Unit 3 Test
Name:____________________
1. A person’s activity space is primarily affected by
a. age, mobility, opportunity.
b. income, sex, ethnicity.
c. politics, religion, nationality.
d. health, education, employment.
Answer: A
2. When the effort involved in travel exceeds the willingness to travel, the control in
operation is
a. distance decay.
b. activity space.
c. critical distance.
d. territoriality.
Answer: C
3. The most effective and common means of accumulating information affecting spatial
interaction is
a. library research.
b. personal contact.
c. national magazines and television.
d. travel books.
Answer: B
4. The concept of place utility refers to
a. the perception of danger from natural hazards.
b. activity space boundary zones.
c. critical-distance measurements.
d. the perception of opportunities and attractiveness.
Answer: D
5. The gravity model states that
a. interaction is directly proportional to distance.
b. population cannot be used as a measure of mass.
c. interaction is inversely proportional to distance.
d. interaction is proximate to territoriality.
Answer: C
6. The personal communication field of an individual is
a. related to age, sex, education, type and place of employment, and income.
b. a function of his or her access to radio or newspapers.
c. controlled by the efficiency with which the gossip function is performed.
d. the result of the availability of transistor radios and television receivers.
Answer: A
7. The three flow-determining factors of spatial interaction are
a. complementarity, discerned distribution, and transferability.
b. distance decay, market potential, and movement bias.
c. distance bias, transferability, and intervening opportunity.
d. complementarity, transferability, and intervening opportunity.
Answer: D
8. Complementarity between areas
a. reflects only differences in resource bases.
b. occurs when the areas specialize in different commodities for which there is
effective demand.
c. occurs when the areas specialize in the same commodities and make comparison
exchanges.
d. reflects the minimization of frictions of distance and distance decay.
Answer: B
9. The interaction potential model
a. often uses population and distance variables.
b. is used to estimate the accessibility of network nodes.
c. was developed to assess probable commodity flows following transportation
improvement or cost reduction.
d. reflects the transferability of, particularly, bulk commodities.
Answer: A
10. Among the reasons for migrating, push factors
a. draw migrants to specific destinations.
b. reflect assessments of action space attraction.
c. affect international migration but not domestic relocation.
d. encourage relocation away from original residence areas.
Answer: D
11. People are often inclined to settle in areas of known natural hazards because
a. the probability of an event can be precisely stated and evaluated.
b. specific hazards do not occur with great frequency.
c. property insurance makes known dangers financially acceptable.
d. lightning never strikes the same spot twice.
Answer: B
12. The migration field for any locale is
a. the summation of individual random movements in and out.
b. the spatial equivalent of factorial conversion.
c. a seasonal variable.
d. usually persistent and spatially stable over time.
Answer: D
13. Distance decay implies that
a. long distances erode the space-time prism.
b. short distances constrict the space-time prism.
c. short-distance contacts are more likely than long-distance contacts.
d. long-distance contacts are independent of transferability.
Answer: C
14. Barriers to the flow of information give rise to
a. return migration.
b. directional biases.
c. amenities.
d. migration.
Answer: B
15. Which of the following is a push factor?
a. dissatisfaction with current job
b. high-paying jobs elsewhere
c. retirement community
d. pleasant climate
Answer: A
16. The value that an individual places on each known, potential migration site is called
a. price comparison.
b. migratory perception.
c. place utility.
d. intangible appreciation.
Answer: C
17. Within the United States, directional biases favor information flows between
a. East and West.
b. North and South.
c. High Plains and the Cotton Belt.
d. Pacific Northwest and the Gulf Coast.
Answer: A
18. Willingness to defend home ground is called
a. neighborhood watch.
b. defense mechanism.
c. reflexive response.
d. territoriality.
Answer: D
19. Channelized migration flows imply
a. movement along lowland corridors.
b. greater than theoretically expected flows between two places.
c. a tendency for return migrants to follow their original outward path.
d. a likelihood of migration from a smaller city to a larger one.
