, and individualized
physical education programs.
Ans: T
26. College men in Great Britain and in the United States initially established, funded,
coached, and promoted sport competitions between colleges.
Ans: T
27. Calisthenics is a progressive, precise execution of movements on command for 11 body
parts.
Ans: F
28. Settlement houses provided play opportunities for children, and especially immigrant
children, in cities.
Ans: T
29. The Amateur Athletics Union helped spread the sports of basketball and volleyball.
Ans: F
30. German gymnastics were first introduced in this country at Round Hill School.
Ans: T
Multiple Choice
1. The sporting heritage in the United States came primarily from which country?
A. France
B. Germany
C. Great Britain
D. Holland
E. Sweden
Ans: C
2. Who designed exercise machines for individualized physical development?
A. William Anderson
B. Edward Hartwell
C. Edward Hitchcock
D. Nils Posse
E. Dudley Sargent
Ans: E
3. German Turner gymnastics were first introduced in the United States in which of these
institutions?
A. Boston Normal School of Gymnastics
54
B. Harvard Summer School
C. New York City YMCA
D. Round Hill School
E. Playgrounds in Chicago
Ans: D
4. Which of the following was not a characteristic of the physical education program at
Amherst College?
A. Anthropometric measurements were taken
B. Classes met four days a week
C. Exercises were executed to the accompaniment of music
D. Intramural competitions were sponsored
E. Squad captains led class exercises
Ans: D
5. What was the initial purpose of the YMCA Training School?
A. Develop the all-around man
B. Prepare teachers of German gymnastics
C. Prepare teachers of light gymnastics
D. Prepare teachers of Swedish gymnastics
E. Prepare teachers of the Sargent system
Ans: A
6. Which of the following institutions offered teachers an outstanding advanced curriculum
and faculty, making a certificate from it highly prestigious?
A. Anderson Normal School
B. Boston Normal School of Gymnastics
C. Harvard Summer School
D. Normal School of the North American Gymnastic Union
E. Sargent Normal School
Ans: C
7. Who started the Public Schools Athletic League in New York City?
A. Luther Gulick
B. Clark Hetherington
C. Jay Nash
D. Jesse Williams
E. Thomas Wood
Ans: A
8. What was the founding purpose of the Amateur Athletic Union?
A. To check the evils of professionalism and promote amateur sports
B. To combine men, women, boys, and girls into one competitive sports organization
C. To control all amateur athletic competitions in the United States
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D. To select athletes for Olympic teams
E. To provide an alternative organization to the National Collegiate Athletic Association
Ans: A
9. What was one reason why German gymnastics did not become the basis for the system of
physical education in the United States?
A. Too much emphasis on cardiorespiratory endurance
B. Too much emphasis on exercise on command
C. Too much emphasis on posture correction
D. Too much emphasis on strength development
E. All of the above were contributing factors.
Ans: D
10. Which type of program was taught at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics?
A. Calisthenics
B. German gymnastics
C. Sargent’s system
D. Sports and games
E. Swedish gymnastics
Ans: E
11. With which group was Swedish gymnastics most popular in the United States?
A. Athletes
B. Females
C. Males
D. Senior citizens
E. None of the above
Ans: B
12. What was a primary reason why playgrounds were established in cities in the 1800s?
A. Assimilation and social control of children
B. Give children a place to play after school
C. So politicians could win votes
D. To provide facilities for youth sports programs
E. No playgrounds were established in cities at that time.
Ans: A
13. Which organization in the United States historically dominated the United States
Olympic Committee through its control of international competition in several sports?
A. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
B. Amateur Athletic Union
C. Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
D. National Amateur Athletic Federation and its Women’s Division
E. National Collegiate Athletic Association
56
Ans: B
14. What was the reason for the establishment of the National Collegiate Athletic
Association?
A. To offer national championships
B. To reduce or eliminate injuries and deaths in football
C. To select athletics to represent the United States in the Olympic Games
D. To standardize rules for intercollegiate sports competitions
E. Both C and D
Ans: B
15. Who developed the apparatus or machines used at Harvard in individualized programs for
the physical development of students?
A. William Anderson
B. Luther Gulick
C. Edward Hitchcock
D. Dudley Sargent
E. Jesse Williams
Ans: D
16. What was the initial purpose of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)
Training School?
A. Develop the all-around man and to send him out as a physical director
B. Prepare teachers of light gymnastics
C. Prepare teachers of German gymnastics
D. Prepare teachers of Swedish gymnastics
E. Prepare teachers of the Sargent system
Ans: A
17. What system emphasized movements using hand-held apparatus, such as dumb bells and
Indian clubs?
A. Association gymnastics
B. Calisthenics
C. German gymnastics
D. Light gymnastics
E. Swedish gymnastics
Ans: D
18. What is often associated with sports played by Native Americans?
A. Cheating
B. Gambling
57
C. Lucrative prizes for winners
D. Professional coaches
E. Sacrifices of animals
Ans: B
19. What organization that was established in the late 1800s to check the evils of
professionalism and promote amateur sports (and especially track and field)?
