References
Anghileri, J. (1989). An investigation of young children’s understanding of multiplication.
Educational Studies in Mathematics, 20, 367-385.
Aubrey, C. (1997). Mathematics teaching in the early years: an investigation of
teachers’ subject knowledge. London: Falmer.
Australian Education Council (1991). A national statement on mathematics for Australian
schools. Melbourne: Curriculum Corporation.
Beishuizen, M. (1993). Mental strategies and materials or models for addition and
subtraction up to 100 in Dutch second grades. Journal for Research in Mathematics
Education, 24(4),294-323.
Beishuizen, M. (1999). The empty number line as a new model. In I. Thompson (Ed),
Issues in teaching numeracy in primary schools (pp. 157-168). Buckingham: Open
University Press.
Cooper, T. J., Heirdsfield, A., & Irons, C. J. (1996). Years 2 and 3 children’s mental
strategies for addition and subtraction money problems. In J. Mulligan & M. Mitchelmore
(Eds), Children’s number learning (pp. 146-162). Adelaide: Australian Association of
Mathematics teachers.
Heirdsfield, A. M., & Cooper, T. J. (1997). The architecture of mental addition and
subtraction. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Australian Association of
Research in Education, Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved March 30, 2005 from
http//www.swin.edu.au/aare97pap/HEIRA97395.htm.
Heirdsfield, A. M. (1996). Mental computation, computational estimation, and number
fact knowledge for addition and subtraction in year 4 children. Unpublished master’s
thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.
Lucas, J. (1991). Becoming a mental math wizard. White Hall, VA: Shoe Tree Press.
McIntosh, A. (1991). The changing emphasis in arithmetic in the primary school: From
written computation to mental computation and calculation use. Journal of Science and
Mathematics education in S.E. Asia, 14(1), 45-55
McIntosh, A., Reys, B.J., Reys,R.E Bana,J;.& Farrell,B.(1997). Number sense in school
mathematics, student performance in four countries.MASTEC Monograph series no.5,
Edith Cowan University..
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989) New directions for elementary
School Mathematics. Reston, Va.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989). New directions for elementary
School Mathematics. Reston Va.
Noor Azlan, A.Z. (1993) The Salient Features of The Malaysia School Mathematics
Curriculum, Bul Pst. UTM Jld. 5, bil 1. 1-12
Reys, B J .(1985) Mental Computation, Arithmetic Teacher, 32(6), 43-46.
Reys, B. J. & Barger, R. H. (1994). Mental Computation: Issues from the United States,
In R. E. Reys & N. Nohda (Eds), Computational Alternatives for the Twenty-first Century;
Cross Cultural Perspectives from Japan and the United States, (pp, 31-47), Reston, VA:
The National of teachers of Mathematics.
Reys, B. J., & Barger, R. H. (1994). Mental Computation: Issues from the United States
perspective. In R. E. Reys & N. Nohda (Eds). Computational alternatives for the twentyfirst century. Reston, Virginia: The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Reys, R. E. & Nohda, N (1994). Computation and the need for change. In R. E. Reys &
N. Nohda(Eds.), Computational Alternatives for the Twenty-first Century. Cross Cultural
Perspectives from Japan and the United States, (pp, 1-11). Reston, VA: The National
Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Ronberg, T., & Carpenter, T. (1986). Research on teaching and learning mathematics.
In M. Wittrock (Ed), Handbook of research on teaching, 3rd edition. (pp. 850-73). New
York: Macmillan
Schull, R.M(1998). Investigation of the development of number sense in seventh grade
and eleventh grade students over a three period of time in the schools Doctoral
dissertation, University of Missouri – Columbia, 1998. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 9901281.
Sowder, J. (1992). Making sense of numbers in school mathematics. In G. Leinhardt, R.
putman & R. Hattrup (Eds). Analysis of arithmetic for mathematics teaching. Hillsdale,
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sowder, J.T (1992). Estimation and related topics. In D. Grouws (Ed), Handbook for
research on mathematics teaching and learning pp.371-389. New York: Macmillan.
Thompson, I. (1995).The role of counting in the idiosyncratic mental calculation
algorithms of young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 3,
5-16
Thompson, I.’ & Smith, F. (1999. Mental calculation strategies for the addition and
subtraction of 2-digit numbers. Final report. University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon
Tyne.
Trafton P.(1992). Using number sense to develop mental computation and
computational estimation. In C. Irons(Ed), Challenging children to think when they
compute, Brisbane: Centre for mathematics and science education.
Willis, S. (1992). The national statement on mathematics for Australian schools: A
perspective on computation. In C. Irons (Eds.), Challenging children to think when they
compute. (pp. 1-13). Brisbane: Centre for mathematics and Science Education,
Queensland University of Technology.
Wolters, G., Beishuizen, M.,Broers, G., & Knoppert, W. (1990). Mental arithmetic: effects
of calculation procedure and problem difficulty on solution latency: Journal of
Experimental Child psychology, 49, 20-30.
Yang, D. C. (1997). Number sense performance and strategies possessed by sixth-andeight- grade students in Taiwan. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of
Missouri – Columbia, 1995. Dissertation Abstracts international, 57, 3865A
Zaslavsky, Claudia. Africa Counts: Number and pattern in African Cultures. Boston:
Prindle, Weber & Scmidt, 1973; Chicago: Law