Answer: B
20. Areas that dominate a locale’s in- and out-migration patterns constitute the locale’s
a. place utility.
b. activity space.
c. secondary linkages.
d. migration field.
Answer: D
21. An individual’s zone of daily movement is known as that person’s
a. activity space.
b. push factor.
c. territoriality.
d. amenity.
Answer: A
22. In modern American interregional moves, the decision to migrate appears to be
controlled by
a. territoriality, critical distance, and perception of place utility.
b. change in life cycle, change in career cycle, and personal characteristics of
mobility.
c. perception of place utility, barriers to diffusion, and personal awareness space.
d. perception of place utility, increase in personal wealth, and young adulthood.
Answer: B
23. Territoriality is the spatial expression of one’s mental map.
Answer: F
24. Spatial interaction is a concept applicable only to commodity movements.
Answer: F
25. In general, the space–time prism of females is more flexible than that of males.
Answer: F
26. Transferability is a statement about the cost of an interaction.
Answer: T
27. A migration field is formed by totaling the activity spaces of a number of people.
Answer: F
28. Intervening opportunities serve to multiply the exchange flows between two distant
points.
Answer: F
29. Distance bias refers to the fact that with increased distance, transferability increases at
an increasing rate.
Answer: F
30. Mass communication is essentially a one-way information flow.
Answer: T
31. In pure spatial theory, interaction decisions are based solely on distance and distancecost considerations.
Answer: F
32. Migration decisions most realistically are viewed as the outcome of both push and
pull influences.
Answer: T
33. A potential model provides an estimate of interaction opportunities in a multinodal
network.
Answer: T
34. We form place opinions and perceptions only on the basis of personal experience.
Answer: F
35. A movement bias displays the effect of distance decay.
Answer: F
36. Demanded personal space is a cultural and circumstantial variable.
Answer: T
37. Activity space tends to increase with mobility and decrease with stage in the life
cycle.
Answer: F
38. People with limited awareness space are said to be confined within a space-time
prism.
Answer: F
39. The migration of settlers from the island of Java to other locations in Indonesia is an
example of reluctant relocation.
Answer: T
40. When mobility is restricted and time is limited, critical distances contract.
Answer: T
41. Space-time convergence occurs when multiple shopping opportunities aggregate in
regional malls.
Answer: F
42. The law of retail gravitation states that the breaking point between two cities of
unequal size will lie farther from the larger of the two cities.
Answer: T
43. Differentials in wages and job opportunities between home and destination countries
are a major driving force in international migration decisions.
Answer: T
44. Place perception refers to our personal awareness and beliefs about place and space.
Answer: T
45. When a commodity is acquired from an intervening opportunity rather than from a
more distant supplier, its transferability is improved.
Answer: T
46. Distance decay and critical distance are different terms defining the same concept.
Answer: F
47. How and why do an individual’s activity space change from childhood to the adult
years? What variables other than age also affect the extent of one’s activity space?
Answer: As a person ages, increasing maturity extends activity space through
improved mobility, changing interaction needs, and enhanced awareness of
opportunity. In addition to stage in the life cycle, therefore, means of mobility
and demands of daily activity determine the extent of activity space.
48. Discuss the concept of distance as a framework for the study of migration.
Answer: Distance decay is exponential decline of activity or function with
increasing distance from the point of origin. The tendency is for the frequency
of contacts to decrease rapidly with distance. For migration behavior, one
expects places close to one another to have a greater frequency or rate of
migration than places far apart.
49. Name and explain the three “flow-determining” factors underlying spatial interaction
(trade) in commodities. In your response, give examples of the operation of each of
these mechanisms of control.
Answer: Students should describe and cite examples of complementarity,
transferability, and intervening opportunity.
50. A series of spatial interaction control models and generalizations has been suggested
to predict or explain the probability of human movements. Discuss those that were
presented in the text and explain their differing contributions to our understanding of
spatial interaction patterns.
Answer: Students should cite and describe distance decay, the gravity concept,
critical distance, and movement biases.