A. Amateur Athletic Union
B. American Physical Education Association (today’s American Alliance for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance)
C. Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
D. National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics
E. National Collegiate Athletic Association
Ans: A
20. What term or phrase describes the influence of European religions on attitudes toward
play in the United States beginning in the colonial time and continuing until today?
A. Amateurism
B. Everything according to nature
C. Play the game for the game’s sake
D. Professionalism
E. Protestant work ethic
Ans: E
21. Who was the most significant person in the formulation of the rules of American
football?
A. Walter Camp
B. James Naismith
C. Knute Rockne
D. Theodore Roosevelt
E. Amos Alonzo Stagg
Ans: A
Discussion
1. What was the importance of hygiene and strength development in early physical education
programs in the United States?
Ans: Hygiene — to keep students healthy so they could study, learn, and live better
Strength — to aid in thwarting the lack of activity because of studying and lifestyle changes
58
2. Why were normal schools vital to the development of physical education programs during the
late 1800s and early 1900s?
Ans: Only available means of preparing physical education teachers who were in demand as
more schools offered physical education programs
3. What were the competing programs in the “Battle of the Systems”?
Ans: German and Swedish gymnastics — strength and bodily development
Hitchcock’s program — light gymnastics and sports
Sargent’s program — individualized exercises
Association gymnastics — sports
No one program was adopted; in the twentieth century, sports and games prevailed
4. Discuss the evolution of the play movement for children in the late 1800s.
Ans: It began by providing safe and appropriate play spaces and opportunities for children in
cities, and especially for the social control and assimilation of immigrant children. As leisure
time and interests expanded, communities began to provide recreational opportunities, programs,
and facilities for individuals of all ages
5. Explain the origin of men’s and women’s collegiate sports programs and of amateur sports
programs in general in the United States in the late 1800s.
Ans: Men in colleges began their own competitions and continued to promote them until
faculties imposed greater controls to address the problems that occurred
Women physical educators offered mostly sporting diversions for participation, not competition,
that were viewed as appropriate for female students
The Amateur Athletic Union and other groups offered competitions in numerous sports,
primarily for men
59
CHAPTER 9
Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Physical Education, Exercise Science,
and Sport
Short Answer
1. What were the three types of programs of the Public Schools Athletic League (for boys)?
Ans: Class athletics
Athletic badge tests
Interschool athletics
2. What were Clark Hetherington’s four phases of educational process?
Ans: Organic education
Psychomotor education
Character education
Intellectual education
3. What were the two problem areas identified in American College Athletics published in 1929
by the Carnegie Foundation?
Ans: Commercialism
Loss of educational values
4. What were two of the alternative types of physical activities advocated for females in colleges
as an alternative to intercollegiate athletics in the 1920s-1950s?
Ans: Field day
Play day
Sports day
Telegraphic meet
5. What was the recreational emphasis for the 1940s?
Ans: Industrial recreation
6. What was any one of the components of the Lifetime Health-Related Lifetime Physical Fitness
Test?
Ans: Body composition
1.5 mile or 12-min. run
bent-knee sit-ups in 60 seconds (number done)
straight leg with arm extension
7. What was the aspect of physical fitness that was primarily measured by the Kraus-Weber
Minimal Muscular Test?
Ans: Flexibility
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8. What was the theme or curricular emphasis for Jesse Williams?
Ans: Education through the physical
9. What describes Charles McCloy’s approach to physical education?
Ans: Education of the physical
10. What was the theme or curricular emphasis for Jay Nash?
Ans: Recreation and lifetime sports
11. What was the recreational emphasis during the 1960s?
Ans: Lifetime sports
12. What is the name of the report card sent home to parents that describes the physical fitness
level of school children?
Ans: Fitnessgram
13. What are any two of the historical approaches to dealing with students with special needs in
physical education?
Ans: Excused
Corrective or remedial
Individualized
Mainstreaming
Inclusion
Least restrictive environment
14. What is a lifetime sport?
Ans: Can be played throughout life
15. What was the primary activity of the Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League?
Ans: Folk dancing
True or False
1. Children with special needs should be excused from school physical education classes.
Ans: F
2. The new physical education focused on play, sports, games, and natural, outdoor activities.
Ans: T
3. Jesse Williams and Charles McCloy advocated for the attainment of educational objectives as
physical education’s primary objective.
Ans: F
4. Women physical educators in the early 1900s favored sport competitions for college women.
61
Ans: F
5. The Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test showed American children superior to
European children on six fitness items.
Ans: F
6. According to federal legislation, equity is required for girls and boys in schools relative to
curricular and extracurricular opportunities.
Ans: T
7. According to Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments Act, boys and girls can be
separated in physical education classes when contact sports are taught.
Ans: T
8. Delphine Hanna emphasized anthropometrics for females at Oberlin College.
Ans: T
9. Jesse Williams developed the health and physical education programs at Stanford University
and Teachers College of Columbia University.
Ans: F
10. Historically in the United States, many opposed competitive sports for females because they
believed that competitive sports would be harmful to females physically and emotionally.
Ans: T
11. The first national tournaments for women’s intercollegiate sports were established by the
National Collegiate Athletic Association.
Ans: F
12. The Amateur Athletic Union dominated the selection of athletes who represented the United
States in the Olympic Games until the passage of the 1978 Amateur Sports Act.
Ans: T
13. Outdoor activities were popular recreational programs in the 1970s.
Ans: F
14. Campus recreation programs often include intramurals, club sports, free play; faculty-staff
programs, and non-athletic activities, such as games, crafts, dances, and movies.
Ans: T
15. American youth performed poorly on the first administration of the AAHPER Youth Fitness
Test in 1958.
Ans: T
62
16. The Sanity Code, which was enacted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in
1948, sought to restrict the recruitment of intercollegiate athletes as well as to eliminate athletic
scholarships.
Ans: T
17. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires the development of an
Individualized Education Program for every child with special needs, including specifically for
physical education.
Ans: T
18. The President’s Council on Youth Fitness was established as an outgrowth of the results of
the Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test.
Ans: T
Multiple Choice
1. Who designed the YMCA triangle, emblematic of the all-around man?
A. Luther Gulick
B. Clark Hetherington
C. Jay Nash
D. Jesse Williams
E. Thomas Wood
Ans: A
2. Which of the following was the recreational thrust in the 1960s?
A. Industrial recreation
B. Lifetime sports
C. Outdoor education
D. Physical fitness
E. None of the above
Ans: B
3. Who wrote The New Physical Education, which provided the philosophical foundation for
school programs in the twentieth century?
A. Luther Gulick and Thomas Wood
B. Clark Hetherington and Jay Nash
C. Jay Nash and Jesse Williams
D. Jesse Williams and Delphine Hanna
E. Thomas Wood and Rosalind Cassidy
Ans: E
4. Who initially stated the physical education objectives of organic, psychomotor, character,
and intellectual development?
A. Luther Gulick
63
B. Clark Hetherington
C. Jay Nash
D. Jesse Williams
E. Thomas Wood
Ans: B
5. Which of the following organizations does not govern any aspect of intercollegiate
athletics today?
A. Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
B. National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
C. National Collegiate Athletic Association:
D. National Junior College Athletic Association
E. All of the above are intercollegiate governing organizations today
Ans: A
6. Which organization largely controlled amateur sports outside the colleges in the United
States during the 1900s?
A. Amateur Athletic Union
B. National Amateur Athletic Federation
C. National Collegiate Athletic Association
D. National Recreation and Park Association
E. United States Olympic Committee
Ans: A
7. Which of the following provides an educational approach to fitness that can help motivate
students to be more physically active?
A. Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test
B. AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test
C. AAHPERD Health-Related Lifetime Physical Fitness Test
D. Physical Best
E. None of the above
Ans: D
8. Which of the following federal laws does not provide for the rights of persons with special
needs?
A. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
B. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
C. Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments
D. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
E. All of the above guarantee these rights.
Ans: C
9. According to federal law, which of the following is not required to be included in an
Individualized Education Plan?
64
A. Current performance levels
B. Dates and places for services
C. Monthly goals
D. Participation with non-disabled children
E. Participation in state and district-wide tests
Ans: C
10. Luther Gulick and Clark Hetherington emphasized which program focus?
A. Education of the physical
B. Education through the physical
C. Naturalism
D. Play
E. Recreation
Ans: D
11. Which type(s) of sports opportunities did college women participate in during the 1920s
through the 1960s?
A. Club sports, intramurals, and city recreation leagues
B. Intercollegiate athletics
C. Olympic competitions
D. Sports days, play days, and field days
E. All competitions were banned.
Ans: D
12. Which of the following best describes Title IX as it applies to athletics?
A. Equal funding for males and females
B. Equal number of teams for males and females
C. Equal opportunity for males and females
D. Equal scholarships for males and females
E. All of the above are required by Title IX.
Ans: C
13. Which of the following objectives did Charles McCloy believe to be the most important?
A. Emotional control
B. Having fun
C. Organic fitness
D. Rules knowledge and strategies
E. Social interaction
Ans: C
14. Who started the Public Schools Athletic League in New York City?
A. Luther Gulick
B. Clark Hetherington
C. Jay Nash
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D. Jesse Williams
E. Thomas Wood
Ans: A
15. What was Jesse Williams’ philosophy toward physical education?
A. Education of the physical
B. Education through the physical
C. Educational naturalism
D. Play
E. Recreation
Ans: B
16. Which of the following is not one of the three ways to comply with meeting the interests
and abilities of male and female students as required by Title IX of the 1972 Education
Amendments?
A. Participation opportunities are substantially proportionate to the undergraduate
enrollment.
B. There must have been a continuing practice of program expansion in response to
developing interests and abilities of the under-represented sex.
C. An institution must show that the interest and abilities of the members of the underrepresented sex have been fully and effectively accommodated.
D. An equal number of athletic teams must be provided for males and females.
E. All of the above are required to comply with Title IX.
Ans: D
17. What was the purpose of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women?
A. Conduct national tournaments
B. Keep the men from taking over existing sports programs for females
C. Select female athletes for the Olympic Games
D. Standardize playing rules in sports played by females
E. All of the above were important purposes for its establishment.
Ans: A
18. What directly led to the establishment of the President’s Council on Youth Fitness?
A. Publication of Kenneth Cooper's Aerobics
B. Publication of the results of the Kraus-Weber Minimal Muscular Fitness Test
C. Publication of The New Physical Education
D. The development of the Youth Fitness Test by the American Association for Health,
Physical Education and Recreation
E. Women’s recent losses in the Olympic Games
Ans: B
19. Which of the following was the recreational thrust in the 1970s and advocated by
Kenneth Cooper?
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A. Industrial recreation
B. Lifetime sports
C. Outdoor education
D. Aerobic fitness
E. None of the above
Ans: D
20. Which of the following provides a report card on the fitness levels of school children?
A. AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test
B. Activitygram
C. Fitnessgram
D. Physical Best
E. None of the above
Ans: B
21. What was the recreational emphasis in the 1950s?
A. Fitness activity like jogging and aquatic sports
B. Industrial recreation programs in basketball, softball, and bowling
C. Inexpensive activities like softball and bowling
D. Lifetime sports like badminton, tennis, and golf
E. Outdoor education like hiking, camping, and backpacking
Ans: E
22. Which of the following was not an advocacy position of the Women's Division of the
National Amateur Athletic Federation beginning in1923?
A. Advocated “A sport for every girl, and every girl in a sport”
B. Favored play days for girls and women
C. Opposed international competition
D. Promoted “Play the game for the game’s sake”
E. All of the above were advocated by this organization.
Ans: C
Discussion
1. Describe the curricula and the objectives of the “new physical education” as developed by
Thomas Wood, Rosalind Cassidy, Luther Gulick, Clark Hetherington, Jay Nash, and Jesse
Williams.
Ans: Wood and Cassidy —sports, games, aquatics, dance, and natural activities
Gulick — play, athletics, some gymnastics, sports, and dance
Hetherington — play, teacher education, sports, and play activities
Nash — recreation, leisure-time activities, camping, and sports
Williams — educational and social values and team sports
2. Trace the evolution of men’s intercollegiate athletics from class competitions to
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commercialized businesses.
Ans: Student-controlled activities to faculty restraints on extracurricular programs to alumni
management of sports to a commercialized business; limited funding to strong interest by fans in
winning
3. Explain the philosophy of mass participation and the provision of sports opportunities for
college women in the 1900s.
Ans: Play was advocated by women physical educators through the 1960s (participation and
social outcomes were stressed); changing attitudes in society and the unmet needs of highlyskilled women resulted in more competitive opportunities
4. Discuss the development of the children’s playground movement as it evolved into
recreational programs for the entire family.
Ans: Playgrounds for children to parks for the whole family; play spaces in urban areas were
insufficient, so structured recreational programs and facilities were provided; broadening in types
of leisure time activities for all ages
5. Describe the federal legislation that requires physical activity opportunities for students with
special needs.
Ans: Legislation beginning in the 1970s and consolidated into the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act requires that all children with special needs be provided an appropriate education
within the least restrictive environment.
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CHAPTER 10
Opportunities and Challenges in Physical Education and Exercise Science
True or False
1. A dramatic change in physical activity programs has been the burgeoning interest in the
exercise and sport sciences and the proliferation of programs preparing students for careers in
non-educational settings.
Ans: T
2. Graduates of curricular in the exercise and sport sciences find careers almost exclusively in
private fitness clubs working with young adults.
Ans: F
3. Since work-related stress probably occurs, professionals need to understand stress and learn
how to prevent or reduce its effects.
Ans: T
4. Apathetic students, repetitiveness of teaching, lack of adequate facilities and equipment,
violence in schools, and disciplinary issues with students are challenges facing physical
educators in schools.
Ans: T
5. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education requires either an institutional
self-study or on-site peer evaluation for the accreditation of programs.
Ans: F
6. School physical education programs have unique and important contributions to make to the
learning of students.
Ans: T
7. Movement education focuses on the developmental readiness of a child to learn through
problem solving and guided discovery.
Ans: T
8. Since most individuals continue their participation once they begin to exercise, adherence to
physical activity is not an issue.
Ans: F
9. The primary purpose of assessments in schools should be used to provide the data upon which
to base grades.
Ans: F
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10. Participation in regular physical activity boosts a person’s energy level.
Ans: T
11. Obesity is a major health issue for individuals of all ages in the United States.
Ans: T
12. According to the American Heart Association, high blood pressure, smoking, high blood
cholesterol, and physical inactivity are significant contributors to heart disease.
Ans: T
13. Setting realistic goals is an important factor in adherence to a physical activity program.
Ans: T
14. Because excess weight can easily be gained, it is equally easy to lose excess weight.
Ans: F
15. Due to physical limitations, older adults should not engage in highly competitive sports or
vigorous physical activities.
Ans: F
16. Those most likely to participate in fitness activities are upper-income individuals, young
adults, males, Caucasians, suburban residents, and the more highly educated.
Ans: T
17. Interdisciplinary research among exercise and sport scientists has a greater likelihood of
being funded by the federal government than does specialized research in only one discipline.
Ans: T
18. Learning movement skills is more likely to occur when they are taught in developmentally
appropriate ways.
Ans: T
19. The most common requirement for becoming an interscholastic coach is a teaching license.
Ans: T
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a factor in promoting adherence to exercise programs?
A. Implementing an individualized and progressive program
B. Periodically assessing progress
C. Setting realistic goals
D. Working out with another person for support and encouragement
E. All of the above are important for adherence to exercise programs.
Ans: E
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2. Repetitiveness of a task, role conflict, or the lack of potential for advancement contribute
to
A. Activity program adherence
B. Career burnout
C. Lack of accreditation
D. Lack of certification
E. Merit pay
Ans: B
3. Which of these is a challenge facing professionals in recreation and leisure services?
A. Career ladder
B. Increasingly diverse population
C. Protection of natural resources and open space
D. Both B and C
E. None of the above
Ans: D
4. Which of the following would not be a benefit of a school physical education program?
A. Develop movement skills
B. Improve self-confidence, self-esteem, and self-control
C. Improve muscular strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory endurance
D. Promote positive, lifelong physical activity
E. All of the above should be benefits.
Ans: E
5. Which of the following is not a symptom of career burnout?
A. Constant tension from too little or too much stimulation
B. Eating or drinking excessively
C. Frustration with task repetitiveness and excessive work demands
D. Lessened enjoyment of work and leisure activities
E. All of the above are symptoms.
Ans: E
6. Which of the following is an instructional challenge facing physical educators in schools?
A. Drug and alcohol abuse by students
B. Extensive parental and family involvement in school programs
C. Properly sized classes grouped homogeneously according to skill level
D. Unlimited facilities and equipment
E. All of the above are instructional challenges.
Ans: A
7. Which of the following is an accurate rationale for why daily physical education should
not be required for all school children?
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A. All children and youth need are community sport programs to develop physically.
B. American children are physically fit.
C. Programs should be provided only for those with skills, so interscholastic sports programs
are all that are needed.
D. Recess provides enough time for children to play.
E. None of the above is an accurate statement.
Ans: E
8. What is a measurement of knowledge, skills, and abilities that leads to the assignment of a
value or score?
A. Assessment
B. Competency
C. Goal
D. Problem solving
E. Standard
Ans: A
9. Which of the following is not associated with the potential of role conflict between
physical educators and coaches?
A. Job expectations
B. Job security
C. Time constraints
D. Unequal rewards
E. All of the above are associated with this potential role conflict.
Ans: E
10. Which of the following will not impact recreational and leisure services programs in the
future?
A. Altered family and work patterns including latch-key kids
B. Demographic changes
C. Economic factors
D. Environmental concerns
E. All of the above will impact recreational and leisure services programs.
Ans: E
11. What is a standard?
A. A certification process
B. A measure of the knowledge, skills, and abilities that leads to the assignment of a value or
score
C. A uniform criterion or minimum essential element for the measurement of quality
D. Political right that states that an individual or institution be held responsible to achieve a
specified action
E. The expectation that all students will be treated equitably
Ans: C
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12. Which of the following is not a basic movement principle of movement education?
A. Children should model their teachers’ movements
B. Children determine their own starting points
C. Children proceed from activities they know into previously unknown movement patterns
D. Children continue to move within their own limitations
E. Children develop confidence through successful movement experiences
Ans: A
13. Which of the following is not a challenge facing professionals in exercise science?
A. Expense of corporate programs
B. Funding shortages for public programs
C. Lack of access to fitness programs by some minorities, females, seniors, or individuals
with special needs
D. Lack of fitness program adherence by participants
E. All of the above are challenges.
Ans: E
14. Which of the following would be an optimal curriculum for these school levels?
A. Elementary school — fundamental movement and sport skills; middle school — skill
development in team sports and social skills; secondary school — lifetime sports and
physical fitness
B. Elementary school — play; middle school — social skills; secondary school —health
C. Elementary school — psychomotor development; middle school — affective
development; secondary school — cognitive development
D. Elementary school — team sports; middle school — individual sports; secondary school
— physical fitness
E. Elementary school, middle school, and secondary school — physical fitness
Ans: A
15. Which of the following is a contributing factor to the role conflict for physical education
teachers who are also coaches?
A. Coaches are paid more than physical education teachers in schools.
B. Public school coaches are permitted to recruit athletes for their teams, but physical
education teachers have to teach all students.
C. State budgets provide all the needed resources for athletics, but not enough funds to
support instructional programs in physical education.
D. There are conflicts between the time and energy demands to successfully fulfill teaching
and coaching responsibilities.
E. All of the above contribute to the role conflict.
Ans: D
Discussion
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1. Explain the concepts underlying movement education.
Ans: Activity-centered and student-centered; experimentation through movement; problemsolving and guided discovery; progressing at one’s own rate; informal class atmosphere
2. How do the processes of teacher licensure and program accreditation enhance the quality of
teacher preparation?
Ans: Teachers must possess stated competencies or complete specified courses at accredited
institutions to be qualified; accreditation ensures the quality of college and university curricula
and seeks assessments that measure performance outcomes as a demonstration of student
learning
3. What is the Praxis Series?
Ans: Professional assessments for beginning teachers required in many states for licensure; the
series includes tests of reading, writing, and mathematics skills; measures prospective teachers’
knowledge of their major fields of study; assessment of actual teaching skills
4. What are several approaches to dealing with potential burnout?
Ans: Get a complete physical exam; get adequate sleep; eat nutritious and timely meals; exercise
regularly; develop coping skills for dealing with stress; understand yourself and how you deal
with stress; set realistic goals; learn to manage your time more effectively; take time for
relaxation; nurture personal relationships; engage in meaningful service to others; practice
healthy communication; express your feelings to someone you trust; keep your sense of humor
5. Describe characteristics of a corporate fitness program that would provide excellent
experiences for participants.
Ans: Certified personnel in exercise prescription; certified personnel in first aid and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation; assist participants in setting personal goals following a fitness
assessment; incentives are provided; exercise programs includes family members or friends
6. Name several societal factors that are changing how recreation and leisure services are being
and will be provided.
Ans: Ethnic diversity; demographics (especially more older individuals); two-career families;
child care; latch-key kids; crime and violence; environmental issues; economic (budgetary)
constraints
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CHAPTER 11
Issues in Sports
True or False
1. Traditionally both physiological and societal factors have contributed to the inequality that
many women experienced when seeking to compete in sports.
Ans: T
2. Research has proven that ethnic minority athletes are bigger, stronger, and generally more
highly skilled than are white athletes.
Ans: F
3. National championships exist in some youth sports.
Ans: T
4. Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments influenced an increase in the number of girls and
women in sport competitions in high schools and colleges in the 1980s.
Ans: T
5. The National Collegiate Athletic Association requires at least minimal academic achievement
to qualify for intercollegiate competition.
Ans: T
6. Senior citizens and individuals with special needs have equal sporting opportunities in
comparison with other groups.
Ans: F
7. The win-at-all-costs attitude so pervasive in youth sports can be attributed mostly to adults.
Ans: T
8. Year-round conditioning programs, specializing in one sport, and coaches’ jobs depending on
winning are problems associated with some interscholastic sport programs.
Ans: T
9. State Games provide a variety of sports opportunities for individuals of all ages.
Ans: T
10. Coaches and parents typically reward effort more than outcome in youth sport programs.
Ans: F
11. Values such as teamwork, cooperation, self-discipline, and sportsmanship are inherent values
associated with sport.
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Ans: F
12. Sport opportunities are limited for individuals from lower socio-economic levels, who are
disproportionately from ethnic minority groups, due to the cost of equipment, lack of access to
specialized facilities, and expense of lessons or coaching.
Ans: T
13. A major difference between interscholastic sports and intercollegiate athletics is that college
athletes must meet minimal academic standards, while high school athletes do not have to meet
minimal academic standards.
Ans: F
14. The National Collegiate Athletic Association and the United States Olympic Committee use
drug testing to deter the use of banned substances that could provide an unfair advantage to the
athletes taking them.
Ans: T
15. Numerous females claim that the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s academic
eligibility requirements discriminate against them.
Ans: F
16. There is a significant amount of rule-breaking behavior in recruiting in intercollegiate
athletics.
Ans: T
17. Because of economic constraints, the pay-for-play philosophy may become a way of
financing interscholastic sport programs.
Ans: T
Multiple Choice
1. Concerning girls and women in sport, which of the following is true?
A. More females than males compete on athletic teams in schools and colleges.
B. Recreation programs provide equally for both genders.
C. Since Title IX was enacted, a larger percentage of women coach and administer athletic
teams and programs for girls and women.
D. Societal attitudes still impede full acceptance of female athletes.
E. Women’s and men’s intercollegiate programs have achieved equal status throughout the
United States.
Ans: D
2. Which of the following was not an example of historical discrimination against ethnic
minorities in sports in this country?
A. Academic exploitation, such as through tracking
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B. Exclusion
C. Quotas
D. Stacking
E. All of the above are examples of discrimination against ethnic minorities in sports.
Ans: E
3. Which of the following provides competitive opportunities specifically individuals who
are developmental delayed mentally?
A. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
B. International Games for the Disabled
C. National Collegiate Athletic Association
D. National Federation of State High School Associations
E. Special Olympics
Ans: E
4. Which of the following is a major problem in many youth sport programs today?
A. An overemphasis on winning
B. Emphasis on fun
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Learning and playing several sports
E. Participation for all
Ans: A
5. Why did physical educators in the 1920s favor and support interscholastic athletics while
opposing competition for elementary-aged children?
A. Not enough facilities, coaches, and money for both programs
B. Elementary school athletics were prohibited by state laws
C. They believed that adolescents were developmentally ready for sports competitions,
whereas elementary school aged children were not
D. All of the above
E. Both A and C
Ans: C
6. Which of the following could be a possible action that could reduce problems or
emphasize benefits in intercollegiate athletics?
A. Admit only those athletes who meet the academic standards for admission to the
institutions they attend
B. Excuse athletes from classes no more than five days per academic year for travel and
competition
C. Limit grants-in-aid to tuition, fees, and books, award only on the basis of need, and
guarantee for five years
D. Require one-year residency prior to competition for freshmen and transfer students so
academic eligibility is based on a student’s academic performance not on a standardized test
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score or grades from high school
E. All of the above are possible ways to reduce problems or emphasize benefits in
intercollegiate athletics.
Ans: E
7. Which of the following is not a justification for the popularity of intercollegiate athletics?
A. Intercollegiate athletics reflect societal attitudes, beliefs, and values about sport.
B. Beneficial outcomes, such as college spirit and release of tension, exceed the problems.
C. They are beneficial for public relations.
D. They provide educational opportunities for some who otherwise could not afford to attend
college.
E. All of the above have been used to justify intercollegiate athletics.
Ans: E
8. Which of the following has been a contributing factor to the lack of proper preparation of
some interscholastic coaches?
A. Increase in the number of high school physical education teachers
B. Increase in the number of interscholastic sports coaches needed
C. Decrease in the number of interscholastic sports coaches
D. Decrease in the number of school physical education positions
E. Both B and D
Ans: E
9. Which of the following is a valued outcome of youth sports programs?
A. Coaches following college and professional models in designing practices
B. Competitions among the best athletes, such as providing funding for only travel or elite
teams
C. Specialization in one sport to gain a competitive advantage over other children
D. Starting youth in competitive leagues early
E. None of the above should be emphasized.
Ans: E
10. Which of the following is a problem associated with interscholastic sports?
A. Inducements to change schools are being provided to highly skilled adolescents
B. “No pass, no play”
C. Not enough emphasis on winning
D. Too much emphasis on team sports
E. Both A and C
Ans: A
11. What is required by Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments relative to financial
assistance (grants-in-aid) for athletes?
A. Interests and abilities of male and female students are equally effectively accommodated
B. Must be available on a substantially proportional basis to the number of male and female
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athletes
C. Must be available on a substantially proportional basis to the number of undergraduate
students
D. There must be equivalent treatment, benefits, and opportunities
E. None of the above
Ans: B
12. Which of the following would help eliminate problems associated with youth sports?
A. Emphasizing playing several sports, not specializing in one sport
B. Emphasizing winning
C. Playing every child in each game and in different positions
D. Teaching and modeling values like cooperation, discipline, fair play, respect,
responsibility, sportsmanship, and teamwork
E. All except B
Ans: E
13. Which of the following is not a threat to the integrity of intercollegiate sports?
A. Arms race
B. Breaking the rules (cheating) to gain competitive advantages
C. Drug abuse
D. Violence
E. All of the above are potential threats to the integrity of sports.
Ans: E
14. Which performance-enhancing drug increases energy in short duration, high intensity
activities, enhances gains in muscle fiber volume, improves anaerobic performance, and
delays muscle fatigue but has the negative sides effects of dehydrating the blood stream and
causing renal disease?
A. Anabolic Steroids
B. Androstenedione
C. Creatine
D. Erythropoietin (EPO)
E. Protein supplements
Ans: C
Discussion
1. How have federal legislation and changing societal attitudes affected girls’ and women’s sport
competitions?
Ans: Title IX requires equal opportunities for all students; societal attitudes have changed to
more readily accept and respect girls and women who compete in athletics
2. Describe the changes in sports opportunities for ethnic minorities, senior citizens, and
individuals with special needs.
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Ans: Ethnic minorities have entered all sports but predominated in team sports; they still face
subtle and sometimes overt discriminations
Senior citizens are gradually being provided more competitive and recreational activities
Individuals with special needs have several competitions but have not always been provided the
opportunities desired by some
3. What problems face community-based youth sports programs and interscholastic sports, and
how might they be resolved?
Ans: Problems — overemphasis on winning; parental and fan pressures; loss of values; physical
and psychological damage; insufficient financial support; overemphasis on specialization and
training
Resolutions — need to emphasize fun, skill development, social outcomes, and the development
of values
4. What problems are currently associated with intercollegiate athletic programs at many large
universities?
Ans: Problems — academics issues like preferential admissions, missed classes, freshman
eligibility, getting unearned grades, and failure to graduate; recruiting violations; pressures to
win; commercialization); point shaving and gambling, drug use and abuse
5. What are the main problems facing the Olympic Games today?
Ans: Nationalism; politics; cheating; biased judging; commercialization; escalating costs; drug
abuse
6. Describe some of the threats to the integrity of competitive sports.
Ans: Use of performance-enhancing drugs; academic problems; circumvention of rules to gain
competitive advantages; pressures to win; violence; the “arms race”; gambling; excessive
commercialization
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CHAPTER 12
Leadership for Active Living
True or False
1. School physical education programs for all grades should emphasize team sports.
Ans: F
2. Physical educators have always taken a leading role in promoting participation in sports and
activities in the United States.
Ans: F
3. School administrators have been the leading supporters for the expansion of school physical
education programs.
Ans: F
4. Physical education continues to enjoy wide acceptance as the appropriate identifying term for
the various programs and careers that involve movement, play, sport, recreation, athletics, and
other forms of physical activity.
Ans: F
5. Professionals in careers in the exercise and sport sciences need to provide quality programs in
specialized settings to prove that a higher degree of competence is needed to fulfill the
responsibilities of these careers than may currently be the case.
Ans: T
6. Adhering to high standards as demonstrated through the assessment of student learning is
essential for demonstrating the effectiveness of physical education in schools.
Ans: T
7. Planning and promoting special events for National Employee Health and Fitness Day in May
is an example of public relations.
Ans: T
8. Physical activity can serve as a preventive measure for both disease and degeneration for
senior citizens.
Ans: T
9. Leaders should have integrity, communicate effectively, build and nurture strong relationships
with people, be visionary and creative, establish, maintain, and model high standards of
performance, and be intelligent and competent.
Ans: T
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10. Professionals in physical education, exercise science, and sport careers are accountable for
the quality of their programs as well as responsible for promoting the importance of what they
do.
Ans: T
11. Interdisciplinary research will characterize the work of physical education teachers because
the problems and issues investigated can be more effectively solved and funding is more readily
available through collaborations that require shared expertise.
Ans: F
12. The use of technological advances and pharmacological products are used by athletes of all
ages to enhance their skills and performances.
Ans: T
13. Professionals in fitness-related careers are challenged to help those they serve begin and
maintain physical activity programs.
Ans: T
14. Sport as entertainment continues to grow in popularity at all competitive levels with winning
and associated commercialization emphasized even more.
Ans: T
15. Exercise and science curricula use technologies such as heart rate monitors, exer-games, and
non-traditional activities and sports to more actively engage students and enhance their learning.
Ans: F
Multiple Choice
1. All of the following are characteristic of leaders except
A. Integrity.
B. Effective communication skills.
C. Strong social skills.
D. Incompetence.
E. Intelligence.
Ans: D
2. The "great man" theory of leadership suggests
A. That all people are great leaders.
B. That great leaders are genetically predisposed to be great leaders.
C. That leadership is learned.
D. That great leaders arise from specific circumstances.
E. that great leaders tie rewards to performance.
Ans: B
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3. Steve Jobs is an example of which leadership theory?
A. Great Man.
B. Behavioral.
C. Situational.
D. Transformational.
E. Transactional.
Ans: D
4. Which style of leadership involves others in the decision-making process?
A. Participative or democratic.
B. Authoritative.
C. Coaching.
D. Delegating.
E. Coercive
Ans: A
5. Highly motivated and competent teams would benefit from which style of leadership?
A. Autocratic.
B. Servant.
C. Delegating or laissez-faire.
D. Coaching.
E. Pacesetting.
Ans: C
6. Which state is the least obese?
A. California.
B. New York.
C. Mississippi.
D. Tennessee.
E. Colorado.
Ans: E
Discussion
1. What are six theories of leadership?
Ans: Great man theory; great trait theory; behavioral theory; situational theory; transactional or
management theory; transformational or relationship theory
2. What are seven styles of leadership?
Ans: Authoritative; participative or democratic; coaching; delegating or laissez-fair; pacesetting;
coercive or autocratic; servant
3. What are five examples of ways to promote physical activity programs outside of schools?
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Ans: Conduct community events such as road races and fun runs; develop playgrounds and
fitness trails; advocate for increased funding for community recreation programs; write
newspaper articles that promote active lifestyles
84